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THE EUROPEAN UNION FACING THE CHALLENGES OF MIGRATION

Author(s): Elena Simona Vrânceanu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The project of the European construction has been subject to constant contradictions since the time of its first steps of implementation. Beyond the ideal of economic and political unification, the European Union has to manage more and more cultural, social, and economic challenges, which aren’t at all negligible, and all the more pressing in the context of recent years marked by the global financial crisis and the assault of asylum seekers from Africa and Middle East. Therefore we can launch a series of interrogations: What is the citizens’ level of trust in the European construction project? How does the European Union proceed in order to integrate immigrants? What is the link between good immigrant integration and consolidation of the European construction project? These three interrogations represent the axes of analysis of this article, which aims to highlight some theoretical aspects of the effects of current migration on the structuring or restructuration of the European Union. The current challenges of migration have opened the path to a new phase of the European construction project, and the consensus of state actors and the direct involvement of the Community institutions can be decisive in shaping the medium and long term evolution of the European Union.

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Suriyeli Sığınmacıların Konteyner Kamplarına İlişkin Bir Araştırma

Author(s): Derya Bakbak / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 23/2018

This study tries to identify the ideas of asylum seekers who came to Gaziantep – a border city – by leaving their countries as a result of internal turmoil and war in Syria and who live in containers about life in containers and later plans. This study also evaluates the problem of the integration that life is averted in a limited area, the need for shelter as one of the basic needs, the place in their lives, the sociological and life-long usage area assessment, their expectations which are changing over time, the establishment of ties in their new lives, meeting their hopes and needs in the camps and the decisions that should be taken about planning a harmonious life process with the analytical local society, and the urgent situation plan of the government and local administrators today. While evaluating the camp life of the asylum seekers in long term with literature study in this study, a survey study with 180 asylum seeker families who are living in container camp was carried out, and the characteristics of container, the spatial areas inside the container, changes which were made according to the needs, the characteristics of their houses in Syria, their future expectations, and their plans were evaluated. The study results are briefly as follows: Asylum seekers are generally in low and middle level socio-economic status. The monthly income of their families has decreased. They are generally unemployed or working in low-skilled jobs. Almost all have left their country because of a life-threatening situation. Although they are satisfied with spacious, bright and well-situated containers, the number of compartments, and that bathroom-WC being together seem as a serious problem. Some of them are planning to leave container city and settle in the city. Most of those staying in containers do not think of leaving there because of economic reasons. Security and hygiene in camps seem as adequate. Solving problems that may hinder compliance and integration is recom¬mended as priority.

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‘White Dress, Guests and Presents’: Polish Migrant Families’ Practice of First Communion and Negotiation of Catholic Identities in Wales

Author(s): Aleksandra Kaczmarek-Day / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

This article examines how migration to Wales modifies Polish Catholic families’ religious practices. It focuses on how the First Communion ceremony is performed. Within the Polish migrant community I witnessed three distinct ways of arranging this. Some families travelled to Poland to their parish churches of origin. Of those who celebrated it in Wales, some did so in a Polish church, others in their children’s Catholic school’s church. These choices had different effects. Holding First Communion in Poland confirmed children’s Polish identity and home-country bonds. It exemplified both the fluidity of the families’ intra-European migration experience and the strength of transnational networking. Holding it in the local Polish parish reinforced both families’ and childrens’ identification as Polish Catholics. In the school’s church, it strengthened migrant families’ negotiations of belonging and their children’s integration into the Welsh locality. Mothers’ active involvement in all settings led some to contest Polish religious customs and revealed emerging identifications related to children’s wellbeing and belonging. Unlike arrangements traditional in Poland, families’ religious practices in Wales seem to have become more individual, less collective.

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Polish Ummah? The Actions Taken by Muslim Migrants to Set up Their World in Poland

Author(s): Maria Stojkow / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

This report discusses the ways in which Muslim communities form in Poland, with particular emphasis on the role of migrant men and women from Muslim countries, broken down into activities carried out mainly by women and mainly by men. The division of activities sometimes goes beyond the patterns of Muslim communities in other countries. The specificity of the Muslim community in Poland is related to: the historical context of the origins of its creation, i.e. the presence of Polish Tatars, a small number of Muslims living in Poland, and their diversity in terms of countries of origin.

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Repere istorice ale fenomenul migraţional

Author(s): Radu-Cristian RIZA / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 27/2010

From the information we have presented we can draw a conclusion that migration is a well known phenomen in all society evolution and it has influenced, in certain historical periods, taking place both nationally and internationally. People’s migration from one place to another, from a geografical area to another and from one continent to another was not, in former ages, an unbreackable obstacle, despite the distances and natural borders, as lons as they could use all means of transport that existed at that time.

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Why is it so hard? And for whom? Obstacles to intra-European mobility

Author(s): Emilia Kmiotek-Meier,Jan Skrobanek,Birte Nienaber,Volha Vysotskaya,Sahizer Samuk,Tuba Ardic,Irina Pavlova,Zsuzsanna Dabasi-Halázs,Celia Diaz,Jutta Bissinger,Tabea Schlimbach,Claudia Horvath / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Even though intra-European youth mobility is valued as a boost for personal and professional development, few opt for it. While obstacles preventing young people to become mobile have been discussed broadly, less attention has been paid to the obstacles for the youth who are already on the move. We offer this rare perspective in regard to intra-European mobility. We focus on youth in four types: pupil mobility, vocational (education and training) mobility, higher education student (degree and credit) mobility and employment mobility, in six countries: Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg, Norway, Romania and Spain. Our analysis, based on qualitative (140 interviews) and quantitative (N=1.682) data, reveals that the perceived obstacles vary between the mobility types, with the greatest divergence between the educational and work-related mobilities. Obstacles such as lack of financial resources and guidance, the perceived incompatibility of institutional regulations within Europe, are shared by all mobile youth.

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Structural framework conditions and individual motivations for youth-mobility: A macro-micro level approach for different European country-types

Author(s): Karen Hemming,Tabea Schlimbach,Frank Tilmann,Birte Nienaber,Monica Roman,Jan Skrobanek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

European youth mobility seems to be fostering Europe’s unequal pace of integration, which sees certain countries benefit at the expense of others (Ohmacht et al., 2009; van Mol & Timmerman, 2014). Using a comparative approach, the paper aims to relate a macro-level country-typology focussing on human capital with individual mobility-motivations on the micro-level. Our methodological approach is based on a secondary macro-data analysis and analyses of mobility-motivations of young people (micro-data) deriving from qualitative (N=152) and quantitative data (N=5,499) collected in six European countries. In order to examine correspondence between macro-conditions and micro-aspects, we relate information on mobility-motivations to the country-typology by allocating mobile youth to the respective types of their home country. The results show that the country-types compose different opportunity structures, which are reflected in individual motivations. Accordingly, different country-types can be seen as an example of the heterogeneity and inequality of European social and territorial mobility frames.

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Migration Policies in the European Union: Espoused Perspectives and Practices-In-Use

Author(s): Alexandra Porumbescu / Language(s): English Issue: 46/2015

The importance of the migration phenomenon in the social and economic European space rose along with the eastern expansion, freedom of movement of citizens and labor force being part of the internal European Union market, along and correlated to the freedom of movement of financial capital, products and services. The issues generated by this uprising of the international migration phenomenon required policies able to manage the continuously growing amounts of people and resources movement, both on the European scale, as well as on the national one. The aim of this article is to present current and past European approaches on international migration, as well as to estimate the way in which European citizens are affected by this policies.

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A balkáni migrációs útvonalról

Author(s): Mária Gyetvai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2-3/2018

Juhart, Iva –Petrič, Larisa: Zahodno balkanska migracijska pot: Srbija kot zadnja točka pred vstopom v „boljši jutri”. Časopis za kritiko znanosti ,domišljijo in novo antropologijo. 264/ Balkanska migracijska pot,. 290–307. p

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Az erdélyi magyarok migrációja a 19. század végétől napjainkig

Author(s): Győző Cholnoky / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2-3/2018

Horváth István: Globalizáció és nemzetépítési törekvések szorításában. Az erdélyi magyar tömeges elvándorlás évszázada = Korunk, 2018., 4. sz. 3–15 p.

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Wpływ transnacjonalizacji Polaków w Berlinie na ich tożsamość

Author(s): Agnieszka Szczepaniak-Kroll / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 03/2018

The transnational perspective was disseminated in scientific research in the 1990s. It is the result of the increasing mobility of people who build, through their international travels, networks of political and socio-cultural links that cross national borders. Poles have joined the migratory trend in the 21st century as a result of changes that occurred in this part of the continent a few years earlier, when the communist system collapsed. A transnational style of life quickly became the everyday life of young people. Their example was also taken up by older migrants, already integrated in the host country. Transnationalism influenced their identity, strengthening some of its elements while changing others. The article presents this process. It is based on ethnological fieldwork conducted by the author in Berlin in 2009-2018 as part of two research projects funded by the Polish National Science Centre.

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Bevándorláspolitikák és azok hatásai Latin-Amerikában (1850-1930)

Author(s): Katalin Jancsó / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2018

At the turn of the 19th to the 20th century, some regions of Latin America experienced a great wave of immigration, mainly from Europe. The Hungarian researchers of Latin America focus mainly on the history of Hungarian emigration and, in recent years, on the study of current migration processes. The purpose of this article is to provide additional information to understand and study a key period (from the middle of the 19th century to the third decade of the 20th century) in the social and demographic processes of the subcontinent: to present comprehensively the emergence of immigration processes and their circumstances, the implementation of immigration policies, the reasons for the success or failure of these policies, the main features of the most important immigration period for the subcontinent, and the changes in official policies and their background, primarily from the point of view of the host countries.

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Klasszikus és kelet-európai diaszpórapolitikák. Tipologizálás

Author(s): Eszter Kovács / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2018

The aim of the paper is to examine classic – Israeli, Irish, Armenian – and Central European diaspora policies, and categorize them based on Alan Gamlen’s diaspora policy typology. Gamlen differentiates three main types of diaspora policy models: capacity building, extending right, and extracting obligations. The case studies point out the characteristics of established and refined diaspora policies, as well as the specificities of the newer practices typical for the Central European region. The study provides additional considerations for the analysis of the Hungarian diaspora policy.

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Crossing Borders, Changing Places: Immigrant America in a World on the Move

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Crossing Borders, Changing Places: Immigrant America in a World on the Move

Author(s): RUBÉN G. RUMBAUT / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

The world is increasingly on the move. In 2013, the United Nations reported that there were 236 million international migrants worldwide, most of whom were born in the global South and migrated to the global North, reflecting widening global inequalities and intractable conflicts. These self-selected border crossers represent 3% of humanity; the other 97% are stayers, living in the countries where they were born. Their “changing places” are sites not only of cultural and demographic transformations, but also of social and political collisions that elicit predictable nativist responses. More immigrants — a fifth of the world’s total — go to the United States than to any other country. This essay will focus on the story of “Immigrant America” over the past half century—from its historic nadir in 1970 to its resurgence as a Nation of Immigrants and to Deportation Nation. The subtitle is a double entendre, referring at once to the country and to our book Immigrant America—new editions of which have been published in each of the past four decades (the newest comes out this summer) as we seek continuously to grapple with and to represent a vertiginously changing world and this “permanently unfinished” moving target of a society

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Young Brides and Non-Resident Indians: Re-Interpreting the East/West. A Sad Story of ‘Home’ and ‘Back Home’ in Heaven on Earth, by Deepa Mehta

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Young Brides and Non-Resident Indians: Re-Interpreting the East/West. A Sad Story of ‘Home’ and ‘Back Home’ in Heaven on Earth, by Deepa Mehta

Author(s): Iulia Răşcanu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

The essay employs theories mainly from cultural studies, migration and diaspora studies, as well as feminist studies in order to approach the way in which the main female character handles (or not) her status as a new young bride from India to an NRI1 . The analysis will look at her connection to the West, as well as the one to the East, while concomitantly trying to demonstrate whether the changing of places is indeed an immigrant’s main reason of feeling displaced, dislocated, unhappy and alienated. What is it to be ‘translated’ (S. Rushdie) in the case of Indian brides who are sent away to the West to join husbands they barely know? How is their identity changed – if at all changed? Why do migrant women of the ‘Third’ world decide to go back to the East? Eventually, what is the real ‘monster’ to be fought and conquered when one is married, a female and an immigrant?

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Migrace v kontextu Evropské unie

Author(s): Anton Lisnik,Katarina Greňová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2017

Globalization processes, which we have witnessed in recent years, brought new challenges to each member states of the European Union, aimed at ensuring freedom, security and justice for all citizens. In 2010, the European Commission through Announcements to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions presented a document Delivering an area of freedom, security and justice for Europe's citizens, together with the Europe 2020 strategy, the main element of the reaction of the European Union (EU) to global long-term challenges. The present paper deals with the issue of migration within the EU in the context of international law.

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Historia imigracji Chińczyków do Stanów Zjednoczonych – druga fala

Author(s): Monika Paliszewska-Mojsiuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2018

Chinese immigrants are the third-largest, foreign-born group in the United States. This article aims to investigate the second wave of Chinese immigration to the United States, which started in 1882 when the US Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act. Since the beginning of their immigration to the USA, the Chinese struggled with the reluctance of white American society and US officials toward them. America had many reservations against foreigners from China crossing their borders. Behind this ideology lay mainly a lack of knowledge about Chinese language, traditions and culture; moreover, the outer appearance of the Chinese made them easily recognizable, which led to prejudice. Chinese immigrants were perceived as sojourners not willing to settle in America permanently, which increased that aversion. For about 60 years – for that is how long the second wave lasted – the American government looked for any solution to keep the Chinese away from its borders, starting with the Chinese Exclusion Act, through its amendments broadening that legislation, up to when it built the immigration center on Angel Island, where the Chinese were interrogated and checked for bacteria and illnesses, and whether they were to be given the right to enter the country. The second wave ended in 1943 after president Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Magnusson Bill which repealed the discriminatory laws against the Chinese. The migration policy imposed on the Chinese is believed to have been the only one in the US that prevented migration and naturalization on the basis of race.

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Snakes or Ladders? Job Quality Assessment among Temp Workers from Ukraine in Hungarian Electronics

Author(s): Tibor Meszmann / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

10.17467/ceemr.2019.03In contrast to the usual integration of migrant workers in the ‘bottom jobs’ on the labour market, the employment of Ukrainian workers in Hungarian electronics plants seems to take place in a more beneficial way. With the active mediation of temporary (temp) agencies, Ukrainian migrant workers are offered regular blue-collar assembly work, together with the same social rights and benefits as their local Hungarian colleagues. Relying, in our analysis, on the literature on industrial sociology, migration research and global value chains, we are developing a critical perspective in which migration and employment are not seen as separate spheres but as mutually reinforcing each other. We combine bottom-up empirical research based on interviews with workers and a sectoral inquiry on industrial and employment relations in the temp agency sector supplying multinational corporations. Our main argument is that complex contracting also means subtle controlling. Such contracting is not the cheapest form but it creates a different, efficient employment regime with dependent, controllable, flexibly available, ‘fluid’ employees. Employee respondents described their position as dependent, ‘out of control’ and a temporary earning opportunity. Devoid of clear mechanisms for controlling their work conditions or growth within the job, all respondents turned to a more instrumental approach, in which they invested in building up social capital through friendships, networks and personal relationships. Obtaining Hungarian citizenship and learning the language were two other main strategies for dealing with insecurity. Their efforts correspond with and reinforce a more globally integrated but ethnically motivated immigration regime, characteristic of post-socialist Hungary.

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(Missing) Bridging Ties and Social Capital? The Creation and Reproduction of Migrants’ Social Network Advantages: The Case of Ukrainian Migrants in Poland

Author(s): Marta Kindler,Katarzyna Wójcikowska-Baniak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The paper investigates the mechanisms behind the formation and maintenance of those migrants’ social ties which translate into a particular composition of the network and become a source of social capital. Based on a number of in-depth interviews with Ukrainian migrants in Warsaw, we find that Ukrainian migrants’ networks are based primarily on ties homogenous in regard to nationality, level of education and character of work. The institutional context of social interaction determines with whom migrants form relations and whether these ties become a source of social advancement. The studied migrants do form bridging ties with more experienced, as well as socially and legally embedded persons, mainly other migrants, receiving both instrumental and emotional support.

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Naturalizacja a poakcesyjne migracje: motywy ubiegania się o status obywatela państwa przyjmującego na przykładzie Polaków w Islandii

Author(s): Monika Nowicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2017

The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the reasons why Polish immigrants in Iceland want to apply for Icelandic citizenship. As a result of the analysis, four main motivations for adopting Icelandic citizenship were distinguished: 1) the possibility of visa-free travel to the USA; 2) applying for citizenship "just in case"; 3) obtaining rights that only the Icelanders have and 4) the ability to decide about the fate of the community in which immigrants live. The analysis is based on semi-structured in-depth interviews carried out in Iceland in 2014.

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