Around the Bloc: Bosnia Courts May Miss Deadlines for War Crime Cases
Most sensitive cases due to be resolved by December, but Bosnia’s courts face huge backlog and alleged lack of will.
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Most sensitive cases due to be resolved by December, but Bosnia’s courts face huge backlog and alleged lack of will.
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Agricultural real estate has a special place in national economies, and is of crucial political importance. Many investors believe that real properties are areas with high potential of the growth of value, in part due to the demand for food, and in part due to the ability to change their function to the commercial one. The aim of the article is to present the institutional and legal conditions of investment in agricultural real estate in Poland in force until 1 May 2016, with an attempt to assess the attractiveness of such investment and an indication of the potential effects that will be caused by recent changes in legislation. The author analyses the legal conditions of investing in agricultural property in Poland against the principles adopted in selected EU countries, which allows her to identify differences and similarities in the treatment of agricultural property in Poland and the selected EU countries. In addition, she analyses the market size through the volume of transactions of agriculture real estate in Poland, conducts the analysis of changes in the prices of agricultural land in Poland, pointing out changes in the price of such land in the selected European countries. The research also includes the volume of purchase of agricultural real estate by foreigners in Poland. The author uses the study of literature, legal acts, the analysis of the existing data and own calculations.
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The article substantiates the relevance of developing alternative funding ways for project activity of small and middlesized businesses in the Russian Federation. Therefore, this research aims at working out proposals for forming a common outline and individual infrastructure elements of a crowdinvesting system to activate project and investment activity of such businesses in the Russian Federation. Desk and sociological research was applied to achieve the research objectives. Desk research was done, using the available statistical and analytical information, Russian laws and regulations, and secondary sources. Data regarding current state of the small and middle- sized business sector were collected, and lists of potential respondents were compiled, and latest contacts of such respondents were collected within the desk research. Sociological research included questionnaire surveying, using e- forms to submit data and sending requests via e- mail. Sample included 31 small and middle- sized Russian businesses. The article presents findings obtained within research and development done out of public funds according to the 2016 Governmental Assignment of the Financial University in Creating a system of public investment (crowdinvesting) to activate small and middle- sized businesses. Research materials present basic concept of mainstreaming project and investment activity of small and middle- sized Russian businesses.
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The loss of the goods transported by the sea roads by an accident such as the sinking of the ship caused important financial losses to the merchants. Accordingly, the safeguarding of some of the goods was important as it led the merchants to alleviate their financial losses. However, in this point an important problem faced by the owners of the goods, was the fact that the people safeguarding or finding the goods of the wrecked ships evaluated this situation as an easy way of gain and thus plundered them. In those cases, the return of the goods to their proper owners frequently necessitated legal procedures. In the events of plundering and confiscation, the return of the goods saved from the ship accidents was one of the subjects extant in the maritine commercial law by the ancient Rhodes Law. This subject was important as it was crucial to save the trading capital. The Ottoman Empire regulated this subject in its maritime trade law on the basis of the flag of the wrecked ship Accordingly the Ottoman Empire adopted the principle that the goods saved from the wrecked ships of both belonging to the Ottoman Empire and the nations, which made treaty with the Ottoman Empire, had to be returned to their proper owners. Despite this regulations, as it has been observed from the instances of the Ottoman maritime trade, the merchants faced various problems for the return of their goods sometimes due to the confiscations of their goods by the administrative officials and sometimes due to the plundering of their goods by the local people. In this framework, the legal status of the goods safeguarded from the wrecked ships on the Ottoman seas is analyzed under the light of the evidence of the eighteenth century. This study also investigates the difficulties faced in the return of these goods to their former owners.
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This paper deals with legal unorthodoxy. The main idea is to study the so-called unorthodox taxes Hungary has adopted in recent years. The study of unorthodox taxes will be preceded by a more general discussion of how law is made under unorthodoxy, and what are the special features of unorthodox legal policy. Unorthodoxy challenges equality before the law and is critical towards mass democracies. It also raises doubts on the operability of the rule of law, relying on personal skills, or loyalty, rather than on impersonal mechanisms arising from checks and balances as developed by the division of political power. Besides, for lack of legal suppositions, legislation suffers from casuistry and regulatory capture.
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This paper discusses the brief history of market (price) regulation of electricity and gas. The fight against monopolies has a history of more than 100 years in the USA. In this article, I focus on price regulation, which represents a narrower section of regulation. In the paper I discuss the phases of this regulation: Appearance of anti-monopoly combat; New Deal and the welfare state (and the concept of welfare state in Hungary in the nineties); Liberalisation; Bargaining and agreement. The old definition of regulation is modified in the following way: regulation democratically controls the prices, sales, and production of companies, and influences these in order to achieve certain social objectives.
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The Federation of Trade Unions of Macedonia (SSM) in October 2008 had a number of activities related to the latest legal changes and additions in the field of labor relations and social insurance. In this context, this review provides a detailed overview of the CCM's views on the possible effects of the Law on Contributions for Compulsory Social Insurance on Workers, and, in general, its possible impact on the employment and labor market situation in Macedonia.
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The goal of this review article is to give an overview of the constitutional solutions and the policy of employment in the Republic of Macedonia. Emphasis is given on scientific explanation of the terms employment and employed. These terms are in direct relation with the right to employment, as a topic that has been elaborated. They are explained from the view of the legal theories in the science of labour law and the science of social law. From the view of the legal regulation, this issue is highlighted on two levels. Firstly, on the level of our national law, more precisely, the legal regulation of Republic of Macedonia. Secondly, on the level of the international law. From the view of the legal regulation in our state, the key issue is the constitutional-legal regulation; that is, the solutions that are contained in the Constitution. Moreover, the Constitution of Republic of Macedonia guarantees the right to work, the right to free choice of work, and other rights connected to this right. Our Constitution completely regulates the rights and freedoms of the citizens of Republic of Macedonia. Apart from the Constitution, this article highlights the aspects that are related to the legal regulation of the right to employment, as well as the meaning of the collective agreements, which represent specific source in this field. From the view of the international law, this article emphasizes on adequate level the aspects of the more significant acts that are brought on the level of the international community, such as, acts of: The International Organization of Labour, the Universal Declaration of the UN, and other international acts. On the level of the regional community shortly are emphasized the more important decisions that contain the European Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Basic Freedoms, and the European Social Decree.
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The main goal of the present paper is to assess the 30 years of the functioning of the Italian system of financing the Catholic Church, also utilized at present by other religious organizations. On the basis of the available data, the Author reaches the conclusion that the solutions making up the system – despite some reservations – have contributed significantly not only to the creation of the appropriate conditions for the realization of religious freedom, but also – for example – to the democratization of the tax system. They have allowed the Church to undertake many important initiatives of social, protective or cultural character for the benefit of Italian society and the populations of the Third World. Without doubt, the experiences described can be regarded in terms of sound cooperation (sana cooperatio), which was recommended by the Second Vatican Council and to which both, the Italian Republic and the Holy See, commited themselves in the Agreement of 1984. However, the analysed system of financing requires permanent promotion, taking into consideration the image of the Church as a community whose members – equal in dignity – share the responsability for the common good.
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The author offers a clear presentation of the compulsory organisations for the protection of professional interests, which operated in Slovenia between 1918 and 1945. These interests were protected by general and special chambers as well as the associations of merchants, craftsmen, industrialists and banking institutions. The general chambers were the Chamber of Commerce, Trade and Industry, which represented the interests of employers, the Workers' Chamber which protected those of employees, and the Peasants' Chamber safeguarding the interests of the peasantry. Apart from these, there were a number of special chambers for particular activities and professions, such as engineers, pharmacists, lawyers and notaries. Membership in these chambers was subject to special regulations, while the membership in the associations of merchants and craftsmen was regulated by the law on trade. Under the occupation during the Second World War the character of these professional organisations changed, as did the nature of their work. On the German occupied territory they were either incorporated into the system of the German commercial chambers or abolished. In the Ljubljana Province they were integrated into the Fascist system under the name of the Employers' Association, together with the Provincial Workers Association and the Farmers' Association.
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Under the Commercial Register Act, which governs this issue in Art. 7, the entry has a notification effect - it is believed that the recorded circumstance has become known to the third conscientious persons from the moment of entry. The law therefore provides for a rebuttable presumption of knowledge.
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The work of Professor Constantin Katzarov in the field of industrial property forms the legal theory, explains the legal nature of the objects of industrial property and provides the basis of the future legal branch - the right to industrial property.
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In legal literature, the notions of nationalization, nationalization and forced expropriation for state purposes are often used. This statement aims to trace the interrelation of these concepts and their relevance to one another.
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A possible most common biography. This seems to be the exact definition of the life development of Konstantin Ivanov Katsarov. He was born on 31 August 1898 in Sofia in the family of Ivan and Tsanka Katsarov, whose roots are from the beautiful sub-Balkan town of Pirdop. And since, according to the old Bulgarian saying that the pear does not fall far from the tree, after Konstantin graduated from high school, he went to follow on his father's insistence.
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When it comes to security transactions, there is no dispute that they fall into the transactions with modality. I think that in this case the application of the art. 25 of the APA, that the validity of the contract may be made in the future a precarious event.
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The National Program for the Development of Social Economy is an operational and implementation document that has perceived and exposed the potential (package of possibilities), which solutions in the area of social economy create for both citizens and public authorities. At the same time, this program shows a wide spectrum of expectations formulated in relation to the social economy sector. Therefore, this text is devoted to capturing the basic regulations of this comprehensive document, which at the time of its creation made it possible to make an inventory of existing solutions in the area of social economy in Poland, and pointed out the proposed solutions for the future. Attention was also paid to the planned development, refinement and modification of the Program assumptions.
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Objective: The objective of this article is to explain why some Special Economic Zones in Poland have attracted more foreign and domestic investment than others. Research Design & Methods: Referring to the OLI paradigm, we identified 25 variables which might impact the stock of investment in each individual SEZ. They were divided into three groups: zone’s investment climate, investors’ opinions and region-level factors. We used correlation and regression analyses to check dependencies. Findings: The investment climate mattered most. Regional level characteristics were the least important. Foreign investors were more concerned than domestic ones about the location factors we considered. There is clearly a closer correlation between SEZ reputation and the number rather than the value of investment projects. It may mean that small investors pay more attention to the opinions which circulate in business circles and that big companies probably rely on their own evaluation of a SEZ’s investment climate. Implications & Recommendations: Special Economic Zones in less developed parts of Poland can successfully compete for capital if they are well managed. Tax reliefs are secondary for choosing a particular zone. Supply factors count much more. The most important factors for attracting FDI were: outlays on the provision and modernisation of zone infrastructure, the number of towns and cities, overall investment attractiveness of voivodeships, as well as labour resources and costs. Contribution & Value Added: Location advantages and their significance for domestic and foreign investors were rarely examined at the SEZ level.
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Prohibited agreements as an unauthorized form of competition in competition law in our country are regulated by the Law on Competition of Bosnia and Herzegovina (“Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina”, No. 48/05, 76/07 and 80/09, hereinafter referred to as BiH Competition Law) , and it is the same regulated issue of the appearance of these agreements, the permissible exemptions, the consequences of prohibited agreements, the procedure of initiating and conducting the proceedings, and establishing the existence of prohibited agreements as well as sanctions for the same. These agreements are also called monopoly agreements. The BiH Competition Law is almost entirely in line with EU regulations in this area, and this compliance stems from the fact that harmonization used the technique of “rewriting” European legislation. The subject of this paper is the presentation and analysis of legal sources of prohibited agreements as an unauthorized form of competitive action in competition law at the level of the European Union and at the level of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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In mid-June 1913 a professional exhibition on hygiene was organized in St. Petersburg in which Filip Filipović participated in the capacity of Secretary of the Workers’ Council of Serbia and with the help of the Serbian Government. His agreement with the Serbian Government was to submit a detailed report concerning the exhibition after his return from St. Petersburg. The Government wished to use this exhibition as a model for a subsequent exhibition of folk art in Serbia. On his return from St. Petersburg Filip Filipović published a number of articles in the »Workers’ Newspaper«, in which he described the achievements of modern legislation in the world concerning the protection of workers, founding his works on the research of eminent experts: doctors, biologists, psychologists, sociologists, economists, hygienists etc. In this edition of the History of 20th Century a study is given of labor statistics and their use.
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Discriminarea presupune un fenomen de aplicare a unor diferenţieri în recunoașterea drepturilor salariaților, efectul unor astfel de acțiuni constând în lipsa de utilizare a folosinței drepturilor și libertăților fundamentale ale acestora. Existența discriminării constă astfel în nerecunoașterea criteriilor protejate precizate în actele normative interne și europene ce au ca obiect egalitatea de tratament, chiar și practicile aparent neutre ale angajatorilor putând determina efecte nelegale. Sub acest aspect, facem trimitere la practicile ce induc direct sau indirect restrângerea, înlăturarea recunoaşterii, folosinţei sau exercitării drepturilor şi libertăţilor fundamentale ale salariaților în raporturile de muncă. Articolul detaliază fenomenul discriminării salariale în raporturile juridice de muncă ale funcționarilor publici, prin prisma aplicării noii legi a salarizării, în contextul în care aceasta cuprinde dispoziții contrare actelor normative în materie de nediscriminare existente în circuitul juridic intern.
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