We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
This paper proposes a modification of the classic test of independence chi-square involving the use of modular statistics, as a measure of discrepancy between the observed and hypothetical distribution. Module statistics differs from Pearson chi-square statistics that deviation square of the theoretical and expected empirical probability is replaced by absolute value. For the proposed statistics is given the critical value |X|α by different size samples of significance α∈{0,01; 0,05; 0,1}. The ability of two-part tables was examined to detect a relationship between characteristics, defined as the power of the test as well as the results were compared with the power of the test of independence, using statistics by X2 z (k – 1)(w – 1) degrees of freedom. The author examined whether the distribution of discrepancy measurements of two-part tables is consistent with the theoretical distribution of chi-square by X2 z (k – 1)(w – 1) degrees of freedom. Their usefulness in statistical practice was indicated too.
More...
This article presents the activity in the reporting and recording of inventions and utility models in Poland and other countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the years 1980–2011. Data bases of GUS (the CSO of Poland) and the World Intellectual Property Organization were data source of the study. The most active countries in Central and Eastern Europe in terms of patent applications were Slovenia and Estonia. On the other hand, in terms of registration of utility models stand out Estonia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, while the least active in this area were Bulgaria, Slovenia and Romania. Polish activity in this area was average.
More...
The article discusses the method of calculating the rate of household savings based on data from sample survey of household budgets and data from the national accounts (household sector). Significant differences in the values of saving rates calculated in both approach in years 2007–2011 were observed. Selected data items affecting the formation of savings category in both approaches were analyzed. Among the possible causes of differences in saving rates the following were discussed: limited ability of some households to separate the consumer and the production functions, taking into account income adjustment for the change in net equity of households in pension fund reserves as well as differences in the share of expenditure of significant items affecting this category. The goal of discussion is to propose changes in method or definition leading to alignment the value of the saving rates at the micro- and macro-economic scale.
More...
The purpose of this article is to compare the diversity of the agrarian structure in Polish sub-regions based on two classification methods: the elimination of vectors and the fuzzy set theory. The data used in the calculations by area groups of farms come from the Agricultural Census of 2010. Each method generated a different picture of the spatial diversity of the test structure. Differences related to the number of groups, their composition, average structure indicators, territorial distribution and degree of the group homogeneity.
More...
The article deals with the issue of obtaining high-accuracy measurement of the attitudes of respondents using ordinal scales with different numbers of degrees. Two methods of research – ordinal scales 5- and 7-stage were considered. The key issue was to decide which of these methods can provide a higher level of accuracy in the results. For this purpose, the data collected in a survey of students were compared. The analysis of both types of scales with different numbers of response options included attitudes of the respondents to their value system. The authors indicated the usefulness of the measurement methods, regardless of the number of degrees of the used scale.
More...
The article detailed the methods of measurement of the life quality, including the role of scales of measurement in the evaluation of the test categories. The analysis of the life quality carried out in terms of objective and subjective approach, allowing to obtain a complete picture of the analyzed categories. Methods for objective measurement of the life quality are described taking into account indicators of both tangible and intangible aspects of living conditions. Then the analysis of the subjective life quality is discussed, based on the respondents opinion. The study provides a rich description of the methods of multidimensional comparative analysis to evaluate the life quality. Also other measures are included, such as the human development index, the conditions and quality of life.
More...
In the specialist literature, especially related to IT, it is easy to find a review about the relationship between the concepts: data-information-knowledge-wisdom. In this article the author confronted the last two terms of the chain knowledge and wisdom. The main question was whether these terms mean essentially the same human property and whether one of them can replace the other? Presented in the article, the characteristics of both concepts (albeit very limited) allows to formulate an answer: both knowledge and wisdom they are two different dimensions of human personality, and both are necessary to him. They have different roles to meet. Wisdom is a kind of compass indicating the purpose and course of action. The knowledge is essential to evaluate the potential to achieve this purpose and the selection of ways to achieve it. Reducing person to only one of them deform the human figure and reduce it to the role of an intelligent robot, much knowing but uncritically.
More...
The article deals with the economic efficiency of individual Polish voivodships. It depends not only on the size, capital structure, technology and the organization of production but also on the scale of production. For each regional or country economy there is such a volume of production, which allows full use of scale (benefits) effects. An attention was focused on the impact of the scale of production on changes in technological efficiency of the economy. As a result of application of the method Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method, an assessment of the impact of economies of scale on the level of the technology efficiency was made.
More...
The purpose of the study is to show the possibility of using the discrimination analysis in self-assessment of household economic welfare. The essence of the analysis was the modelling of judgments of both current and future economic situation of households in Podkarpackie voivodship, for example. The analysis identified the characteristics that significantly distinguish households according to their economic welfare. In addition, their properties discriminatory specifies (weights) were set. It was found that subjective opinion depended on both the income and demographic factors, as well as belonging to a group of socioeconomic satisfaction with the achieved living wage, have savings, their own assessment of the quality of life, etc. The author marked formal canonical discriminant function equations which differentiate subjectivity of current and future assessment of the economic situation in the sample households.
More...
The article presents the results of voivodships segmentation, carried out on the basis of data concerning the foodstuff and nonalcoholic beverages price level. In the first phase of analysis a set of diagnostic variables was selected. The basis of selection was analysis of variability and cross-correlation. Then the segmentation with the use of the Ward and k-means methods was conducted. The obtained results were similar for both of these methods. In obtained segments of voivodships a comparative analysis of foodstuff and nonalcoholic beverages price level was conducted.
More...
The study examines the impact of knowledge transfer on business performance in the manufacturing sector in Nigeria based on the sample of 20 manufacturing organizations in Shagamu local government, Ogun State, Nigeria. The data used for this study were cross sectional data that were primarily sourced from the workers of those sampled manufacturing organizations through questionnaires as the instrument of data collection and responses from one hundred and fifty-three (153) respondents. The data were analyzed using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression technique for analysis and estimating the relationship and effect between explanatory variables and dependent variable. The findings of the study with 5% level of significance revealed that with β value .204 and t-value 2.420 (p = 0.017), trust has a direct relationship and significant effect on business performance. With β value .366 and t-value 4.826 (p = 0.000), communication has a direct relationship and significant effect on business performance. It is, therefore, recommended that management should encourage effective communication and trust among the employees, leaders to spell-out organizations objective unambiguously and also advise that management should consider making the knowledge star workers to have a feeling of participation and input in the management process.
More...
In recent years, Algeria achieves significant progress in the economic and social condition of its population due to the improvement in most economic and social indicators, and the increase in the human development index from 0.577 in 1990 to 0.754 in 2018. However, this improvement is not equally shared between groups and different regions. Therefore, poverty and inequality persist and remain a major challenge of the Algerian government. In this paper, we attempt to study income inequality and its impact on economic growth in Algeria. To attend the aim of this study we explore the relationship between income inequality and economic growth over the period 1980-2015 based on the available data. Based on the recent theoretical and empirical studies, we use Autoregressive Distributive Lags (ARDL) model to explore the long-run relationship, and Error Correction Model (ECM) for the short-run dynamics, the results indicate that economic growth as measured by the annual per capita GDP growth rate is associated negatively and significantly with inequality as measured by Gini coefficient, implying that in the long run, a 1% increase in income inequality will hurt economic growth in Algeria by nearly 0.52% in the long-run. The result obtained from the ECM model shows that the coefficient is equal to -1.23 and highly significant; this implies that the deviation for the short-run in economic growth is corrected by 123% percent over each year in a long time. These findings confirm the hypothesis that high inequality hurts the economic growth in low- and middle-income countries. Therefore, the Algerian government must adopt policies that favor economic growth and achieve greater equity in income distribution to ensure sustainable and inclusive growth.
More...
Food security is very important and is also prone to problems when faced with disaster situations, including diseases such as Covid-19 pandemic. The objectivity of this article is to highlight food security in relation to the availability of access to food sources so that it can meet basic or primary needs in Indonesia. An in-depth literature study with an epistemological positivism approach is needed to answer the problems that make the food crisis the main focus. To ensure food security in Indonesia, the government has prepared various strategies in three important agendas (emergency, temporary, and permanent) to monitor the stability of prices for basic necessities so that they do not skyrocket, increase national food production based on smallholder agriculture, and support small farmers. To achieve this, the Indonesian government has reallocated a larger budget to allocate it to seed assistance, labor-intensive programs, stabilization of food stocks and prices, paying attention to food distribution, and transportation. The implications are expected to make a significant contribution to other countries in anticipation of the food security crisis due to the impact of COVID-19.
More...
Natural ecosystems are extremely exposed to the ever-increasing changes in population growth and the expanded need for resources. The economic capitalization of their constituent elements makes their degradation and conversion more profitable than conserving them. Nevertheless, mankind is mindful of nature’s value, and over time has developed its policy and means of protection and conservation to help it integrate its actions so that they respect the paradigm of sustainable development. Most of the ecosystem’s functions are, also, economic. The process of determining the economic value of an ecosystem is a laborious approach that involves specific instruments that depend on many variables. These variables are induced by the innate/ natural transformations of the biogeographical environment or by particular situations generated by extreme phenomena. This study addresses the economic value of natural areas (with the example of the Bucegi Natural Park –B.N.P.) in a methodological context focused on international studies, with results in certain protected areas in Romania. The established report managed to provide an economic value obtained both from the revenues generated from the costs for visitors and jobs and through the capitalization of the non-commercial benefits. As an important element in our investigation, we took into consideration the pressures and menaces identified in protected areas. Natural activities (geological and geomorphological events, climate changes) and anthropogenic events (e.g. development of residential and commercial spaces, transport corridors and services, tourism activities) associated with negative elements (pollution, hunting and overfishing, degradation) involve costs. Dedicated by ever-changing legislation, inadequate financial support, and a faulty management approach, they tend to balance the scale against the benefits. The economic valorization of the components defining a protected natural area serves as an advantage for all involved parts. This must be performed within the limits of the actual legal framework but in the spirit of protection and respect for nature in all its’ forms.
More...
This study examines the effect of foreign debt on the economic growth of Nigeria. Data for the study are collected from the World Bank and Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. The variables on which data are sourced include nominal gross domestic product, foreign debt stock, foreign debt servicing, inflation rate, and exchange rate. Nominal gross domestic product is the dependent variable while foreign debt stock and foreign debt servicing are the major explanatory variables. Inflation and exchange rates are used as the control variables. The scope of the study covers the period from 1997 to 2017 and data are analyzed using the ordinary least squares regression technique. The regression results indicate that foreign debt exerts a significant negative influence on economic growth while foreign debt servicing has a strong and significant positive impact on economic growth. The other factors are insignificant in explaining economic growth under this scenario. Thus, the study recommends a more purposeful borrowing pattern and revenue generation through profitable capital investments as the remedy for a foreign debt crisis in the country. The study also suggests a revival of abandoned industries as a more effective way of reducing foreign borrowing, creating employment opportunities and alleviating poverty in the country.
More...