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Medieval, pre-print authorship differs significantly from modern authorship in that it is often anonymous, derivative, collaborative or conspiratorial. While the invention of the printing press completely revolutionized book production and led to an unprecedented diversification, availability, and affordability of printed material, it also profoundly changed authorship models and introduced new material and legal constraints. With publishers acting as gatekeepers, and with copyright laws limiting imitative and derivative authorship, informal authorship became difficult and derivative authorship dangerous from a legal point of view. However, the introduction of digital mediums eliminated some of these constraints, allowing medieval authorship models to re-emerge in a number of genres which were initially considered ‗fringe,‘ but which have been gradually joining the mainstream over the course of the last decade: fantasy fiction, videogames, and fan-fiction. This paper analyses two cases (the continuation of Robert Jordan‘s The Wheel of Time fantasy series by author Brian Sanderson, and the expansion of the World of Warcraft universe from the initial MMORPG to a complex network of canonical and non-canonical works, including fiction, visual art, animation, and cinema), and argues that medieval authorship practices are present in both. Our conclusion is that due to the popularity and profitability of fantasy franchises and to the flexibility of digital mediums, such authorship practices are gradually spreading upwards and inwards into mainstream publishing and are likely to become increasingly common in decades to come.
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The purpose of this article is to present issues focused on transformations taking place in the recognition of culture, including music culture, which justify the need for the intro- duction of significant changes to universal music education. Currently, we are moving away from the traditional and narrow approach to culture and the participation associated with it, which is incompatible with today’s socio-economic conditions. There is a visible transformation of the understanding culture from considering it in terms of consumption of cultural goods to defining culture as an activity that is a form of socialization through ac- tive participation. Today, culture is treated as a specific human living environment and at the same time a union of subcultures in which is predominant in popular culture, while other types and forms of it become kinds of niches. Given these transformations, there is a need to revise the shape of universal, still very traditional music education, which should aim to take greater account of new information technologies, referring to the potential of various ranges of music culture - artistic music, popular music and music of different cul- tures. It is also important to seek new teaching methods due to the low efficacy of those cur- rently used . All these changes are associated with the need to raise teachers’ qualifications.
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Book review: Spaces of Longing and Belonging: Territoriality, Ideology and Creative Identity in Literature and Film. Еds. Brigitte Le Juez and Bill Richardson, Brill Rodopi, 2019.
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