ALBANIA: Albanian Migrants and Risks of Radicalization

Author(s): Ebi Spahiu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The case of Albania – a new NATO member and an aspiring EU state – reflects that of many Western Balkans countries which have seen their citizens, largely from Muslim-majority areas, join extremist organizations in the Middle East since the 2011 outset of the Syrian conflict. The number of foreign fighters hailing from Albania and the rest of the region peaked when Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi, the alleged leader of the so-called Islamic State (ISIL), declared the formation of a new “caliphate” in 2014, in territories in Syria and Iraq, and called on Muslims from around the world to migrate there. Security and intelligence services in the region quickly took action against homegrown extremist cells that recruited and facilitated the travel of citizens in response to Al-Baghdadi’s call. However, questions remain over what motivated citizens from Albania to join extremist organizations and the pattern of their radicalization. [...]

CROATIA: ISIL’s Western Balkan Caliphettes

Author(s): Anita Perešin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

With the June 2014 establishment of a “caliphate” in the territories of Iraq and Syria, announced by the self-proclaimed “caliph” and leader of ISIL Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, his appeal to all Muslims to migrate to these territories has been viewed by some “true believers” in the Western Balkans as a mandatory religious duty. A new wave of Muslim men and women from the Balkans, motivated by a combination of religious and other factors, have left home for the “caliphate,” where the Balkan contingent has supported groups fighting the Assad regime since the beginning of the civil war in Syria. The number of Western Balkans citizens in ISIL territories is not precisely known, but up to 1,000 are thought to make up the Balkan contingent – including male fighters, a much smaller percentage of female fighters, women and children who accompanied their husbands and fathers, some women who traveled alone (often in order to marry), and a small number of teenagers, most of whom have left home without the consent of their parents. The motives and expectations of women in this contingent are difficult to grasp; for, despite ISIL propaganda that compares living in its territory to being at a “Disneyland for Muslims,” the group is among the most notorious terrorist organizations in the world, infamous for its brutal abuse, derogation, and mistreatment of women. [...]

Turkish Muslims in a German city: Entrepreneurial and residential self-determination

Author(s): Sarah Hackett / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Germany’s Turkish communities have long been at the centre of vibrant political, academic and public deliberations. During the guest-worker years and the family reunification period that followed, and throughout their emergence as fixed attributes on German cities’ landscapes, Turks secured a firm place in debates in a Germany that was a reluctant and hesitant country of immigration. In recent years, they have been the prime focus of discussions and reflections on integration, citizenship, multiculturalism, segregation, social cohesion and the place of Islam in Germany. On the whole, the history of Turkish migration to and subsequent settlement in Germany during the post-1960s era has conventionally been associated with economic exploitation and hardship, residential difficulties and segregation, educational underachievement, confusion, uncertainty, shortsighted political strategies and ad hoc social provisions (Herbert, 1986; Abadan-Unat, 2011). Turks have gradually come to be perceived as the ethnic minority group least likely to achieve integration into German society, and as recognizable and clear Ausländer.

An Investigation on the Turkish Religious Foundation of the UK (Diyanet)

Author(s): Yakup Çoştu,Feyza Ceyhan Çoştu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

People referred to as Turkish immigrants in Britain are comprised of Turks, Kurds emanating from the borders of the Turkish Republic and Turkish Cypriots. Turkish Cypriots migration to Britain started in the 1940s following the World War II and increased throughout the 1960s (Ladbury 1977; Robins & Aksoy 2001). Turkish migration from mainland Turkey to Britain started in the early 1970s (Mehmet Ali 2001; Issa 2005). Ethnic Kurds from Turkey began to immigrate in larger numbers during the late 1980s and early 1990s, often seeking refuge and asylum status (Robins & Aksoy 2001; Atay 2006). These increasing waves of migration have resulted in a significant social and cultural presence within British society (Çoştu, 2013a).

References

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

SOFT LAW, EFFECTIVENESS OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND MIGRATION: HOW EFFECTIVE ARE MIGRANTS’ FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS IN AN ERA OF EUROPEAN GOVERNANCE?

Author(s): Roila Mavrouli / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The objective of this research paper is to examine the valorization of procedural rationality in the field of fundamental rights related to migration from non-EU countries. This is in the context of an EU which is strengthening its constitutional nature, which sees a transition from the concept of government to the concept of governance. In this legal environment it is crucial to guarantee the effectiveness of fundamental rights, thus increasing their normative scope with regard to migration. The challenge to European governance practices and structures is how to transform the valorization of procedural rationality to essential rationality. This leads the democratic praxis to re-appropriate its origin. Nevertheless, this concept of procedural rationality establishes soft law as the fastest and most flexible solution to the migration challenge.

Ways into and out of exploitation Unaccompanied minors and human trafficking

Author(s): Hilde Lidén,Cathrine Holst Salvesen / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter assesses whether national law, policies and practice in the field of unaccompanied asylum seekers are in compliance with international conventions including the UNHCR guidelines and UN convention of the rights of the child (CRC). We will discuss policy and practices on minors exposed to human trafficking, taking Norway as a case. The Norwegian Immigration Act of 2008 includes provisions and formulations intended to strengthen the legal position and rights of asylum-seeking children as children. The intention was to ensure that national regulations on immigration were in accordance with the CRC and in line with the Norwegian Human Rights Act 1999. The CRC as well as UNHCR guidelines mention human trafficking, including forced labour and sexual exploitation as one main threat to which children may be exposed. The chapter discusses three scenarios which represent distinct forms of how unaccompanied minors are recruited into exploitative relations on their way to or in Europe and how their cases are assessed when applying for asylum in Norway as unaccompanied minors. Ways into and out of exploitation may have decisive implication for how their asylum applications are assessed and for further access to rehabilitation measures.

Social Inclusion Processes for unaccompanied minors in the city of Palermo: Fostering Autonomy through a New Social Inclusion Model

Author(s): Roberta Lo Bianco,Georgia Chondrou / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter describes and proposes a new social inclusion model for supporting unaccompanied minors in becoming autonomous, as they are one of the most vulnerable groups of contemporary migration flows. According to the Committee on the Rights of Children “unaccompanied children (also called unaccompanied minors) are children, […] who have been separated from both parents and other relatives and are not being cared for by an adult who, by law or custom, is responsible for doing so” (Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2005).

“THE GUEST DOESN’T LIKE ANOTHER GUEST, AND THE HOST LIKES NEITHER'': SOMALI REFUGEES FORGOTTEN IN A SATELLITE TOWN

Author(s): Ayşe Yıldırım / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Without doubt, every migratory wave begets serious problems with many dimensions in the fields of education, employment, integration, or gender issues. A recent mass migratory move, if more numerous, can cause delays in policies towards an older refugee group. The Syrian war and the subsequent mass migration towards Turkey channeled both academic and administrative focus towards this group. As the transformative power of migration increases, so does the academic interest in this topic. In this respect, we can understand the abundance of research on Syrians compared to the paucity of studies on African refugees as a reflection of the size and impact of the Syrian stock and flows.

CONTRIBUTION OF NGOS TO THE INTEGRATION OF SYRIAN IMMIGRANTS IN MARDIN

Author(s): Süleyman Şanli / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

People who fled their countries of home voluntarily or forced have been described as refugee, migrant, and person with temporary protection in the countries hosting them. The challenges faced by these uprooted people seeking security have forced many countries to develop and formulate new migration, asylum, and refugee policies.

“TURKISH-GERMAN” FAMILIES: AN INSIDER VIEWPOINT ABOUT WAR, MIGRATION AND THE TRANSNATIONAL FAMILY BUILDING EXPERIENCE

Author(s): Oya Topdemir Koçyiğit / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The destructive effects of the Second World War, which resulted in great loss and suffering in the not so distant past, still has an important place in the lives of countless people living in different geographical locations. German families constitute a population whose members witnessed the bitter outcomes of the war in no small measure. War-related memories of families have been handed down from generation to generation up to the present day. Despite many of the generation who actually lived through the war preferring to erase the traces of it from their day to day lives, their children and even their grandchildren have taken on board this memory (Koçyiğit, 2016).

Coming to Terms with Liberal Democracy by the Populist Radical Right Parties of Western Europe: Evidence from European Parliament Speeches over Minorities and Migration

Author(s): Caner Tekin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Populist radical right oppositions to international migration from Islamic countries are argued to undergo a discursive change from ultranationalist and religious constructs to –misleadingly– liberal argumentations, claiming that European liberal democracy is under threat of migration (Brubaker, 2017, pp.1191-1226; Hafez, 2014, pp.479-499; Börzel & Risse, 2018, pp.83-108; Börzel, 2016, pp.8-31). The present study aims to demonstrate how these ‘liberal’ grounds for objecting migrations exist at European (supranational) level, and explores the conceptions of liberal democracy used by pan-European radical right in opposition to migrant and minority rights. Therefore it asks how mainstream populist radical right factions represented in the European Parliament debate migrant and minority rights and what conceptions of liberal democracy emerge within their debates. It orients this question to two plenary sessions held in the European Parliament, in the shadow of the EU’s refugee crisis, to discuss the situation of fundamental rights and terrorism in Europe. Recent refugee debates in the EP have the potential to shed light on this issue, as the way populist radical right parties reject the EU’s minority, migration, and asylum policies feature exclusionary conceptions degrading the substantial meaning of liberal democracy.

Borders, Exception and Sovereignty: Australia’s Migration Policies as Instruments of Suspension of (Human) Rights and (International) Obligations

Author(s): Ana Carolina Macedo Abreu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Hostility towards migrants of non-European origin is a recurring subject in contemporary political space, especially among Western/developed states. In fact, the move towards stricter migration and border control in relation to some forms of migration has led authors to characterize such phenomena as a war on migration (Hyndman and Mountz, 2007) or a new ubiquity of borders (Balibar 2002). The crusade against irregular migration has particularly affected prospective asylum seekers who, fleeing from conflict and persecution in their countries of origin, attempt to reach safety and protection through unauthorized border crossings. The Australian border regime presents a paradigmatic case in this context of increasing hostility and control, having been described as “the most original yet retrograde means of repelling and excluding asylum seekers from its shores” (Hyndman and Mountz 2007, 83) and “the most fully developed policy regime that is oriented around control” (Johnson 2014, 67). This chapter focuses on the policies and practices of border/migration control that were/are employed in the context of the Pacific Solution (2001-2007) and Operation Sovereign Borders (OSB) (2013-present). The practices of control implemented during this period include interception and turnback of boats outside of territorial waters, forced return, detention and exclusion of parts of Australian territory from the migration zone (excision).

Power and Sandwiched Sovereignty: Nepali Migrant Workers in the Gulf Countries

Author(s): Hari KC / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Nepal is relatively a new entrant to global labour markets. Nevertheless, over the past few decades, a huge portion of its population has migrated abroad for employment, changing the image of Nepal from a country of “global warriors to global workers” (Rajauriya, 2015). In particular, the political change of 1990 that ushered Nepal into a multiparty democracy triggered the globalizing processes. Unlike during the King’s regime, obtaining passports became easier even for general people, affording them more agility and freedom to travel outside the country (Tiwari & Bhattarai, 2011). Further, the government formed after the 1992 elections embraced a policy of fast-paced economic liberalization, connecting Nepal with global economy and global labour markets (Labour Migration for Employment Report: 2014).

Multi-level Governance of Human Mobility: Ending Discrimination and Promoting and Protecting Human Rights of All People on the Move

Author(s): Miguel Santos Neves / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Human mobility is the human face of globalization, the cement that links human communities across the globe and a highly relevant political issue increasingly controversial in many societies in the face of mounting pressures. The main drivers behind human mobility across and within borders are related to the three Ds, Demography and demographic gaps; Development failures and poverty; Democratic and governance failure associated with human rights violations. Moreover, mobility is both a consequence and a cause of human insecurity. On the one hand it is a response to a deregulated globalization that produces increasing inequality and human insecurity but, on the other, mobility itself is increasingly associated with higher levels of human insecurity in the absence of a robust system of international protection.

Urban Resistances and Migrant Activism Challenging the Border Regime in Madrid City

Author(s): Ana Santamarina / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

On the night of the 15th March 2018, the neighbourhood of Lavapiés in Madrid was literally on fire. A burst of rage swelled the streets as the district became a battlefield. That night, Madrid was raising its voice for Mame Mbaye, a black African resident that died just few hours ago running from a police identity control. A migrant insurrection broke out against these racist controls that had been increasingly happening in the neighbourhood since Mame arrived fourteen years ago. This time it was Mame, but it could have been any of the migrants that were claiming justice that night. The night of the 15th March was an explosion of urban rage in which Madrid claimed not to be a border anymore. In a later interview, Mame’s friend Serigne stated: “In Madrid you live with fear. Every morning we joke and say each other: ‘Have a good breakfast because you never know if you will ever be back home for lunch”.

Fleeing ISIS: Aramaic-speaking Christians in the Niniveh Plains after ISIS

Author(s): Archimandrite Emanuel Youkhana / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Excluding the Armenians and some small groups of converts , the Iraqi Christians are the indigenous people of Iraq. Their roots go back thousands of years before Christianity in the lands of Mesopotamia. In other words, I believe the Iraqi Christians are the true native people of Iraq, being descendants of the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians. The Aramaic-speaking Christians (Assyrians, Chaldeans, Chaldo-Assyrians) are not a new Christian community ‘evangelised’ by western missionaries, as is the case in many African and East Asian Christian communities.

Armenians of Iraq

Author(s): Seda D. Ohanian / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Armenians have been living in Mesopotamia – modern Iraq – from times immemorial. According to Herodotus, the Hellenic father of history, Armenians used to travel, long before the Christian era, from Armenia to Nineveh and Babylon over the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, importing, by means of round rafts, Armenian wines, dried fruits, fine horses, wheat, nuts and many other products. Historical accounts indicate that Tigranes the Great (king of Armenia during the Artaxiad dynasty from 190 BC to AD 12) defeated enemy armies of several countries, who endangered Armenia’s security. Amongst these countries, he subdued Adiabene (Mosul) in 83 BC, which allowed Armenians to travel from the Armenian highlands to Mesopotamia, reaching as far as Basra and further down the Persian Gulf to the Far East.

Sığınmacı ve Göçmenlerle Sosyal Hizmetin Kavramsal ve Kuramsal Temelleri

Author(s): Emrah Akbaş / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Sığınmacı ve göçmenlerle sosyal hizmet konusu genellikle kuramsal temellerden yoksun bir müdahale anlayışı ile ele alınmaktadır. Sosyal bilimlerin göçün nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını anlamaya ve göç sürecini şekillendiren ağların ve ulusaşırı toplumsal alanların nasıl inşa edildiğini açıklamaya dönük çabasının sosyal hizmette kuramsal bir karşılığı genellikle yoktur. Sosyal hizmet daha çok sığınmacı ve göçmenlerle çalışmada beceri odaklı bir perspektife sahip görünmektedir ancak müdahale ve beceri odaklı uygulama son çözümlemede kuramsal bir arka plana yaslanmak zorundadır. Sosyal hizmetin uygulamaya olan aşırı vurgusu ve uygulamadan doğan bilgi ve veriyi yeterince teorize edememiş ve düşünümsel bir alan yaratamamış olması göç ve sosyal hizmetin kuramsal temellerine dair etraflı bir çalışmayı mümkün kılmamaktadır. Bu bölümde sığınmacı ve göçmenlere dönük sosyal hizmet uygulamalarının kuramsal arka planı ve temellerine girizgâh niteliğinde bir tartışma yapılmaya çalışılmıştır.

Alfabeden Alfabeye Zorunlu Göç: Türk Edebiyatında Bir “Sözde Transkripsiyon” Vakası

Author(s): Fırat Caner / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Türkiye’de Osmanlı alfabesinin değiştirilmesine ilişkin tartışmalar bu değişikliği uygulamaya koyan 1928 tarihli yasanın çıkartılmasından çok uzun süre önce başladı. Tartışmalar özellikle 1923-1928 tarihleri arasında yoğun bir şekilde devam etti (Korkmaz, 2009, s. 1974). Latin alfabesinin kabulünü uygun görenler olduğu gibi, böyle bir değişikliğe karşı çıkanlar da vardı. Latin harflerinin kabulünü savunanlar, nüfusun önemli bir kısmının okuma yazma bilmeyişi ve Latin harflerinin eski alfabeye kıyasla daha kolay öğrenilebildiği vb. savları öne çıkarttı (Ülkütaşır, 1998, s. 48). Bu köklü değişikliğe karşı çıkanlarsa, böyle bir değişikliğin mevcut yazılı kültür birikimiyle okuryazar kesim arasındaki bağın kopmasına sebep olacağı vb. savları kullandı.