Cesarstwo (zachodnie?) Karola Wielkiego (kilka kontekstów i uwag)

Author(s): Bogdan Szlachta / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2017

The article discusses the problems of determining the starting point of history of the Western Empire in 800 AC and Emperor Charlemagne position towards papacy. In the political (problems with kingship and feudal system) and ecclesiastical (Second Council of Nicaea) contexts are also present very important and more general debates of historians on monistic or dualistic conceptions which form interrelations between popes and emperors.

Implikacje Arabskiej Wiosny dla bezpieczeństwa w Afryce Północnej i w regionie Sahelu

Author(s): Anna Rusinek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

The authoress analyses the consequences of the Arab Spring for security of the region countries. She concentrates on uncontrolled proliferation of weapons from Libyan stockpiles and the outbreak of Tuareg rebellion in the northern Mali. These developments were the results of the collapse of Gaddafi’s regime in Libya. That’s all – along with political turmoils in Tunisia and Egypt – results in the flow of refugees into the region. The changes in the political system in Tunisia and Libya have empowered the Salafist movements and facilitated the creation of new Islamic organizations. Meantime due to reducement of security measures in the states involved in political revolts the biggest terrorist organizations in the region – al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb – has exploited the destabilization by increasing its military capabilities.

Jan Hempel: neopogaństwo lewicowe

Author(s): Agnieszka Gajda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2012

Polish Neo-Paganism is a wide cultural and social movement with clear religious features, referring to the pre-Christian Slavic culture and religion of Polish ancestry. In its mainstream it is nationalist, proslavic and pantheistic. The biggest influence on the Polish Neo-Paganism had Zadruga group and Jan Stoigniew Stachniuk. The achievements of this environment, as well as of a group of Stanisław Szukalski, determined the perception of Polish Neo-Paganism as nationalistic. However, this intellectual current contains a much broader spectrum of political and social views. A prime example is Józef Niećko’s “słowianizm”, which can be described as a peasant Neo-Paganism and Jan Hempel’s “no-god religion” (“religia bezboska”), which is a left-wing trend in Polish neo-paganism. In “The Piast’s Sermons” (Kazania Piastowe, 1912) Hempel sketched his concept of a new religion and a new morality – religion without the God, religion of the freedom, religion of the human “I”. He found its model in the Slavic pagan religion. Mythic Piast was for Hempel the desired ideal of man – free, acting in accordance with his own will (harmonious with the tendencies of the Universe), strong, heroic, hospitable, respectful of others, working. This Piast’s dignified ethics of freedom was recognized by Hempel as exemplary and contrasted with its anthithesis, which degrades human being – the Christianity.

The importance of ethnic and religious structures in the region of Sahel: Socio-political and security dimensions. The case study of Mauritania

Author(s): Paulina Jagoda Warsza / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

This article aims to underline the importance of ethnic and religious structures for both animating and understanding political and security dynamic in the region, based on the example of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania. The first part of the article aims to identify sociopolitical factors influencing the security situation in the country and beyond, in sometimes surprising ways, with the main emphases on the importance of ethnic and religious structures and the role of political Islam. The second part of the article provides an exemplification of the multiple, not always coordinated, security initiatives in the region, that Mauritania is aspiring successfully to play lining role in, partly thanks to its complex understanding of security resulting from its unique social structure.

Polityka państwa wobec muzułmanów a relacje chrześcijańsko-muzułmańskie w Kenii

Author(s): Jakub Kościółek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2011

Some Remarks on the Views of the Orthodox Church in the United States on an Appropriate Model of Church–State Relations

Author(s): Rafal Marek / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2010

Współdziałanie państwa i Kościoła katolickiego w łagodzeniu problemu bezrobocia w Polsce po 1989 roku w świetle zasad katolickiej nauki społecznej (zarys problemu)

Author(s): Jan Wiszniewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2007

X ve Y Kuşaklarının Katılım Bankacılığına Yönelik Algıları

Author(s): Murat Er,Hülya Er,Remzi Altunişik / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2022

Purpose – The present study aimed to investigate the perceptionsof Turkish consumers from generations X and Y toward participation banking. Design/methodology/approach – Regression model was used to measure the perceptions of consumers from generations X and Y of participation banking, as well as the correlations between awareness, knowledge, and religious motivations. The study sample was composed of individuals from generations X and Y living in Bolu, Turkey. Preliminary data was collected through a survey on 408 participants selected through convenience sampling methodology.Results– The study findings indicated that study participants’ perceptions of participation banking significantly differed according to their demographic attributes. In addition, individuals from Generation Y had greater levels of perception, knowledge, awareness, and religious motivation compared to their counterparts from Generation X. When it comes to how generations influenced consumer perception, it was found that individuals of Generation Y had higher religious motivation, whereas Generation-X individuals were more open to new information.Discussion – It is of utmost importance for participation banks to know the differences in the perceptions of their target audience, i.e., consumers from Generations X and Y, so that they can reach their intended market share in banking. Knowing about their consumers as well as the market itself may enable participation banks to create consumer-oriented campaigns and develop financing packages that offer various investment products. Moreover, awareness of the differences inperceptions of individuals from Generations X and Y may enable participation banks to find ways to improve their performance as well as consumer satisfaction. A review of the relevant literature reveals that most studies investigated consumers’ perceptions of, motivations to choose, and levels of satisfaction from participation bank, with very few that examined whether consumers from Generations X and Y differ in their perceptions of participation banking. Hence, it is hoped that the present study could address this need in the relevant literature and contribute to the participation banking sector.

Do We Really Exist? Eastern Inspirations in Thomas Metzinger’s Self-model Theory of Subjectivity

Author(s): Wojciech Kościuczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This paper is an analysis of Thomas Metzinger’s self-model theory of subjectivity (SMT). Metzinger claims that beyond the biological organism and its properties, there is no individual and distinct entity that can be regarded as “self”. What really exists is the phenomenal sense of being self, which creates the illusion of the existence of something permanent. Taking the concepts of David Hume and certain early Buddhists thinkers as his starting point, Metzinger claims that during introspection, which is a type of phenomenal experience, we find nothing stable, but only impermanent impressions. As he argues, this hypothesis is supported by empirical neuroscience research, which should be considered when studying human subjectivity. Drawing extensively from the results of science and philosophy of mind, he proposes a concept of a phenomenal self-model (PSM). The PSM integrates information about the whole biological organism and makes it available from the first-person perspective.The first part of the paper presents the key issues of the SMT and the four aspects of Metzinger’s critique of the concept of the substantial self. The paper also offers a critical analysis of some of Metzinger’s ideas. The second section discusses the common features as well as differences between the SMT and the Buddhist concept of non-self (s. anātman, p. anattā). It also aims to analyse certain problematic issues of the notion of anattā and demonstrate some of the challenges connected with the use of a comparative method.

Solidarność we wspomnieniach ks. Eugeniusza Jankiewicza i o. Bronisława Sroki SI

Author(s): Mateusz Ihnatowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 83/2023

The article presents an example of Roman Catholic clergy, a secular priest – Fr. Eugeniusz Jankiewicz and the religious father – Jesuit Fr. Bronisław Sroka SJ, saw the birth of Solidarity and how they joined its activities. Getting to know their view of Solidarity was possible thanks to the reports they provided to the Institute of Solidarity Heritage in Gdańsk in 2021. The above mentioned reports are dominated by the necessity to provide various pastoral ministry resulting from the fulfillment of priestly functions. In the testimony of Fr. Bronisław Sroka SJ there is a special national factor. Both accounts contain spiritual views with different lives.

Teologia Tomasza z Akwinu. Specyfika głównych zagadnień

Author(s): Artur Andrzejuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2023

Thomas begins the lecture of his theology starting from its methodological justification formulated from the perspective of philosophical positions. Further, he justifies the necessity for theology by insufficiency of philosophy itself from the perspective of man because information regarding salvation or personal relations with God cannot be discovered on the path of science. For that reason the Revelation which is a formal object of theology was necessary. Thomas hence carefully distinguishes between theology and philosophy and explains that they do not differ in their material object but in the formal one (aspect). In case of theology its aspect is God’s Revelation. Aquinas is also convinced that theology is of scientific character, has its uniformity and high position within domains of human activities. Characteristic feature of the structure of Thomas’s theology is its anthropological trait, because it is human being that was given the utmost attention in the Summa Theologiae. The intrinsic feature of this theology is the radical Christocentrism. For Aquinas, the Incarnation of Christ is the most significant event in history, it is the centre of history and it is the event that transforms the entire reality. As a result, the spectrum of issues concerning theology is built around the Incarnation of Christ, whereas the main rule of Thomas’ moral theology is love which gives meaning to all other activities and relations. We mean both, love of man toward God and love between human beings. Characteristic trait of the method of Thomas’ approach toward theology is intellectualism. Thomas considered the intellect as the most significant faculty in human being, faculty by which human being is driven. Hence the will, the faculty of decision making should take advantage of the intellect, while feelings and emotions should cooperate with the intellect, and follow the one not proceed. Also, the process of reaching people’s attention, to the Gospel for example, and in general influencing their decisions, should be accomplished through the intellect and rational argumentation, not for example through influencing their emotions.

The Role of Conscientiousness in the Religious and Moral Functioning of Young Adults

Author(s): SEBASTIAN ŚMIAŁEK / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

According to the Five-Factor Model of Personality by Paul Costa and Robert R. McCrae, a conscientious person is strong-willed, self-motivated, persistent and dutiful. All these predispositions can also be used in the religious and moral sphere. The period of early adulthood is a  developmental period abounding in tasks that require conscientiousness, and, at the same time, it provides many opportunities to make moral and religious choices. The purpose of this article is to analyse the relationship between conscientiousness as well as moral and religious functioning of young adults. This study juxtaposes in a theoretical way conscientiousness as a personality trait as well as moral and religious abilities of those in early adulthood. For this purpose, a qualitative analysis was conducted based on scientific psychological theories and the results of sociological and psychological studies. The comparison led to the conclusion that conscientiousness is linked with the moral and religious aspect, and that its factors such as dutifullness and self-control can support religious and moral functioning of young adults. Dutifulness can support an individual in striving for consistency between professed norms and decisions made. Self-discipline allows for the realization of these norms, especially when a person must confront them with other life challenges. It also paves the way for further research and helps create effective methods to aid in the fulfilment of developmental tasks during early adulthood.

Pierwsza peregrynacja kopii obrazu Matki Boskiej Częstochowskiej w Sulęcinie 28 sierpnia 1949 roku

Author(s): Elżbieta Wojcieszyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

The purpose of the article is to characterize the religious situation in the Recovered Territories at the end of 1940s through a case study of the events from Sulęcin. The author assumed that the new settlers were people of deep faith who cultivated old traditions. This enabled them to adjust to the new conditions following their forcible relocation from the Eastern to Western areas. The research problem focuses on the extraordinary event of bringing to Sulęcin a copy of the Miraculous Icon of Our Lady of Jasna Góra in Częstochowa, on August 28, 1949. The following research questions were posed: why did the new settlers undertake this initiative, did they do it without the consent of communist authorities, who was the main originator of the events, as well as, what happened to him and to the copy of the painting thereafter. The settlers were distinguished by their strong Marian devotion. Traditional pilgrimages to Jasna Góra in Częstochowa were one way to show this. In August 1949, communist authorities denied permission for the settlers from Sulęcin’s Catholic parish to go on pilgrimage to Częstochowa. They decided to covertly bring a copy of the painting of Our Lady of Częstochowa to Sulęcin. The painting hangs in the church of St. Nicolas in Sulęcin to this day, serving as a symbol of local identity and integration of the parish community. The hypothesis concerning the settlers’ religiousness was confirmed, and shown to help them adapt to their new surroundings. On a methodological level, source analysis and comparative analysis were conducted. The article was based on sources such as archival documents, personal memories and local press accounts.

Wpływ wojny na działalność edukacyjną szkół jezuickich (na przykładzie ziem wschodnich Prowincji Polskiej Towarzystwa Jezusowego w drugiej połowie XVII wieku)

Author(s): Serhij Sieriakow / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

The article analyzes the impact of the military threat on the operation of Jesuit schools in the eastern portion of the Polish Province of the Society of Jesus during the middle and second half of the 17th century. It has been found that the receipt of information about an impending danger of military action resulted in the discontinuation of the educational process, the return of pupils to their parents, and the evacuation of the majority of priests and religious brothers as well as material goods from the Order’s facilities. It has been established that the war caused shorter or longer closure of Jesuit educational institutions or their partial non-operation. It has also been demonstrated that the pace and magnitude of the resumption of educational activity were considerably influenced not only by the existence or absence of the fear of further assaults, but also by the extent of damage to a specific Jesuit center’s urban infrastructure and rural estates. The article also examines how the war affected the quality of Jesuit education. The violent death of many experienced teachers as well as the partial breakdown of the training system of the Polish Province of the Society of Jesus (especially during the years of the Deluge), coincided with a gradual renewal of the structure of many schools in the 1660s, resulting in an acute shortage of teachers. This problem was solved by more active participation in the educational process of young Jesuits with significant gaps in intellectual training and inadequate linguistic skills.

Repatriation of Kazakh Women and Children from Conflict Zones in Syria and Iraq

Author(s): Meruyert Omirzakova / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2023

The issues of combatting terrorism and extremism are considered to be the most acute problems in the national security of many countries. Terrorism has never been seen in Kazakhstan as a real threat, but more as a potential danger. However, after the terrorist attacks that took place on the territory of Kazakhstan, the threat of terrorism has become a reality. Moreover, a number of citizens of Kazakhstan left the country in order to join the “holy war” mainly in Syria and Iraq, and contribute to the building of the “Islamic Caliphate.” In order to evacuate the Kazakh citizens left in dangerous terrorist zones, the National Security of the Republic of Kazakhstan conducted a large-scale humanitarian operation “Zhusan” returning 607 citizens (413 of them are children) from ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria). In this article, various factors and motives of women who were under the influence of terrorist ideology and who emigrated to ISIS in order to become “true” Muslims are revealed based on the research works of Kazakh and foreign scholars and researchers as well as interviews of the women themselves and experts who worked with them.

II. Abdülhamid Döneminde Kudüs’te Alman Hıristiyan Hacılar İçin Kurulan Müesseseler

Author(s): Asuman Gölpınar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 15/2024

Jerusalem has been the most important place of pilgrimage for Christians throughout history. The competition between the imperialist powers of the period, which accelerated especially in the second half of the 19th century, became "religious competition" in Jerusalem. One of the components of this competition was the Christian pilgrims coming to this city. Although the Germans joined this process later, as a result of their good relations with the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Abdulhamid II, they came to the fore in this competition by building very important structures and institutions for both Catholic and Protestant pilgrims in Jerusalem, as well as other religious and charitable structures. In this article, after briefly summarizing the atmosphere of the period, based on Ottoman archival documents, German pilgrims and the institutions built for them will be discussed. The permit and construction processes of the Dormition and guesthouse built by German Catholics were tried to be conveyed as described in the documents. German Protestants is another topic, and here the first German Protestant guesthouse, the church and guesthouse built on the Mount of Olives in the name of German Empress Augusta Victoria is mentioned. Ultimately, these structures, which left their mark on the silhouette of Jerusalem with a “German”emphasis, were important manifestations of good relations with the Ottoman Empire. When compared to the processes of other states/communities in building such institutions, the German example looks quite different. By building all the institutions they wanted with the permission and approval of the highest authorities, the Germans made rapid progress on the Ottoman legal basis and gained an important place in the competition of the Christian world in this city by showing their presence on the most important hills of Jerusalem, such as the Mount of Olives and Mount Sion.

Türk idare tarihinde sosyal devlet anlayışının topluma yansıtılması açısından vakıf medeniyetinin yeri

Author(s): Ayşegül Güler,Ali Ayata / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2023

In the early periods of humanity, wealthy people would dedicate their wealth to meet the needs of others without worldly expectation. In the 19th century, social state institutions in the western world were supported by believing that it would increase their commitment to the state. In the history of Turkish administration, in the period before entering the circle of Islamic civilization, riches were based on the existence of animals owned. In the administrative structure, the rulers gave their wealth to the needy when the spring feast was over. In Islam, Hz. Prophet (sav) donated the date palms he owned. After the Turks entered the Islamic civilization, they adopted the foundation works. The foundation administration, after the 18th century they could not fulfill their functions. In this study, the development of the foundation institution in Turkish-Islamic civilization and its role in fulfilling social responsibilities in the history of administration will be examined.

QËNDRIMII AUTORITETEVE AUSTRO-HUNGAREZE NDAJ POPULLSISË DHE KLERIT MYSLIMAN SHQIPTAR GJATË VITEVE 1916-1918

Author(s): Sali Kadria / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2019

The attitude of the The article deals with the relations built by the Austro-Hungarian military and civilian authorities during 1916-1918, in relation to the Muslim and Catholic populations as well as the respective clergy. The author expresses the opinion that Austria-Hungary followed two lines of attitude towards religious beliefs in Albania. On the one hand, the Austro-Hungarian military authorities despised the Albanian Muslim population and tended to side with the Catholic population. On the other hand, the civil authorities and in particular the Civil Commissioner August Ritter von Kral tried to take into account the religious relations within the country, as they were clear that maintaining a unilateral stance could trigger a civil civil war in Albania. Even regarding the issue of the independence of the Albanian Muslim clergy, there was a difference in the attitude held by the military and civil authorities. The leading military circles were for the establishment of the Albanian Muslim clergy under the subordination of Reis-Ul-Ulema of Sarajevo in Bosnia. Meanwhile, the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Affairs Minister Stephan Burian von Rajecz and the Civil Commissioner Kral drafted the project for the appointment of an Albanian chief mufti to direct the affairs of the Muslim religion in Albania. At the beginning of the occupation of Albania, Vienna expressed reluctance to the idea of appointing a local chief mufti in this country. However, from the autumn of 1916 to the end of 1918, Austro-Hungarian civil authorities worked tirelessly and uninterruptedly for the independence of Muslim Albanians from the dependence of Sheikh ul-Islam of Istanbul, increasing the level of preparation and national awareness of the Albanian Muslim clergy, as well as for the institutionalization and consolidation of the structure of the Mufti of Albania. and its clergy during 1916-1918

MARRËDHËNIA JURIDIKE E KOMUNITETEVE FETARE ME SHTETIN SHQIPTAR - STATUTET 1949-1950

Author(s): Erjon Papagjoni / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2021

The brutal intervention of the communist state in the "governance" of religious communities through their statutes not only violated their legal integrity, but in a number of articles these statutes expressed political brand in accordance with the regime line. The law was essentially a list of obligations that religious communities owed to the state. On the opposite end of the spectrum of a theocratic state (aiming to merge a state into a religious system), the PPSH regime, although proclaiming its secularism everywhere, did not secede at all from religion, but practically extended its power over every important aspect in the activity of religious communities. The political content of the imposed statutes removes the formal veil and in certain articles the glove of political engagement is slapped in the face of the religious communities, (just to mention the task of the clergy in educating poeople with the aim “to fight the old superstitions”. In a sense, historically justified, the statutes were an expression of a political compromise with the de facto situation of the religious communities, including the pious progovernment segments within them, conveying in statutory legal forms, a kind of extra guarantee for the new communist state, the communities will follow its lines. This new state already demanded from the religious communities an open political commitment, enthusiastic and sincere applauses to the point of exhaustion, from everyone. No exceptions would be tolerated.

KISHA KATOLIKE NË VITET E LUFTËS SË DYTË BOTËRORE

Author(s): Hasan Bello / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2021

The relations of the clergy and the Albanian Catholic Church with fascist Italy and after its capitulation with Nazi Germany and the quisling administration of the time must be analyzed case by case. This is because not all Catholic clergy have held the same position. While some of them welcomed the arrival of the Italian army, the rest viewed it with displeasure. These findings are also noted in the reports of senior leaders of the Italian administration and army in Albania. Therefore the whole clergy cannot be accused of collaborating with fascist Italy. The same situation applies to the period of German occupation. However, the involvement of some clerics with the Italian and German occupiers during the Second World War would cost them dearly after the establishment of the communist regime. Many of them will be accused of collaborating with the invaders and will receive extremely severe punishments.