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Mobility and Immobility in a Transnational Context: Changing Views of Migration among the Kazakh Diaspora in Mongolia

Author(s): Cynthia Werner,Holly R. Barcus / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2009

Inquiry into the causes and outcomes of transnational migration spans numerous disciplines, scales and methodological approaches. Fewer studies focus on immobility. Utilizing the Kazakh population of Mongolia as a case study, this paper considers how non-migrants view the economic and cultural costs of migrating. We posit that three factors, including local place attachments specific to Mongolia, access to information about life in Kazakhstan and the importance of maintaining social networks in Mongolia, contribute substantially to their decision to not migrate. Our findings suggest that the decision to not migrate can be very strategic for non-migrants in highly transnational contexts.

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Migration Management in Albania Mapping and Evaluating Outside Intervention

Author(s): Martin Geiger / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2007

Unwanted migratory flows from Albania serve as a justification for external interventions aimed at regulating migration ‘from within’. Over the last years the exertions of a number of international organizations have led to a situation of deadlock. Overriding vested interests seem to block a national ownership: Albanian government is not yet empowered to assume full control over its migration policy. While remaining in anxiety for new emigration waves, the international stakeholders share a general mistrust in local institutions to regulate migration in an effective manner.

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Миграције становништва као детерминанта развитка и размештаја становништва Србије у последњих пола века

Author(s): Milena Spasovski,Danica Šantić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2016

The transition of migratory phenomena in Serbia is characterized by the transition from the predominant local migration in the 1960s, dominance of regional resettlement and migration between cities since the 1980s to the forced migration of the 1990s. These trends were parallel with the intensification of international migrations. These, along with methodological differences in conducting the migrant population in population censuses, are important determinants of changes in the spatial distribution of population potentials in Serbia. This paper evaluated the migration component from 1961 to 2011. or in the last half century, through consideration of its impact on the transformation of rural and urban areas of Serbia. The transitional trends in the relations between natural increase and net migration formed the modern population decline on one and population concentration on other side and their individual segments. In doing so, emigration and immigration trends significantly determine the relocation of the urban population, immigrant population, the population with a higher educational level and population in the tertiary and quaternary sector activity at the beginning of the XXI century. Finally, the display density and concentration of migrant population in the contemporary period also indicates the importance of economic, social and other determinants of spatial development in the transition of migratory phenomena in Serbia.

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Źródła i skutki ostatnich fal migracji na Europę

Author(s): Mieczysław Ryba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26/2016

The Author pays attention to the beginnings of migrations of the Islamic newcomers to Europe. As he thinks, they showed up in the 60s’ and 70s’ of the Twentieth Century. The previous reason for accepting the large number of newcomers was connected to the economic needs. The economic boom in the West was connected to the greater demand for workforce. Growing wealth of western nations caused those societies to refuse to take a low-paid job in the professions that required much physical effort. So they were searching for workforce in poor countries. Huge cultural shocks, which affected the Western world, overlapped all of this. The ideology of multiculturalism triumphed. As the Author notices, it does not address the threats to the Western world in any sensible way. Just the opposite – instead of self-defence, we deal with auto-destructive battle with our own tradition. The only way of salvation is to abandon this path and return to the Latin roots of the Western world. Christianity and national communities serve as the background of this world. In the case of following the multiculturalism, Europe will be threatened with a civilisational and political disaster.

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TRANSNARODOWOŚĆ W PRZESTRZENI DOMOWEJ POLSKICH RODZIN MIGRACYJNYCH W NORWEGII

Author(s): Magdalena Ślusarczyk,Paulina Pustułka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

An already complex notion of home requires inclusion of a wide array of factors that determine what home is and is not. Understanding home necessitates crossing multiple nation-state borders and cultural boundaries, while also featuring negotiations within family traditions. in the article, we examine at which moment migrants create a home, and we outline determinants of geographic/material and emotional/spiritual facets of said home. We seek to show where home is equated more with house/building, locating it vis-à-vis an emotionally meaningful home as a safe haven and a place where migrants “feel at home”. We depict how various “homes” overlap in the sending and receiving countries. as such, home is understood here as a safe place, but also as a persistent symbol of ideas and values originating from the country of origin, as well as elements added, expanded and transformed through a migratory experience. By focusing on narratives pertaining to home in general, as well as specific practices linked to ways of celebrating and culinary practices that occur at home, we see home as a family identity project.

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Exploring the ‘Third Coast’ and ‘Second City’: Background and research on African migration in the Midwestern U.S. and Greater Chicago Metropolitan Area

Author(s): C. Kevin Taber / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Sub-Saharan African migration to the U.S. is rapidly yet quietly growing, and the Midwestern/Great Lakes region of the country (its “Third Coast”) is becoming an increasingly important destination. In particular, the so-called “Second City” of Chicago – the regional epicenter and third largest U.S. city – is in need of social scientific research addressing the unique trajectories and experiences of its expanding African populations. This paper provides a background for these dynamics by drawing from primary and secondary data on Midwestern African migrant communities’ organizing and activities as observed through interviews and fieldwork among more than fifty African migrant organizations in the Midwestern U.S. and Greater Chicago Metropolitan Area. It will outline the evolution and distribution of African migration in the Chicago area and provide a brief overview of African resources, organizations, and other institutions and establishments as they seek to bring together and represent the burgeoning African community within and beyond the city.

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Where the Wild Things Are: Fear of Islam and the Anti-Refugee Rhetoric in Hungary and in Poland

Author(s): Elżbieta M. Goździak,Péter Marton / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Based on empirical research conducted in Hungary and Poland in 2016–2017, as well as on analysis of social media, blogs and newspaper articles, this article discusses Hungarian and Polish attitudes towards Muslims and Islam. Against a historical background, we analyse how the Hungarian and Polish governments responded to the large-scale influx of Muslim refugees during the 2015 ‘migration crisis’. The anti-immigrant narratives, fueled by both governments and the right-wing press, resulted in something akin to Islamophobia without Muslims. Instead of portraying the people arriving at the southern border of Europe as refugees seeking safety, they described the migration process in terms such as ‘raid’, ‘conquest’ and ‘penetration’. These narratives often implied that Muslims will combat Europe not only with terrorism but with the uteruses of their women, who will bear enough children to outnumber native Poles and Hungarians. The paper ends with a discussion of positive attempts to improve attitudes towards refugees in Poland and Hungary.

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Social Remittances and Social Change in Central and Eastern Europe: Embedding Migration in the Study of Society

Author(s): Anne White,Izabela Grabowska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Our article considers social remittances and social change in Central and Eastern Europe. We show how migration scholarship can be embedded into the wider study of social processes and relations. ‘Social remitting’ sometimes seems to be little more than a slippery catchphrase; however, this article defends the concept. If it is defined carefully and used cautiously, it should help the researcher to think about what, in addition to money, is sent from one society to another and exactly how, thus shedding light on important and insufficiently studied aspects of migration. A close-up view of the processes by which ideas, practices, norms, values and, according to some definitions, social capital and social skills are transferred by migrants across international borders helps researchers to understand more precisely how migration contributes to social change or, in some cases, prevents it from occurring. Our article reviews some of the most interesting arguments and findings presented recently by other scholars and discusses aspects of social remitting which particularly interested us in our own research. The context of our research is social change in Poland: we attempt to understand how migration has contributed to wider patterns of social change since 1989 and exactly how it intertwines with other social trends and globalisation influences. This entails a careful focus on both structural conditions and agency and therefore on social remittances.

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Migracje kobiet. Integracja międzykulturowa polskich kobiet z małżeństw mieszanych w Wielkiej Brytanii w kontekście stresu akulturacyjnego

Author(s): Urszula Walczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

Women’s migrations are part of the context of global political, economic and social changes. The phenomenon of the growing feminisation of migration conditioned by a greater awareness of women, their emancipation, as well as autonomy. In the era of globalization, entering into marriages mixed is quite common and an interdisciplinary area researching many scientific studies.

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Inter-provincial migration in Italy: a comparison between Italians and foreigners

Author(s): Oliviero CASACCHIA,Cecilia Reynaud,Salvatore STROZZA,Enrico Tucci / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Internal migration in Italy increased in the 2000s due to foreigners residing in the country. Foreigners have changed the characteristics of Italy’s internal migration. Extended gravity models were run to highlight the differences between the migratory behaviours of Italians and foreigners. The model was implemented to detect the different effects of the Italian and foreign populations, and the distances between the provinces of origin and destinations of the inter-provincial migration of Italians and foreigners. Estimations obtained for the years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015 highlight the different evolutions of the phenomenon.

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Implantowanie pamięci migracyjnej. Konceptualizacja i przykład Muzeum Emigracji w Gdyni

Author(s): Marek Nowak / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 02/2019

The aim of the paper is to apply the conceptual plane put forward together with the concept of “memory implants” to the phenomenon of emigration. Deployment of the topic category requires a reconceptualization which was done on the basis of the approaches of Marian Golka and Florian Znaniecki. As the author passes in chronological order from one stage of the research process to the next, he proposes a working definition of concepts and then uses the outlined conception in the description of a specific case: the museum exposition of the Emigration Museum in Gdynia. Conclusions that follow from the proposed analysis tend towards a content description of the migration narration of the museum, a capturing of the moments of implanting memory and illustration of how the implants operate. At the same time the analysis shows, at least potentially, the cultural factors that allow one to understand the mass character of the Polish experience of emigration. The article has the status of a qualitative exploration based on a neo-classical approach to the theory of Florian Znaniecki, including his concept of value and the humanistic coefficient as well as the interpretation of the topical concept of memory implant developed in the milieu of Poznań sociologists. The monographic material was collected during two visits to the Emigration Museum in September 2018.

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“We Are the Poles from Former Yugoslavia.” Transformation Processes Shifted in Time—The Biographical Perspective

Author(s): Rozalia Ligus / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

This paper is based on the first analysis of the 25 narrative interviews collected from March to November 2018 in small local communities in the Lower Silesia Region. All narrators belong to the families that were transferred from the former Yugoslavia in 1946 to the western lands which were incorporated to Poland. The socio-cultural conditions are significant for local development, so I present some features of localism after 1989 when the state transformation processes started. Next, I discuss the narrators’ self-identity dilemmas and make an attempt to conceptualize “migrating biography” as one of the features of living in a postmodern world.The aim of the whole project, but not described in this article, is to reveal the intergenerational adult learning processes seen from the insider’s perspective, as well as to describe such lives in a psychosocial and cultural context.

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The trend of the Romanian migration flow explained by means of statistical models

Author(s): Daniela Gabriela COZMA,Margareta Bocancia / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

Over time, the migration phenomenon developed an interdependence relationship with economic development, political stability and social factors. Starting from this context, this paper aims at studying the Romanian emigration flow according to the country of destination between 1990-2016 and the way in which the gross domestic product per capita (GDP) influenced this emigration flow between 2008-2016. The initial hypothesis was that only certain countries were priority targets of the Romanian emigration flow. In our scientific approach we used EUROSTAT and TEMPO databases. In the first part of the paper we used cluster analyzes to confirm that only certain countries are priority destinations, and in the second part we included a multiple linear regression model to find out if the gross domestic product of the country affects in any way the decision to emigrate.

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Review on “Evaluarea impactului migraţiei părinţilor asupra comportamentului infracţional al copiilor rămaşi acasă”, authored by Loredana Florentina CĂTĂRĂU, LUMEN Publishing House

Author(s): Antonio Sandu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The volume “Evaluarea impactului migraţiei părinţilor asupra comportamentului infracţional al copiilor rămaşi acasă” (Assessment of the Impact of the Parents' Migration on the Criminal Behavior of the Children Left Home) by the author Loredana Florentina CĂTĂRĂU is published at the LUMEN Publishing House following the presentation of the doctoral thesis with the same title. The volume aims to analyse the deterioration of the intra-family relations that appears within the so-called transnational families – in which one or both parents are emigrated from Romania, and the children are left alone at home in the care of their grandparents or relatives – and to identify how the parent-child distance relationship may influence the adoption of criminal behavior by the juveniles remaining at home.

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Superdiversity and Its Relevance for Central and Eastern European Migration Studies. The Case of Polish Migrants in the UK

Author(s): Aleksandra Grzymała-Kazłowska,Jenny Phillimore / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

This article presents our key arguments about the usefulness of the concept of superdiversity for reimagining migration in European societies, based on the example of migration from Poland to the UK. We argue that, despite some criticism of ‘superdiversity’, this concept is beneficial to avoid over-simplifications related to ethno-nationalised homogeneity as the prevailing ascribed feature of Polish migrants, offering a helpful lens through which the complexities and fluidity of contemporary migrant populations and receiving societies may be investigated. Our main point is that such the reimagination might be commenced through applying the concept of superdiversity in research on migrants from Poland in Great Britain. The concept of superdiversity is also beneficial to understand complexities associated with the urban contexts in which migrants settle, their adaptation pathways as well as the intersectional factors shaping migrants’ lives and experiences.

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‘Going to the West Is My Last Chance to Get a Normal Life’: Bulgarian Would-Be Migrants’ Imaginings of Life in the UK

Author(s): Polina Manolova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Bulgarian migration to the UK has gradually increased since the country’s EU accession and the removal of barriers to free movement of labour across the EU. The sustained popularity of the UK amongst those dreaming for a fresh start through migration, despite the hostility faced by Bulgarian immigrants, poses a paradox that cannot be explained with the ‘push–pull’ and cost–benefit calculation models prevailing in migration research. This article proposes a more balanced understanding of migration motivations on the basis of would-be migrants’ own perceptions. Drawing on biographical interviews with self-ascribed ‘ordinary people’ with long-term plans for settling in the UK, I shed light on individuals’ imaginings and expectations of life after migration. Firstly, I analyse the notion of ‘survival’ through which my informants articulated frustrations with their precarious financial situation, their inferior social and symbolic positioning within society and their inability to partake in forms of consumption and lifestyle that would allow them to experience a sense of social advancement. I then explore would-be migrants’ imaginings of life in the UK (and ‘the West’) which depict an idealised ‘normality’ of life, in which they conveyed longings for security and predictability of life, social justice and working-class dignity and respectability. These insights into people’s disappointment, desperation and disillusionment with a precarious present help us to understand the continuous construction of an ‘imaginary West’ as an ideal ‘elsewhere’, in the search of which migrants are ready to undergo hardship and stigmatisation. By engaging with the existing debates in migration studies and literature on Bulgarian migration, this article exposes the deficiencies of economic reductionism, which presents migration decision-making as a conscious, rational and calculative act and, instead, demonstrates that, very often, people are led by dreams and idealisations that are reflective of their emotions and life-worlds.

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Precarious Posted Migration: The Case of Romanian Construction and Meat-Industry Workers in Germany

Author(s): Alexandra Voivozeanu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Drawing on in-depth interviews with Romanian workers posted in the German construction and meat-processing industries, with representatives of German unions and with migrant advisers, and on ethnographic work, this study examines precarity in posted employment. Firstly, the paper describes the precarious circumstances of Romanians posted in the construction and meat-industry sectors in Germany. Secondly, analysing the Romanians’ own perspectives, it shows that low wages in the country of origin, often associated with insecurity and poor working conditions, drive these workers to engage in posted work. Their lack of knowledge of the German language prevents them from finding and carrying out standard jobs in Germany and, thus, determines that they remain in posted employment. Finally, the paper argues that posted workers experience different layers of precarity in the country of destination. It shows that those under contract with various companies for short periods of time are more precarious than de facto posted workers and workers with long-term informal agreements with one single employer.

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Abuse or Underuse? Polish Migrants’ Narratives of (Not) Claiming Social Benefits in the UK in Times of Brexit

Author(s): Mateus Schweyher,Gunhild Odden,Kathy Burrell / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The use of welfare support by EU migrants has dominated media coverage and political debates about EU migration in the UK for several years, regularly featuring claims about the negative effects of the presence of EU migrants on the UK social security system. Such claims became particularly prominent in 2013–2015, during the UK government’s campaign to limit EU migrants’ access to UK welfare benefits and in debates prior to the Brexit referendum. This article sheds light on how Polish migrants position themselves concerning the claiming of welfare benefits in the UK and how this affects their welfare strategies. The article is based on 14 qualitative interviews conducted in Liverpool 18 months after the Brexit referendum. Using stigma and benefits stigma as an overall theoretical framework, we find that the informants, in their positioning narratives, 1) put forward similar stigmatising expressions and stereotypes regarding the use of welfare as those featured by politicians and the media, which points to perceived abuse; 2) make a distinction between in-work and out-of-work benefits, the first being more acceptable than the second; 3) prefer living on savings or accepting ‘any job’ over making use of out-of-work benefits, which points to an underuse and/or to possible processes of marginalisation; and 4), a tendency among those who have experience with claiming out-of-work benefits to question the discourses of welfare abuse. Finally, ‘working’ and ‘contributing’ to the system as opposed to relying on welfare support is perceived as a precondition to staying in the UK after Brexit – welfare and work are seen to signal very high stakes indeed.

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The Gender-Related Lifestyle Changes and Choices of Female White-Collar Migrants from Ukraine, Belarus and Russia in Poland

Author(s): Anna Dolińska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

This article looks at the mobility of highly skilled female migrants from the perspective of the post-socialist semi-peripheral countries in Eastern Europe. It analyses chosen aspects of the biographical experiences of highly skilled women from three post-USSR republics bordering the European Union – namely Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia – in Poland, a post-socialist country itself but also an EU member-state. The empirical analysis focuses on their lifestyle changes and choices, made through the experience of living in a new, though quite familiar Polish culture, which is both more emancipated (Western) while, at the same time, pertaining to some of the familiar (Eastern) patterns. Due to this liminal nature of the host country, the adaptation process of migrants is easier and comes at a lower biographical cost. In the analysis, I explore two notions: the gender roles renegotiation and the changes in the women’s approach towards the external manifestations of femininity, which I contrast with their reflections of the changes undergone. As for the gender role renegotiation, three main approaches were described varying by the degree to which the old, familiar patterns are maintained. In terms of the external notions of femininity, while taking care of one’s looks is still an observable element of the migrants’ identity, they do take advantage of the wider spectrum of options available in the host society, and try to blend in with the casual big-city crowd. The article was written on the basis of empirical material in the form of twenty in-depth, unstructured interviews, which were confronted with the selected subject literature.

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The Motivations and Reality of Return Migration to Armenia

Author(s): Lucie Macková,Jaromír Harmáček / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Return migration has been increasingly gaining prominence in migration research as well as in migration policies across the world. However, in some regions, such as the Caucasus, the phenomenon of return migration is little explored despite its significance for the region. Based on 64 interviews with returnees and key informants together with additional online surveys with Armenian migrants, this study discusses important issues about return and reintegration with policy implications. It covers voluntary returnees as well as the participants of the assisted voluntary return and reintegration programmes and presents the case for a multiplicity of the return migration motivations and experiences which are dependent on the return preparedness and the strategies which the returnees use.

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