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ORTHODOX CHURCH AND TRANSYLVANIAN CULTURE BETWEEN 1880-1918

Author(s): Ionel Chira / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2020

During the 51 years of experience of the dual Austro-Hungarian state (1867-1918), the Transylvanian Romanians, like the other peoples that were part of this state, were subjected to permanent pressures of denationalization. This domination was manifested by a strong influence in the political, social and cultural life of the Romanians, aiming at their hungarianization on all the levels. In this sense, Hungarianization was done in different ways: through state laws, through schools, cultural societies, and in some regions even through the Church. However, thanks to the opposition of the Church and the intellectuals who united their ideals, it was possible to preserve the national being and faith. This opposition determined the leaders of the dualist state to take a series of measures to stop and annihilate it. The persecution of the Hungarian governments against the Romanian movements led to the unification of the two parties in 1881, under the name of the Romanian National Party, when it was decided to compile a memorandum to the Imperial Court of Vienna, containing the fundamental demands of the Romanians.

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THE POLITICAL-RELIGIOUS LIFE OF THE ORTHODOX ROMANIANS FROM TRANSYLVANIA IN THE 9TH TO 16TH CENTURIES AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF WOODEN CHURCHES WITHIN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT

Author(s): Ionel Chira / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2021

The Orthodox Church in Transylvania played an overwhelming role in the history of the Romanian people, because the entire cultural and religious life of the Romanians from the intra Carpathian lands revolved around it. The churchly organization of the 14th to 18th centuries of the Transylvanian Romanians, shows that there were a large number of churches and monasteries in which many monks, priests and hierarchs, in the harshest conditions and circumstances, bravely fought the Calvinist teachings and Catholic proselytism. for preserving the faith and strengthening the unity of Romanians around the Orthodox Church. In Transylvania, the Orthodox architectural art could not develop as in Wallachia and Moldavia because of the foreign oppression. Characteristic for the religious architecture in Transylvania are the wooden churches that show significant similarities with those in the European Carpathian region.

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HERITAGE OF THE MOSCOW COUNCIL OF 1917–18 IN THE STATUTES OF THE POST-WAR “RUSSIAN EXARCHATE”: ELECTION OF BISHOPS

Author(s): Ioana Grecu,Victor Alexandrov / Language(s): English Issue: 29/2022

The article examines the tradition of the election of bishops in the Statutes of the post-war Archbishopric of the Russian Churches in Western Europe as well as the heritage of Council in general. The terms related to the elections of bishops will also be discussed. The emphasis will be placed on the two aspect of the heritage of the Moscow Council: first, on the viability of the way chosen by the Council and, secondly, on the fragility of its heritage. The essential message is that keeping awareness of the heritage is vital, and a theological discussion of the heritage is crucial.

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CONTRIBUTIONS OF METROPOLITAN VENIAMIN COSTACHI TO THE SUPPORT OF LAIC PRINTING

Author(s): Mirela Beguni / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 31/2022

A particularly important figure in the history of the Church, Metropolitan Veniami Costachi contributed to the regeneration of Romanian culture in the first half of the 19th century through a prodigious activity of translating and printing books in Romanian language. Interested by any activity that could have helped the development of Moldavia, the hierarch supported not only the printing of church writings, but also a series of secular writings, especially in the field of history.

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EDUCATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN THE CHURCH THROUGH CATECHESIS. MOTIVATION AND METHODS

Author(s): Alexandru Baciu / Language(s): English Issue: 33/2023

Increasingly, we see that the contemporary man, in order to define his role in society, seeks to progress as much as possible professionally, seeks to keep up with the "fashion" in terms of technology, is assimilated by the commercial side of society. All these factors lead to his dissipation. The spiritual side is often neglected or treated with indifference. This way of life is especially aimed at young people, those who are just starting out, who can easily be moulded to the demands of the times. With all these temptations from the outside, the Church comes with a superior proposal, urging young people to a different knowledge, a perfect one, the experience life in God. The Saviour Jesus Christ says: "This is eternal life, that they may know you, the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom you have sent" (John 17:3). We often hear in society, especially in the media, the idea that the Church, as an institution with social concerns, (unfortunately consumer society cannot perceive it as a divine-human reality) is unable to communicate with the young people within it. This paper aims to establish some frameworks to demonstrate that the Church is concerned with the spiritual and even intellectual formation of young people through catechesis. From its experience of more than 2000 years since the "moment of Pentecost", the Church has always known how to listen, to guide, to teach, to correct mistakes, to offer people what no other human institution has offered, a different kind of existence. A superior existence in Christ.

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ჭარმაულთა გვარის მოხელე პირების სამოხელეო თანამდებობები

Author(s): Otar Zhizhiashvili / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 8/2022

The subject, which is presented in the form of the article, is mainly one of the important research topics of the doctoral research (feudal house of the Charmul’s family of the XIII-XVIII centuries). Here is a brief introduction to some of the members of this genus who, at various times according to historical documents and narrative sources, held both ecclesiastical and secular positions. The Charmuli’s family held the position of Aragvi Eristavi for some time. In addition, they were members of the church council - "Mtskhetishvili" institute and hold this position. The article discusses the activities of individual representatives of the family of Charmauli and their official positions, which were given at different times with the support of the kings and Catholics. In this regard, an important place is occupied by Iovane Charmauli, who is the first from this family to become “Mtskhetshishvili” and in the future lays the foundation of the family of Charmauli in the "Mtskhetshishvili" institution. Since Iovane, the Charmaulis have been one of the twelve important families of Mtskhetshishvili. Apart from Iovane, Giorgi Charmauli, a 16th century figure, enjoys the trust of the church and writes important documents on the orders of the highest clergy and holds the position of scribe. In 1531, Basil the Catholicos even gave him a deed of mercy, which is interesting in its content. In 1657, Christopher Catholicos gave the title of “Merikiphetukhutsesi” to Zacharia Charmauli, and in 1675 Domenti Catholicos gave him another title of “Mouravi” (Chief) of the village of Aghain. Both Catholics paid a lot of attention to the same person, which is explained by his devotion to the Church. The documents that provide us with important information on the issue raised by us during the research on these and other important issues, most of them have not been published and this is important in this regard as well.

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DON LUIGI STURZO PER LA LIBERTÀ DELLA SCUOLA ITALIANA

Author(s): Andrea DESSARDO / Language(s): Italian Issue: 120/2023

The article briefly presents the position of Don Luigi Sturzo (1871-1959) and of the Italian People Party (PPI, 1919-1926) regarding the freedom of school, inserting it within the political thought of the founder. For the Sicilian priest any State, even under a democratic regime, tends by its nature to interfere with the acquired rights of traditional communities, such as the family and the Church, replacing their goals with their own. In order to preserve the original freedoms, it is therefore necessary that the school be free, allowing families – even those who are economically disadvantaged – to choose for their children those institutes and programs that reflect their values the most. Don Sturzo claimed that according to the principle of subsidiarity indicated by the social doctrine of the Church in Leo XIII’s “Rerum novarum” and in Pius XI’s “Quadragesimo anno”, the State could be entrusted only with residual tasks and should support the initiatives launched autonomously by private individuals. Don Sturzo was among the first anti-fascists to leave Italy, already in autumn 1924, choosing to live in London (in 1940, when Italy entered the war, he settled in the United States, first in New York and then in Florida), being an admirer of English liberal political culture, while most of the Italian anti-fascists found refuge in France, a country which according to the Sicilian priest was irreparably compromised by Jacobin totalitarianism. The article examines both the school program of the Italian People Party in the years of confrontation with the fascist regime and the writings on school produced by Don Luigi Sturzo during and after his exile, once he returned to Italy after the end of the war and the seizure of power by the Christian Democrats, the new Catholic party that claimed to be the political heir of the PPI. Don Sturzo did not fail to criticize the new orientation of Italian Catholic politicians, in his opinion too little liberal and excessively statist. However, despite the even profound differences of opinion, the Italian Catholic politicians in government in the second half of the twentieth century all recognized their debt to Don Sturzo, operating in his name some important reforms aimed at democratizing the school and opening it up to the popular masses.

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Aspects of the Bulgarian influence in the European regions belonging to the Ottoman Empire in the latter part of the 19th and the first part of the 20th century

Author(s): Emanuil Ineoan / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2022

The general characteristic of the Christian populations in the Macedonian area, regardless of whether we are talking about Slavs, Albanians, or Aromanians, in the middle of the 19th century, was the Greek influence exerted in various stages on the groups mentioned above. In fact, Bulgarian propaganda came to stop the Hellenizing fervour, offering Balkan Slavs tools for identity survival in the face of Greek assimilationist actions. For the Bulgarians, sustaining their influence in the European territories that belonged to the Ottoman Empire until the outbreak of the Balkan Wars was motivated by the historical legacy of the 10th century Bulgarian tsarate. One of the most powerful Bulgarian institutions was the Church, which once through the recognition of the Exarchate within the Ottoman Empire acquired a decisive role in the heart of the Bulgarian communities in the Balkans.

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Arguments against the territorial autonomy based on ethnic criteria of the so-called “Szeklerland” by Ioan Lăcătușu. Book review

Author(s): Samira Cîrlig / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2022

This material is a review of the book entitled Arguments against the territorial autonomy based on ethnic criteria of the so-called “Szeklerland” written in 2008 by sociologist Ioan Lăcătușu. The importance of the book is crucial for at least two reasons: because of the time when it was written, i.e., when the discussion about the autonomy of the so-called “Szeklerland” was growing. The discussion arose in the context of the unilateral declaration of independence of the province of Kosovo from Serbia. The second reason why this book is important is the concise and complex manner in which the arguments against territorial autonomy on ethnic grounds are presented. The structure of the paper will firstly deal with the context of the publication of the book, the objectives of the paper, the geostrategic importance of the subject, the general arguments and then the specific ones, the medium - and long-term effects of such an initiative and the actions of the Romanian state on this subject.

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За едно необичайно изображение на св. Кирил и св. Методий от Бяла черква – „Проповѣдъ св. Кирилъ и Методїй предъ хозарскїй ханъ“

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За едно необичайно изображение на св. Кирил и св. Методий от Бяла черква – „Проповѣдъ св. Кирилъ и Методїй предъ хозарскїй ханъ“

Author(s): Totka Grigorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

The article presents an unpublished iconographic image of St. Cyril and Methodius from the early 20th century found at the “St. Dimitar” church in the town of Byala Cherkva, Tarnovo region. It is an illustration of a scene from the life of the Slavic Enlighteners, which depicts a moment from their Khazar mission. The compositional solution is entirely original. The placement of the scene is also unusual – it is placed on a panel of the iconostasis, under the royal icon of the Slavic Enlighteners. The image in question adds a new touch to the Cyril and Methodius pictorial tradition, which, although a local and isolated decision, reflects the ideas and perceptions of the Bulgarians of the early 20th century about their medieval history.

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Проповедническата дейност на францисканците и папството през 20-те и 30-те години на XIII век

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Проповедническата дейност на францисканците и папството през 20-те и 30-те години на XIII век

Author(s): Beloslava Vachkovska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

This article traces the transformation of the Franciscan Order from a community consisting predominately of laymen into an order of educated priests and a major instrument in the Church’s battle against heretics, schismatics, and infidels. Within the process of clericalization, the development of the preaching activity of the minors is examined in particular, since it is this activity of the friars that formed the basis of their successful actions in the service of the Apostolic See. As a result of the increasingly close ties with the papacy, in addition to improving the pastoral care for the faithful, the preaching activities of the friars were also directed against the political opponents of the Pope, condemned as heretics and schismatics. As a consequence of the return to Orthodoxy and the hostile policy towards the Latin Empire, the Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Asen II (1218–1241) also became one of those schismatics. An attempt is made to trace the role of the Franciscans in preaching the crusade against Bulgaria propagated by pope Gregory IX in 1238.

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ТРАДИЦІЙНІСТЬ У РОЗВИТКУ ЖИВОПИСНОЇ ДЕКОРАЦІЇ ВЕЛИКОЇ ЦЕРКВИ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ У ХVIII–ХХІ СТОЛІТТІ

Author(s): Maryna Afanasiyivna Bardik / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2023

The purpose of the article is to study the factor of traditionalism in the development of the complex of murals of the Great Church (the Dormition Cathedral) in the 18th – 21st centuries. The research methodology is based on historical, cultural and art historical analysis. Scientific novelty of the study. Traditionalism is defined as a factor in the development of mural painting of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra’s Great Church (the Dormition Cathedral) in the 1720s–2020s. The author reveals that traditionality was implemented in the principle of continuity in the formation of new murals. The imitation of a number of thematic and narrative lines of the seventeenth-century murals in the decorations of the 1720s, as well as the murals of the 1720s and 1770s in the compositions of 1811 and the decorations of the late nineteenth century is studied. The author proves that the main visual source of the reconstruction of the twenty-first century painting was not the painting of the 1720s but of 1840-1843 and some compositions of the 1770s and 1811. The change in the location of traditional subjects is identified as one of the means of innovation in the programmes of new paintings. The continuity of a wide range of compositions, including the themes of the Baptism of Rus and the Pechersk Monastery, is traced. Conclusions. Traditionalism had a significant impact on the development of the monumental painting of the Great Assumption Church in the 18th-21st century. The programmes of the new paintings of the 1720s and especially of 1894 show the imitation of thematic and narrative lines from the previous paintings. During the renovation of the entire church interior (1772–1777, 1840–1843) and exterior (1809), as well as the renovation of certain compositions (for example, in 1811), he imitation of paintings was almost unchanged (this was a requirement of the Kyiv metropolitans). According to the principle of continuity in the XXI century, artists created a baroque image of the Great Church, using archival sources of paintings from 1840-1843, 1811, and 1772-1777. The continuity provided a historical connection between the murals of different centuries in the Dormition Cathedral.

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Kaplica grobowa Donimirskich w Czerninie

Author(s): Piotr Kanarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2023

This article is devoted to the burial chapel of the Donimirski family in Czernin (ger. Hohendorf). From the sources researched, it is known that it was built in the second half of the nineteenth century on the order of Piotr Alkantara Marcin Donimirski. The author takes a closer look at the stages of construction of this chapel, its furnishings, the renovations carried out, as well as its condition before, during and after the Second World War. The following are buried in this place: Piotr, Wacław, Zygmunt and Czesław Donimirski. The chapel was also the place where the baptism and first communion of Witold Donimirski’s children were elebrated (after 1900). During the communist regime it was devastated and the remains of the deceased insulted.

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„Хрониката на Констанцкия събор“ от 1414–1418 г. – един недооценен извор за българската история след падането под османска власт

Author(s): Nikolay Ovcharov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

This article examines an important source of Bulgarian history in the early 15th c., immediately after the country fell under Ottoman rule. This source is the Chronicle of the Council of Constance of 1414–1418, written by Ulrich von Richental. This was the 16th Ecumenical Council, convened by Pope John XXIII at the request of the German and Hungarian King Sigismund of Luxembourg, and held in the German town of Constance on Bodensee. The primary concern was to put an end to the spreading schism in the Church. At the same time, the question of the Ottoman invasion, threatening the whole of Europe and especially the Balkans, was constantly in the air. That is why many delegations from the Orthodox East attended the event – envoys of the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaeologus, of the Serbian despot Stefan Lazarević, of the Wallachian voivode Mirchea the Elder, and others. It is of particular importance for us that there were also many Bulgarians at the Council of Constance. There was a large delegation headed by Gregory Tsamblak, Metropolitan of Kiev and a disciple of Patriarch Euthymius of Tarnovo. This article demonstrates that the sons of the last Bulgarian rulers – Constantine (the successor of the Vidin tsar Ivan Sratsimir) and Fruzhin Shishman (the son of the Tarnovo tsar Ivan Shishman), were also among the attendees of the event. They are known to have been staunch champions, fighting against the Ottoman invasion alongside King Sigismund of Luxemburg. For the first time, the two were identified for certain in the text of the Chronicle and moreover by their coats of arms depicted in it. Thus, it is made clear that Fruzhin Shishman was referred to as Kayser zü Schiltach, and that his coat of arms was a crowned double-headed eagle. It is well known that the German sources in this period used Schiltach/ Schiltawe/Schiltau to refer to Nikopol, which was the last capital of Tsar Ivan Shishman in 1393–1395. In all likelihood, Ivan Sratsimir’s son, Constantine, was the mysterious Kayser von Bulgary with three leopards on his coat of arms (actually lions in motion). An anonymous Arab traveller reported that this coat of arms, which is very similar to the English one, appeared on the shields of Tsar Ivan Shishman’s soldiers in the late 14th c. Apparently, it became the main coat of arms of the Bulgarian Empire, together with the image of the heraldic “lion rampant.” The Ottoman invasion, however, interrupted the course of development of Bulgaria, and hence the Bulgarian medieval heraldry.

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The Paulicians

Author(s): Canan Seyfeli / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The subject of the present study is the Paulicians. With their native homeland in Anatolia and different Christian doctrine, the Paulicians were a purely underground movement, influential in the 7th-12th centuries. Perceived as heretical by Orthodox Christianity, they were forced to act secretly. However, they were influential in Byzantium and the Orthodox Church when they were strong. Orthodox and Armenians were responsible for their disappearance in Anatolia, which led to the emergence of different doctrines and movements in the following centuries and their spread in the Balkans. Constantinos, the Paulicians’ first leader, was pronounced a didaskalos in 655. In the first half of the 9th century, divided into two, the movement lost its power in Anatolia. Constantinos and later leaders identified themselves as Christians. The Paulician doctrine accepts some texts from the New Testament, but they interpret the Scriptures, Jesus Christ, and rituals such as baptism and evharistiya differently from Orthodox Christians. Although often associated with dualist doctrines, neither their form of organization nor their orders and prohibitions are similar to the dualist ones. Their association with Christianity is based on more detailed data; however, they have different ideas about central issues, such as the Trinity and the position of Jesus Christ as God. The Paulicians adopted a significant number of New Testament texts, especially the Gospels and the Epistles of Paul. Thus they adopted a new interpretation of Christianity, which, combined with their belief that deviated from the primary religious admissions, led to a negative perception. Due to their different interpretations, they were declared heretical by the Armenian Church in the east and the Orthodox Church, and the Catholic Church in the west. As a result, they were persecuted and forced to migrate or go underground; thus, the inauthentic information about them increased. Since there are no Paulicians living today, there is no way to study the subject in its own reality.

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LORD’S ARMY – AN ASSOCIATION CONFESSING AND SACRIFICING FOR THE ORTHODOX CHURCH

Author(s): Mihai Liviu Marici / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 35/2023

As a movement of spiritual rebirth within the Romanian Orthodox Church, the Army of the Lord had its beginning on January 1, 1923, through the initiative of the Orthodox priest Iosif Trifa from Sibiu, who published a Call in the name of Jesus Christ, through the leaflet of the Metropolitanate of Sibiu, Lumina satelor, (Village light) whose editor he was, addressed to the readers and to all Christians, to a Decision of change of life, this being considered the moment inspired to the initiator by the Holy Spirit as the beginning of the movement. It was outlawed by the communist regime in 1948, continuing its activity underground for more than 40 years until 1990, when it was legally rehabilitated as a religious association within the Romanian Orthodox Church with its headquarters in Sibiu and has been active since 28 September 1990 with the blessing of the Holy Synod of the R.O.C., which also approved its Statute.

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Seksualni život oženjenih u društvu Starog poretka: od crkvenog nauka do stvarnosti ponašanja

Author(s): Jean-Louis Flandrin / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 23/2023

Malo je izvora koji govore o bračnoj seksualnosti s toliko podrobnosti kao rasprave o moralnoj teologiji, zbirke slučajeva savjesti, priručnici za ispovijed itd. Stoga ću krenuti od takvih crkvenih dokumenata, posebno inzistirajući na onim njihovim propisima koji su nam danas najčudniji. Zatim ću pokušati saznati u kojoj nas mjeri ta literatura informira o seksualnom životu parova u prošlosti. U središtu kršćanskog morala jest vrlo snažno nepovjerenje prema tjelesnim užicima, jer oni drže duh u zarobljeništvu tijela, sprječavajući ga da se uzdigne prema Bogu. Treba jesti kako bi se živjelo, ali i izbjegavati odavanje užicima ustiju. Isto tako, dužni smo sjediniti se sa suprotnim spolom kako bismo imali djecu, ali se ne smijemo vezati za spolne užitke. Seksualnost nam je dana samo da bismo se reproducirali. Zlouporaba je njezino korištenje u druge svrhe, primjerice za zadovoljstvo.

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PAVLA SEMERÁDOVÁ – ELIŠKA ŠEDIVÁ: CATALOGUS COLLECTIONIS OPERUM ARTIS MUSICAE DE MONASTERII SILOENSIS

Author(s): Lukáš M. Vytlačil / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2019

Review of: Semerádová, Pavla – Šedivá, Eliška: Catalogus collectionis operum artis musicae de monasterii siloensis. Catalogus artis musicae in Bohemia et Moravia cultae. Artis musicae antiquioris catalogorum series. Vol. IX/1 et 2, Národní knihovna ČR. Praha 2016, 662 s. (2 svazky)

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NOVÉ SLOVINSKÉ ARCHIVNÍ PUBLIKACE

Author(s): Jan Krlín / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2019

Review of: Sonja Anžič: Péče o chudé v Kraňsku. Sociální politika v Kraňsku od poloviny 18. století do roku 1918; Srbská pravoslavná církev ve Slovinsku v meziválečném období; Podoba lublaňských hostinců na přelomu 19.–20. století; Kazenski proces proti Črtomiru Nagodetu in soobtoženim. Epilog. Ljubljana 2017.; Vodnik po arhivskem gradivu k I. svetovne vojne 1. del

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Nieznany list arcybiskupa gnieźnieńskiego Bodzanty z Kosowic herbu Szeliga z 24 września 1387 roku

Author(s): Michał Hankus / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2023

The Archbishop of Gniezno, Bodzanta of Kosowice, of the Szeliga coat of arms, is one of the most controversial figures of late fourteenth-century Poland. He began his career as the governor of Kraków-Sandomierz during the reign of Casimir the Great. He held this office for over 20 years, while also developing his career as a clergyman. His service as a canon in Kraków, a scholastic in Wiślica and finally as provost of the collegiate church of St. Florian in Kleparz were successful. In 1382, by the appointment of king Louis of Hungary, he became the archbishopric of Gniezno, where he remained until his death in 1388. The controversy surrounding Bodzanta stems from his unstable policy during the interregnum following the death of Louis of Hungary. In addition, Jan of Czarnków left in his chronicle an unfavourable opinion about the archbishop, representing him as incompetent and his actions as destructive for the Polish Church. The aim of this article is to highlight the conflict between Bodzanta of Kosowice and prince Władysław Opolczyk, which took place in 1387. The analysis is based on a newly discovered letter of the archbishop to parish priests in the Wieluń region, found in the collections of the Jagiellonian Library. The conflict was caused by the receipt by the prince’s officials of questionable benefits from villages belonging to the clergy of that region. The archbishop defended the local clergy, imposing an interdict on Wieluń and threatening the ruler with excommunication. This study fills a gap related to relations between the most important personages in the Kingdom of Poland at the end of the fourteenth century. In addition, it verifies the state of research on the history of such towns as Krzywarzeka. The attitude and determination of the archbishop in curbing the prince’s decisions and actions contradicts the opinion about Bodzanta’s weakness throughout his pontificate.

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