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Феномен и схема. Подстъпи към една възможна критическа феноменология

Author(s): Kristiyan Enchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2017

This article elucidates why the Kant’s transcendental scheme in its orthodox type is not a functionally reliable bridge in the transition from pure cognitive forms to real experiental “crystallizations”, and how this can be compensated by its transformation into a phenomenal structure including as its own elements regionally relevant kinaesthetic organization and “encoded ideas”. Ideas undergo deformalization – from “purely regulatory” schemes of reason, they go to constitutive structures that comprise regional figurative adhesions and as such receive regional “encoding” – contentful concretization. This type of rethinking of the transcendental scheme also leads to a significant change in the way in which local phenomena should be understood (such as, for example, socialization and education) so as to guarantee their rethinking in the transition from the empirical (but hermeneutically grasped manifold) to the phenomenal integrity in the encoded ideas as a regionally relevant, concrete “figurative kinship”.

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Измерения на дискурса (Философстването като дискурс, дискурсът като философстване)

Author(s): Hristo Hristov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2012

Philosophy has always been a model and paragon of discursive knowledge.In its essence it is a dialogue of humans with nature, society, the others and with themselves and is characterised by reflexiveness, orderliness,universality and democratism. At present discourse is a dominant procedure not only in linguistics, ethics, social studies, etc., but it is also turning into a prevalent form of social self-control in political and human relations which is a fulfilment of the meaning and purpose of philosophy.

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Paradigm Shift in the Understanding of the Creative Abilities of Consciousness

Author(s): Helena Knyazeva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The understanding of human consciousness as a kind of computer is insufficient and even irrelevant, taking into account the modern advances in the development of cognitive science. The author argues that a certain paradigm shift in the understanding of human consciousness and its creative abilities takes place. Consciousness is rather dynamic and autopoietic entity that is embedded into environment and intimately related with the human body. Consciousness is embodied, situated and enactive. A great contribution to this conception of human consciousness (mind) is made by Francisco Varela and his followers. Autopoiesis of consciousness means that it is able to maintain its integrity in the processes of self-organization in the permanently changing environment. An autopoietic activity of consciousness it directed to the search of elements that are missed, it longs for completing integral structures. For these reasons, it is possible to create a new, fresh view on the creative activities of consciousness, if we base our notions on the modern theories of complexity, dynamic chaos and self-organization. In the theoretical frames, chaos acquires a creative image; it is not simply a destroying force. Complex structures emerge in chaos and out of chaos. Chaos is organized and it organizes. When destroying, it builds. Chaos has many facets. Chaos is a way of renovation of complex organizations. A periodical immersion of human consciousness into chaos is a way of stimulation of its cognitive and creative activities.

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War and Peace: the Interpenetration (WWI in a New Anthropological Perspective)

Author(s): Lazar Koprinarov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The paper seeks to investigate some of the anthropological consequences of the First World War, which was not simply just another but the first total war. It was without a clear dividing line between the front and the rear; it was with long duration, involving the mobilization of millions of people, most of whom not specialized in conducting military actions. In this perspective, the paper analyses some specific modes of the interpenetrations of peacetime’ attitudes and frontline’ experiences. Special attention is paid to the rearrangement of the human sensorium of the soldiers in the trenches of the First World War. Another subject is the correspondence between soldiers and their families in the rear. The letters contain both the experience from the front and the peacetime attitudes of the soldiers. Their language is shaped by the tension between the two worlds – of the war and of the peace.

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Epistemology in the context of social construction of reality

Author(s): Angel Tsvetkov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Contemporary cognition theory claims to be a separate branch, separate from philosophy. Would that mean that the other major pillar ontology would also become independent? What will be left of the philosophical body in that case? This, however, will not be a topic to be dealt with here, but only with this side of epistemology that is relevant to anthropology and the social sciences. The context of anthropology will give another status of knowledge theory to the human world, which is socially constructed. The problem of reality and truth will be related to what people believe and adhere to.

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Нова концептуална и систематична трансцендентална антропология

Author(s): Assen I. Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

Kanawrow's anthropology traces the transcendental-phenomenological path of the formal-rational construction of human being. It is constructed by virtue of the creative activity of thinking and is not identical with the immediate existence of man as a natural, rational and social being. The pure form of thinking (reason) rationally formats the givenness of the immediacy of man, as the synthetic unity of the obtained result is ontologically presented as being of man. Two points are critically important. First, the immediate existence of man as a natural, reasonable and social being is not obliterated or destroyed. It is a permanent basic prerequisite that unendingly and sustainably accompanies human existence. Second, in the critical version, the rational formatting takes place not directly and brutally, but indirectly, transcendentally, through phenomena. On the a priori-posterior portal, phenomena (transcendental schemes, Kant) are born. They are not equivalent to experiences. In the field of experience, phenomena mediate and exert cognitively and ontologically the constructive power of reason. Many phenomena make up the transcendental and the process of transcendentalization. According to Kanawrow, transcendental phenomena are space-time-number, love, language, politics, freedom and religion (other phenomena may be revealed, as well). They have a spontaneous occurrence in the a priori-posterior transition of pure thinking and a playful manifestation in the field of experience. In this transcendental-phenomenological way, based on the immediate givenness of man (natural being, gender, emotions, communication, cohabitation, consciousness, faith, etc.), Kanawrow shows how reason ontologically builds human being as an organism, family, people, state, spirit , church and more. In this ontological typicality, one is simultaneously a body, husband/wife, individual, citizen, personality, layman, etc. According to Kanawrow, the unity of these modes of being of man is the Self. It is a synthetic philosophical picture of man that is alternative to his existence.

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Expression as a Solution of the Problem of Other Selves

Author(s): Kailashkanta Naik / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

This article reflects a particular aspect of Merleau-Ponty phenomenological understanding of expression which solves the problem of other selves. As part of the solution I have explained Merleau-Ponty’s concepts of materialism and intellectualism and the introduction of embodied subjectivity. When we understand embodied subjectivity as the constitutive aspect that refers to the totality of an individual, this enables us to understand the concept of expression both in terms of bodily gestures and also from the perspective of linguistic expressions. When we understand the meaning of expressions in this way the concept of expression thus opens us up to understand others because of the sharing aspect of language as well as the world. It thus explains from the embodied expression to the notion of bodily gestures and from the bodily expression to facial expression in particular and expression in general dismissing the idea that expressions are not the result of our mental states.

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Диалогични фрагменти върху темата за жертвоприношението

Author(s): Nina Ivanova Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2020

The proposed text deals with some aspects of the topic of sacrifice – a topic in the field of philosophy and sociology of religion, cultural and philosophical anthropology. The Old Testament and New Testament understandings on the issue are compared, emphasizing the importance of the principle of personality as the main dividing line. Kierkegaard's famous position (and that of Lev Shestov who followed him in this respect) on the biblical story with Abraham and Isaac is commented on. The views of the religious philosopher (and concentration camp inmate) Alexander Meyer, whose work on sacrifice (1933) was later published in Paris, are presented.

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Wittgenstein on Other Minds

Author(s): Kailashkanta Naik / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

When philosophy of mind goes into every detail in explaining about consciousness and its every aspect, the problem of other minds being its part is not spared. In such context going against the traditional way of giving justification Wittgenstein novel approach to other minds is remarkable and is close to the phenomenological understanding. The analysis of the sensation of pain as one of its important factors in solving the other minds problem is unique and it is this that proves how Wittgenstein dissolves the problem rather than giving a solution. This article focuses Wittgenstein’s two important factors: Private Language Argument and the concept of the sensation of pain in dissolving the issue. And in this I have made an attempt to show how his novelty in approaching this problem gains importance even today.

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The Idea of “Philosophy-as-a-Way-of-Life” in Plato’s Dialogs

Author(s): Oleg Bazaluk / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

Werner Jaeger argued that Plato was perhaps the first to use the word mould, πλάττινν, for the act. It follows from Plato’s philosophy that the arete is unable to independently free itself from hiddenness and overcome the boundaries of the physical world to master the “human sophia.” Plato’s philosophy creates a recognizable image of political education: education as the moulding of a certain “correctness of the gaze” on the image of the highest idea. The moulding power of the transcendental ideal is used to establish the focus and limits of self-realization. A specific discourse and way of life are formed that provides the mastering of the “human sophia.” We have designated the method of achieving “human sophia” with the metaphor “philosophy-as-away-of-life.”

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Existential Functions of Mentalization in Asian Civilizations

Author(s): Ludmil Georgiev,Maya Tcholakova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

The construct “mentalization” in our Western psychological knowledge and more specifically in clinical work appeared several decades ago. The focus of the Western understanding and research of the construct and of mentalization-based therapy is put on the psychopathological dimensions of the process of mentalization. This article presents a brief analysis of the existential functions of mentalization in the thousand of years old Asian philosophical-psychological systems in an attempt to highlight some important implications for our Western views. The analysis is based on the paradigm of critical psychology as a concretization of the principles of Immanuel Kant‘s critical philosophy in the field of psychological knowledge.

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Virtual Reality from the Standpoint of Complexity Science

Author(s): Helena Knyazeva / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

An extended approach to the comprehension of virtual reality is developed in the article. Virtual reality is understood not only as a logically possible or cybernetically constructed reality but also as continuous turbulence of potencies of the complex natural and social world we live in, the wandering of complex systems and organizations over a field of possibilities, such a realization of forms and structures in which many formations remain in latent, potential forms, and are in the permanent process of making and multiplying a spectrum of possibilities, lead to the growth of the evolutionary tree of paths of development. It is shown that such an understanding of virtual reality corresponds to concepts and notions developed in the modern science of complexity. The most significant concepts are considered, such as the nonlinearity of time, the relationship of space and time, the uncertainty of the past and the openness of the future, the choice and construction of the future at the moments of passing the bifurcation points. Some cultural and historical prototypes of these modern ideas of virtual reality are given. It is substantiated that the vision of virtual reality being developed today can play the role of a heuristic tool for understanding the functioning and stimulation of human creativity.

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Questioning the Role of Moral AI as an Adviser within the Framework of Trustworthiness Ethics

Author(s): Silviya Serafimova / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

The main objective of this article is to demonstrate why despite the growing interest in justifying AI’s trustworthiness, one can argue for AI’s reliability. By analyzing why trustworthiness ethics in Nickel’s sense provides some well-grounded hints for rethinking the rational, affective and normative accounts of trust in respect to AI, I examine some concerns about the trustworthiness of Savulescu and Maslen’s model of moral AI as an adviser. Specifically, I tackle one of its exemplifications regarding Klincewicz’s hypothetical scenario of John which is refracted through the lens of the HLEG’s fifth requirement of trustworthy artificial intelligence (TAI), namely, that of Diversity, non-discrimination and fairness.

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Концептуализирането на художника в артист: иновации, игри и импровизации

Author(s): Todor Yalamov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2021

The paper problematizes the work and evolution of a Bulgarian artist from the point of view of the biographical approach, his artistic interventions and his re-legitimization as a contemporary artist. It discusses various aspects of contemporary art from the point of view of the artist, his interventions, market demands, the underlying contradictions, as well as the transformative tendencies in the small graphics. The paper argues that it is necessary to expand the understanding of contemporary art with certain actions of artists.

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Онтологичният избор на философа

Author(s): Ivan Kamburov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2022

The text reveals the approaches of the philosopher as a thinker to be in the being. Two possible paradigms for achieving the absolute as a form of philosophizing are presented. One is related to the school-academic historicalphilosophical approach, and the other is related to metaphysical experience as an act. The thesis is asserted that the metaphysical goal is achievable only as an individual practical experience of transcendence through the action of the thinker conceived as a precedent. The understanding is argued that it is in the metaphysical act that the thinker objectifies philosophical wisdom, not just the love of philosophy.

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Епохе́ и редукция във феноменологията на Хусерл

Author(s): Desislav Georgiev,Denitsa Nencheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2022

The text outlines some of the main theoretical-methodological procedures in Edmund Husserl's transcendental phenomenology. The first part offers a brief introduction to Husserl's general philosophical project. In the second part, the question of the phenomenological epoché is considered, as a first, negative procedure of the phenomenological reduction. A comparison is also made between the practice of epoché by Husserl and Descartes’ methodical doubt. The third part turns to the different types of reductions and examines the relationship between them.

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In Defence of Utopia. Józef Tischner’s Thinking about the Social Ethos

Author(s): Krzysztof T. Wieczorek / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2022

An important trend in Tischner’s philosophical output was the observation of the phenomena that would occur in the current social life of Poles. The trend gained particular significance at the turn of the 1970s and the 1980s, when the processes that finally led to the systemic transformation began. During this period, Tischner made a successful attempt to reconstruct the Polish social ethos. It turned out that its integral element is the presence of utopian projects to rebuild the social order in the country. Tischner stated in his analyses that these utopias play a constructive role in the social life because they motivate people to engage in the political struggle for deep system reforms. The article presents the content of Tischner’s reconstruction of Polish utopias from the 1970s and the 1980s and the correlation between social ethics, ideological discussions, and political practice of the declining period of the Polish People’s Republic.

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The Concept of Subjectivity in the Light of Józef Tischner’s Thought

Author(s): Krzysztof Wielecki / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2022

Reverend Józef Tischner was undoubtedly one of the most outstanding Polish philosophers of the second half of the twentieth century. What we owe to this student of Roman Ingarden is the flourishing of phenomenology and the philosophy of dialog not only in our domestic philosophical, but also sociological, psychological, and anthropological thought. His philosophy of drama is an original and very important current, which is enriched not only by the “Queen of the Sciences” but also offers great support to the related sciences, particularly sociological sciences. Within them, subjectivity is an extremely important subject of contemplation. This article is a sketch of the analysis of the benefits that a sociologist, researcher of subjectivity, can derive from reading Józef Tischner’s works.

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Philosophical Reflection on Ideology against the Backdrop of Józef Tischner’s Thinking

Author(s): Radovan Šoltés / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2022

Since its beginnings, philosophy has been associated with a critical quest for answers and has rejected biased and uncritical a priori interpretations. Methodic doubt has thus become not only the ever-present method of philosophy, but also a symbol of defiance against every kind of closed-minded and ideological thinking that has a tendency to simplify explanations and adapt reality to its own projections about the said reality. This type of thinking has always been linked to truth claims made by individual power entities. In the past, we have witnessed twists and abuses of ideology with far-reaching political consequences and yet the problem still persists. Each and every situation affected by crisis is a breeding ground for quick, clear and black and white explanations which attract attention and gain support, since they are generally easy to comprehend. This paper introduces a philosophical context of ideological thinking, in which the “will to power” is typical, as reflected upon by many thinkers, among them Józef Tischner who draws from his personal experience with the Communist regime in Poland.

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Darwin, Marker, Deleuze: The Expression of the Emotions and the Filmic Unconscious

Author(s): Ruben Borg / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

My article traces a speculative history of the unconscious in a tradition of films and theories of cinema that engage with the face as a simulacrum of the psyche. Taking Gilles Deleuze’s discussion of the close-up in Cinema 1 as my starting point, I tease out the historical, conceptual and figural continuities between Charles Darwin’s work on the role of habit in emotional expression, Henri Bergson’s writing on perception and memory, and Deleuze’s own reflections on affectivity in film. I then turn to the films and essays of Chris Marker to suggest that within this cinematic model of the psyche, the unconscious corresponds to an irreducible passivity that conditions habit and perception and determines the expressivity of the face.

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