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Głównym celem artykułu jest ocena aktualnego stanu harmonizacji podatków w Unii Europejskiej z punktu widzenia kryteriów zrównoważonego rozwoju oraz wskazanie głównych kierunków zmian w tej polityce.
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Project communications management is a series of processes required to plan, generate, collect, distribute, store, retrieve, manage, control, monitor and ultimately dispose of project information in a timely and appropriate manner. Communication is considered one of the most important skills a project manager should possess. Project managers spend almost all the time during the project communicating. Communication management is the process of overseeing information transfer in all directions (up, down, horizontal or diagonal), which can be formal or informal. The implementation of the project depends directly on the project manager and his competence in communication management. Researchers claim that "effective communication creates a bridge between the different stakeholders involved in the project, bridging different cultural and organizational environments, different levels of expertise, and different perspectives and interests in the project's implementation or outcome". Effective project communications implies that the right information is transformed to the right addressee, appearing most cost-effectively at the right time. These prerequisites are imperative for the success of the project. Effective project communications mean the execution (transmission, reception, decoding, understanding) of the necessary information. On the other hand, project communication is understood as the exchange of information with the aim of building coherence between project stakeholders. The term "project communication" refers to all aspects of communication in a project: both external and internal communication, written, oral and interpersonal, planned and unregulated.
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This paper aims to present the experience of the Department of Accounting and Analysis in connection with the creation of opportunities, organization and conduct of electronic state exams for students majoring in Accounting, Bachelor’s degree, full-time education. Electronic state exams are conducted in accordance with the widespread use of computer technology in our lives. In the last five years, the Department of Accounting and Analysis has successfully used this opportunity, achieving equalization of the individual accounting disciplines in conducting an electronic state exam, avoiding mistakes in checking the work of students. The report presents the individual stages related to the organization and conduct of an electronic state exam for the specialty „Accounting“, Bachelor’s degree, full-time form of education. The main conclusions from the electronic state exams conducted so far for the students in the specialty „Accounting“, Bachelor’s degree, regular form of education is outlined.
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The purpose of the chapter is to discuss new trends in communicating the accounting policy in entity financial raports. The concept of the “plain language” is presented and different initiatives of national and international accounting organizations aiming at improving the effectiveness of communication in financial reporting, especially in the area of narrative disclosures. The case study of the LPP company for the period 2005–2023 illustrates the scope and forms of communicating the accounting policy in the financial statements.
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The purpose of this chapter is to assess how accounting policy can affect the creation of the image of an economic entity generated by the accounting system and presented in published reports, especially financial statements, as well as the possibility of using accounting policy in impression management. The conducted considerations show that the selection of appropriate solutions in the field of accounting policy functioning within the right to choose and the fields of free action allows to create an image of the company favourable from the point of view of a given company. Conscious creating accounting policy of an economic entity and the application of selected principles makes it possible to evoke such an impression on the recipients of reporting information, which may encourage them to make decisions desirable from the point of view of managers.
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The aim of the chapter is to present the importance of accounting policy in the audit of financial statements. The chapter identifies the basic functions of accounting policy in financial reporting and then refers them to the tasks of a financial auditor during the process of financial audit. After presenting the specifics of the relevant audit procedures relating to accounting policy the chapter shows accordingly the main conclusions of the auditor presented in the audit report. Due to the lack of exhaustive research in the analysed research area of this chapter, the study contributes to reducing the cognitive gap existing in the Polish scientific literature. The considerations presented are of a legislative and theoretical nature, however they may constitute an incentive for further research aimed at showing the role of accounting policy in the practice of financial auditing.
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The aim of this paper is to investigate the sustainability courses, offered in accounting higher education in Bulgaria. For this purpose, a survey of the content of university websites offering undergraduate and/or graduate programs in accounting is conducted. The survey encompasses also information from the Bulgarian University Ranking System. The study reveals that sustainability education is hardly offered by universities, training future accountants. Only a limited number of universities offer sustainability courses as stand-alone courses. The research is limited by the information available on the websites of the universities. In some cases, there is no information on the courses provided in a given bachelor and/or master programme. The study could not ascertain whether individual topics related to sustainability are included as single topics in some accounting and non-accounting courses due to unpublished information on the content of the courses or at least the more substantive topics covered. This study may constitute a valuable starting point for future research on the inclusion of sustainability in higher education.
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In this paper we present some practical aspects of the opportunities for optimization of tax liabilities of the companies in a long-term taking into account the impact of time value of money, investment activity, capital structure and the balance between real economic usage of companies’ assets and tax exemptions of the reimbursement value of the invested capital (regulating the potential effect of the depreciation fund for tax savings). The purpose of this study to show how a company may achieve zero long-term tax burden of its corporate taxation.
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A stable and well-managed banking system is a key factor for the sustainable economic development of any country. Traditionally, the banks’ stability is associated with their solvency, but effective liquidity management is what determines which bank will remain in the business and for how long. This study outlines the classic challenges to liquidity risk management in the banking system and tracks the evolution in the approaches and strategies used. The new challenges for the banks generated by the dynamic development of monetary relations on a global scale are also explored. Their resolution is likely to lead to industry restructuring, changes in the business models followed and the services provided.
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Quality management of audit directly affects the achievement of the objectives of the audit and of the Supreme Audit Institutions. The internationally accepted basis for quality management is ISSAI 140, adopted by INTOSAI, which was the subject of a comprehensive change that ended in 2023 and effective date to enter into force is 1.1.2025. The main change related to audit quality is adopted risk-based quality management approach compared to the prescriptive quality control approach until now. This report aims to present the main requirements and specifics of the risk-based approach to external audit quality management in the public sector.
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The ongoing discussion around the convergence of IFRS and US GAAP highlights the potential for financial reporting change in internationally. Such convergence would result in a single accounting language that would benefit international investors and transnational corporations. Central to this discussion are specific topics, including revenue recognition, leasing contracts, financial instruments, intangible assets, inventories and research and development expenditure. By addressing these more fundamental differences and promoting harmonization, businesses can expect greater clarity in financial reporting, improved comparability and an increase in the confidence of investors.
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The article presents the results and conclusions from the analysis of the results from the state exam in the “Accounting”, Bachelor's degree, for a period of two years (2022 – 2023). The subject of this article is focused on the analysis of the overall success by modules of students and in particular of the module “Financial Accounting” in general, by groups of questions contained in the module and specific questions in each group of the module “Financial Accounting”. The discipline “Financial Accounting” is one of the fundamental disciplines and together with the “General Theory of Accounting” and plays the most important role in the formation of basic theoretical knowledge and practical skills in students. It is included in the range of disciplines required to obtain a certified public accountant qualification. The aim of the research is to outline the modules in which the most problematic issues arise; to bring out the topics and the nature of the questions from the module “Financial Accounting”, which are most difficult for students and to formulate the factors that have influenced the success of students and to make specific recommendations for improving the organization of the state exam.
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In the scientific report examines the problems facing the methodology, touching on the various aspects in the author's methodology for the analysis of intangible assets. They are: to develop an analysis of intangible assets, to analysis the profit and sales revenue and the results of the research. Intangible assets occupy a key place in the accounting balance of the enterprise, through the system of indicators it is possible to detail and feel the factor influence of each factor in the analysis. Changes in profit or costs affect the profitability of the company's indicators. Through the application of the author's methodology, we arrive at the disclosure and solution of the methodological problems of the analysis. The methodological examples for the analysis of intangible assets are in the following groups: copyrights, patent rights, television and film rights, license and franchise agreements. The summary of intangible assets, according to the financial statement of the company, is considered in the presentation.
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In both a global and local context, negative processes influenced by the impending economic crisis have been observed over the past two years. Governments, in their efforts to curb these processes, are approving increasingly larger budgets to provide essential social benefits to society in the fight against the crisis. The measures outlined in these budgets, in most cases, cannot be covered by the available funds in the state treasury. To achieve their goals, the state needs resources, and these resources are generated in the form of tax revenues in the budget. Taxes are a significant source of revenue for any government and are inevitably at the core of the state's wellbeing. They are an instrument used by the government to fund public expenditures and implement fiscal policy. For taxpayers, on the other hand, this process is viewed as a burden they must bear to support the government. In Bulgaria, tax collection is often based on the principle of 'selfassessment' by the taxpayers. To regulate this process, the tax administration periodically conducts 'tax audits'. However, tax audits can be conducted not only by the tax administration. This report aims to outline the characteristic features of tax audits and determine their impact on tax collection in the budget.
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This study focuses on the significant transformations in the reporting of expenses in relation to issued insurance contracts and the requirements for their presentation in the financial statements of insurance companies. The emphasis is placed on the main changes to the presentation of expenses in the profit and loss statement, originating from the introduction of IFRS 17 “Insurance contract” in the Bulgarian insurance sector from the beginning of 2023. Research of the fundamental change for expanded requirements for differentiated prepayment of the expenses of insurance services compared to the other expenses of the insurance company was made. The application of the concept of separate presentation of the expenses of insurance services is a new moment in the financial reporting of insurers and it is expected to provide reliable information about the profitability of the insurance company, which is relevant for making economic decisions. A comparative analysis of the reporting and presentation of expenses under insurance contracts with the applied model until the entry force of IFRS 17 “Insurance contracts” was made.
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The report examines the application of accounting standards for taxation in Bulgaria. It analyzes the need for accounting information for determining tax rights and obligations. Emphasis is placed on the significance of accounting policies for tax planning. The provisions of the tax laws, which prove the importance of the accounting standards, are systematized. The results of a study for the instructions and the opinions of the National Revenue Agency to establish the references to accounting are presented.
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In the last stage of human development known as Anthropocene, global 'warming and climate change, along iwith related imbalances in physical and biological subsystems, are evident to all, as well as their negative impact on socio-economic subsystem of the planet as “system dynamics” in terms of J. Forrester. After almost two centuries of industrialization, market economy and political democracy as the main drivers of socio-economic prosperity have been transformed into frictions, bringing socio-economic system in persistent and deep regression. The impact of greenhouse gas emissions, due to uncontrolled industrialization, urbanization and massive transport, on global 'warming and climate change are scientifically verified facts. As for the socio-economic system, no doubt that the current crisis is a consequence of structural imbalances entrenched in economic neoliberalism, along with imbalances due to misconceptions in providing reactive economic policies to address inbuilt imbalances. In the meantime, new disrupters emerged as a result of the impact of external asymmetric shocks. They have even further cemented the existing deep structural imbalances and developed new ones. Major external asymmetric shocks such as the climate emergency, the biotic risk implosion, and an overwhelming impact of (geo)politics on the economy and society have been unleashed. Finding a systemic solution to rising mega disbalances in all economies, developed and developing, small and big, is an imperative of our time. Confronting reality with theoretical assumptions in ever changing environment is the first lesson calling for a radical change or a paradigm change in economics, both macro and micro. The planet, which is today at least 1.1 degrees Celsius warmer than it was in the late 1800s when the market economy had started leveraging effects of industrialization, is already facing the climate emergency. Climate scientists worry that before 2050 average temperature might surpass 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Things have gone from bad to worse with the recent intensifications of geopolitical disputes. A cumulative impact of serial wars, the world war maybe, could contribute to an increase of3 degrees Celsius even before 2050. Uncontrolled global warming is increasing the probability of the most apocalyptic consequences, including the risk of more frequent biotic feedback loops and rapid extinction of people and other living organisms. The extinction rate of living organisms in the Anthropocene age is significantly higher than in any previous period of geological history of the planet. Among scientists, including economics scholars, in discussions about crisis mitigation, the climate emergency issue dominates. There is no overnight solution to this issue, but to gradually build up a new economy. One thing is certain. Relying on neoliberal rules is not feasible. Also, building a new system is a long joumey. Even if we implement quite diverse and more complex platform, we should be aware that it is not going to be easy to turn the ongoing trends because the climate emergency is a multidimensional problem. It penetrates many other issues. Consequently, in search of solutions, we cannot work without a framework. For such mega messes in a multi-crisis (economic, financial, climate, biotic, geopolitical, etc.), non-systemic, partial, and erratic responses are not possible. First and foremost, the purpose of the economy must be changed. The impact of well-being should overcome egoism. Simultaneously, humanity 'would find a sustainable way for economic development and lifestyle in line with the limits of nature. The so-called “green transition” is a new economy (and society) gateway. 'This-is a'multi-transition (geopolitical, biotic, climate, economic and financial) from old to new system dynamics. The results of this journey toward a sustainable economy, society and the planet should also be sustainable. Following this path, before 2050 the economy could reach a climate-neutral inflection point (“net-zero ”) as a prerequisite for its long-term sustainability as well as the sustainability of society and the planet. As for economic transition, solutions would primarily require the shift from linear to circular model of growth and from the orthodox neoliberal policy platform loosed on market fundamentalism to the heterodox economic policy platform 'with a better balance between core economic policies and structural (or industrial) policies, and a greater role of macroeconomic automatic stabilizers. Last but not least, the green transition has the potential to fuel new industrialization and output gap annulment. The intention in this paper is not only to voice our concern over the ongoing multi-crisis and related mega messes, but also to raise awareness of the importance of a more adequate approach in search of solutions. Among dozens of complex and interrelated questions, in this paper we attempt to focus on those answers pertaining to the performance measurement system and disclosure contributing to sustainable development. Sustainable development is an essential element of long termism supported by the United Nations ’Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) defined in the Paris Agreement. To deliver the sustainable development goals (SDGs), an economy has to be evolving, climate-neutral and transformative. A sustainable economy requires impact investment in infrastructure (both physical and digital), vertical industrial policies in science, education, health care and culture, and horizontal industrial policies in tradable sectors. Also, it needs a new measurement system which, besides standard financial metrics, includes metrics related to environment, society and governance (ESG). In an emerging context, the materiality concept, as a fundamental accounting concept, is changing toward “dynamic materiality”. Additionally, we see changes in all components of accounting. For instance, the introduction of IFRS sustainability standards S1/S2 directly impacts financial accounting and audit, and indirectly advisory audit and management accounting. Following the previous logic of reasoning, the material is organized in five parts, except Introduction and Conclusion. The first part is dedicated to the multi-crisis as a context requiring a radical change. The following two parts are trying to draw a distinction between a conventional way of crisis mitigation and the new one based on a multi-transition approach. The fourth part, and most important one, is focused on sustainability reporting ’based on IFRS standards S1/S2. The fifth part provides an illustrative example of big data management based on sustainability disclosure in the banking industry.
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Sustainable development or sustainability is based on -understanding the connection between the three basic elements that make it up: environmental protection, socially responsible behavior and conscientious corporate governance (ESG). Achieving a balance between these elements practically ensures the long-term development of human society in a preserved environment. The favoring of sustainable development is the result of the maturing awareness of the risks associated with it (ESG risks) and has influenced companies to start disclosing their position in relation to these risks. Publishing information about sustainability is the best way for companies to show and prove that they are committed to the concept of ESG and this -will only be possible if the information published through the report is accurate. Internal controls, which should ensure the accuracy of information, and internal auditing, which should provide assurance of their reliability, play a key role in this. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the growing practice of sustainability reporting on the role of the internal audit function in organizations, i.e. searching for an answer to the question whether this influence only means an increase in the scope of work for internal audit, or whether it is about the transformation of its role as a generator of added value into the role of a guardian of sustainable development. For this purpose, all available, mostly secondary, sources will be used in the research, i.e. a review of the relevant literature will be carried out.
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To successfully stop the global increase in the temperature of the earth’s surface below 1.5oC above the level before the industrial revolution, a global transition is necessary, that is, comprehensive changes in all economic activities and entities. To finance this transition, rapid decarbonization and reallocation of capital at the global level and harmonization of the financial sector with the goals of the Paris Agreement are necessary so that every financial decision is made with respect to climate change. Serious joint efforts are being undertaken by many financial institutions, such as those involved in the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ) which have committed to using science-based guidelines to reach net zero by 2050. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance and challenges of the development of green finance, especially in relation to the regulatory framework and green financial instruments. As a rapidly developing field, green finance is characterized by a wide range of different regulations, principles, standards, frameworks, guidelines and other requirements that should contribute to aligning with sustainability goals, defining green finance practices and avoiding unclear or insufficiently substantiated green claims. Greenfinancial instruments should contribute to the protection of the environment, and they can appear in the form of funds from international financial institutions, multilateral development banks, commercial banks and other financial institutions, as well as funds collected through the issuance of green financial instruments.
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