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THE TERRORISM – A THREAT FOR MODERN SOCIETY

Author(s): Gabriela-Maria Stoian,Vasile Ene / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2008

The main feature of the international terrorist activity in the last two years is the unprecedented growth of the phenomenon. Total number of incidents was almost 5000 in 2005 (i.e. 4924 incidents), almost 85% more than the peak of 2004 (2646) and 2002 (2649),representing an absolute record in the history of terrorism. The Pope sees terrorism as "a cruel and perverse decision that defies the sacred right to life and undermines the very foundations of civil society ... If together we can succeed in eliminating from our hearts any trace of rancor, resisting to any form of intolerance and opposing ourselves to any manifestations of violence, we reject the wave of ferocious fanaticism that endangers the lives of so many others and thwarts the progress towards world peace" In light of these ideas, this paper aims to make a brief analysis of terrorism in the contemporary society.

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NATURE OF THE FUTURE CONFLICTS AND THEIR PREVENTION

Author(s): Ioana Nicolae / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2008

War can be characterized as a critical stage of contradiction between the actors of political stage which takes the form of a violent armed struggle. The assumption that war is rooted the characteristics of the human or social nature is more widespread than peaceful alternative views. The demographic problem and the increased polarization of people into rich areas, unlimited militarization and the attitudes resulting from this situation may cause new conflicts. There should be taken measures to prevent them.

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MANAGEMENT OF THE REACTION TO NON-CONVENTIONAL ACTIONS

Author(s): Sorin Panait / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2008

The non-conventional, although existing from the first moments of the human struggle for existence and used even without knowing what they are, just begin to receive the attention they deserve. Increasingly more researchers, at the beginning of the 21st century focus on the subject, hoping to decipher the mechanism and the possibilities of the non-conventional, and more than ever before, the military domain is becoming increasingly interested in it.

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Romania’s Economic Securing through the Development of Channels of Economic and Military Cooperation with the Arab Countries

Author(s): Angela Mihaela Ene / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

In a European Union that is now configured in a solid construction, in several respects, however, the member countries have a different evolution and development, with a long-term prognosis which is also different. What represents an advantage for Romania over the other EU member states inits relationship with the Arab countries is the history of the long-standing bilateral relations with the Arab world. The fact that Romania's relations with the Arab countries have slowed down in terms of trade does not mean that they have stopped. Through this theme, we propose a perspective for the development of these relations, which at this moment must be approached from a completely different perspective. Romania can ensure a tremendously large market, a market to generate a more than necessary cash-flow, in a vision of sustainable economic development. This economic, surprising pragmatism lies in a criterion that primarily concerns the culture and spirituality of the Arab world, the Arab world's motivation in choosing its business partners. Below we will describe our vision of this mechanism of development and cooperation between Romania, a member of the European Union, on one hand, and the Arab countries, on the other hand.

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The Solidity of European Values in the Context of the Migration Phenomenon of Islamic Populations to the European Union

Author(s): Angela-Mihaela Ene / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The European Union was formed and is developing, first of all, based on the integration of the multicultural concept into a prosperous territory destined to the nations that form this socio-state construction. The ultimate goal of the Union is to have a prosperous society that lives in peace and harmony, irrespective of the social origin of individuals, their religious or political orientation. With a history of extremely violent development and consolidation, today's Europe aspires to be a space of understanding and good living between its citizens, a space of tolerance and spiritual progress. The acceptance of Islamic populations in Europe is not a novelty, they migrated in a large number even in the 1950s, 1970s or even in 1980s. What is new at this moment can be found in their attitude towards the citizens of the host countries, who are mostly Christians. The fact that migrants, by mistaking European values, are challenging a society built on democracy and freedom, is an issue that has acquired other valences at the moment, namely, an offensive position of the Islamic population against social conduct in the host countries. In this article, we are proposing an approach centred on identifying the mechanisms which comply with certain channels of communication between the two populations, mechanisms that are absolutely necessary in order to continue the state of progress and good communion among the citizens of Europe.

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Catalonia între teorie şi practică

Author(s): Ştefan Herchi / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2018

The paper wishes to analyze the situation of Catalonia after the proclamation of its independence in the light of the provisions of international law, but also of the current economic and social perspectives and influences on the European level, without political and sentimental influences.

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Geopolitics: The Seen and Unseen in Small State Foreign Policy

Author(s): Mari-Liis Sulg,Matthew Crandall / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Geopolitics, a combination of geography and politics by default resembles the power politics of large states. As small states have little resources to pursue power-based foreign policy, one can wonder if the geopolitics of small states matter. This paper argues that small states use geopolitical tools to locate themselves on the winners’ side. The current paper takes a closer look into the post-Cold War foreign policies of Estonia and Finland that originate from opposite principles. Estonia’s principle of „never alone again“, locates itself in the West. This differs from its neighbour Finland’s principle „always alone“, which locates itself as a strategic regional actor. To highlight the same but somewhat different reasoning in their foreign policies, the annexation of Crimea and the war in Ukraine are studied in this article by applying critical geopolitics as a methodological tool.

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Heroes and Victims in Divided Nationalism: The Case of Namibia

Author(s): Elke Zuern,James M. Jasper / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2020

Heroes play a role in every nation’s founding narrative, embodying a group’s strength and courage, its dedication to protecting all within its fold, and its most important traditions and promises. Yet hero images and tropes have not received the attention they deserve in the social science literature on nations and nationalism. Recent theories of character work – the rhetorical construction of heroes, villains, victims, and minions – reveal the challenges of building an inclusive nationalism in post-colonial states. We engage the debates over some of Namibia’s most prominent and contested heroes through the memorials dedicated to them and the commemorations honoring victims of past struggles. We study the victims that these heroes sought to defend and trace the process by which victims become heroes of endurance. The Namibian state has, after its recent independence, constructed a memorial to fallen heroes, Heroes Acre, and an Independence Memorial Museum. Alongside these statesanctioned memorial sites, a range of citizens have sought to honor and defend their own heroes. By honoring different heroes, they have defined alternative understandings of the nation. We also demonstrate the power of victims in mobilizing present day campaigns for justice and reparations. In Namibia, as elsewhere, greater attention to victims could shift the balance of political power. This article demonstrates how a focus on struggles over the legitimacy of particular heroes and victims can provide unanticipated insights into the study of divided nationalism.

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Die türkische Politik im östlichen Mittelmeer: Ringen um hegemoniale Vormachtstellung

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Die türkische Politik im östlichen Mittelmeer: Ringen um hegemoniale Vormachtstellung

Author(s): Gülistan Gürbey / Language(s): German Issue: 05/2020

The text highlights the facets and implications concerning the crisis about the demarcation of “exclusive economic zones” in the Eastern Mediterranean. This controversy has been simmering for many years. Turkey provoked an escalation this summer by sending the research ship Oruç Reis escorted by war ships to search for energy resources in an area that Greece argues belongs to its exclusive economic zone. The analysis seeks to show that the titles claimed by all sides within the complicated net of exclusive economic zones in the Eastern Mediterranean will lead to further foreign policy alliances and block formation. The governments involved are prone to exploit the developments for their own domestic advantages. The author examines if and how a mutual conflict solution could be managed.

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Multitudinea abordărilor teoretice geopolitice – scurte consideraţii

Author(s): Iolanda Constantinescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 8/2015

Geopolitics is important as a branch of science in terms of the object under analysis of methods applied and the results obtained contributing to scientific knowledge. Space molds the natural boundaries within which people’s extension take place. The levels of civilization and culture of the population, the state evolution are closely linked to its position. The identity aspect of the state is also found in its political and geographical conditions. Man can build something only he is a component of Nature. Outward modifications have always been easier to make while personal modifications of the Self have been more difficult. It each individual worked harder on changing oneself and then on the environment the world would be different.

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Evoluția științei geopolitice de la apariție până în prezent

Author(s): Cătălina Todor / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/2014

Nowadays the geopolitical science does not benefit of convergent positions at academic level. This is mainly due to the context in which it has developed and due to its evolution up to the present day, which was based at first on application, then on repudiation and lately on reafirmation. This research focuses on describing and analyzing the context and manner of relating to geopolitics in the three major periods of its existence: the classical period, the repudiation and reaffirmation ones, both for the international arena and for the national space. A final part structures some potential and positive approaches to geopolitics as a science in actuality, which in an absolutely necessary step in order to establish its utility at present due to the need to address the reality as complex and focused on indisciplinarity as possible.

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GEOPOLITICS AND MIDDLE EAST: THE WORLD IN CHAOS

Author(s): Mira Šorović / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

ABSTRACT: In the article is analyzed the geopolitical position of the Middle East in the context of the events since September 11, 2001, when this region became one of the international politics key places. The focus is on the analysis of the anti-regime protests in individual Arab countries, which instead of comprehensive democratic reforms has caused even greater instability, divisions and war, and due to that were introduction for the processes known as the Arab Spring and the Migrant crisis. Hence, the aim of this paper is a comprehensive analysis of the political situation in the Middle East, viewed from a geostrategic aspect. SAŽETAK: U članku se analizira geopolitički položaj Bliskog istoka u kontekstu događaja od 11. septembra 2001. godine, kada je ovaj region postao jedno od ključnih mjesta međunarodne politike. Fokus je na analizi antirežimskih protesta u pojedinim arapskim zemljama, koje su umjesto sveobuhvatnih demokratskih reformi, uzrokovale još veću nestabilnost, podjele i rat, te bile uvod u procese poznate pod nazivom Arapsko proljeće i migrantska kriza. Stoga, cilj ovog rada je sveobuhvatana analiza političke situacije na području Bliskog istoka, posmatrano sa geostrateškog aspekta.

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Bulgaria’s geopolitical and geoeconomic reorientation (1989–2019)

Author(s): Valentin Mihaylov / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

Until the late 1980s and the dawn of the end of the Eastern Bloc, communist Bulgaria was considered to be the closest ally of the Soviet Union. Now, 30 years later, the Bulgarian state has been integrated into the main Euro-Atlantic organisations. Taking these radical changes as its starting point, this article outlines the process and consequences of post-1989 geopolitical and geoeconomic reorientation of Bulgaria. The aim was also to present the main geopolitical challenges in Bulgaria’s relations with Russia and Turkey. These states have been influencing the political, economic and cultural development of Bulgaria for centuries. The effects of their influence have remained problematic to this day. As Bulgaria remains a country with a complex geopolitical position, it continues its twentieth-century strategy and tries to maintain balance between its own national interest and the influence of the main centres of power. The author draws particular attention to the fact that the model based on the variability of geopolitical priorities was once again confirmed in the analysed period. This model is not only based on pragmatism in relations with the outside world, which is traditional for the Bulgarian political elite, but is also dependant on the temporary distribution of power within the Balkan geopolitical knot. It seems that the model will continue to be valid, at least in the near future.

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The Romanian Legislative Reform in the Field of Integration for Beneficiaries of International Protection

Author(s): Eugen Bogdan Preda / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Migration, as a social-economic phenomenon, has existed from the dawn of humanity, indifferent forms and in different contexts. Although studied from different perspectives, in the modernand contemporary period, this branch of international law is rather new in comparison to other fields ofthe same category. Indisputably, war, social unrest and natural catastrophes of the XIXth and XXthCentury has determined mostly Western countries to establish new policies and international law, likethe 1951 Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees and the creation of the United Nations HighCommissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). As part of new relations with UNHCR, and later themembership to the European Union and NATO, post-communist Romania has developed asylumprocedures and assumed responsibility to integrate refugees in our society. Although the developmentof standardized integration law, policy and practice has been a result of a 20 years struggle, today wesee that there is an increased interest from the competent authorities to adapt the services provided tothe needs of refugees. Such is the modification of the integration legislation that occurred in the lasttwo years, which can be considered a “Reform in the field of integration for refugees”.

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BILATERAL AGREEMENTS BETWEEN KOSOVO AND REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

Author(s): Artan Tahiri / Language(s): English Issue: 13-14/2020

The history of the last two centuries and the first decade of the XXI century, showed that the Balkans did not have lasting peace and stability, because there was no adequate justice in the treatment of its peoples.Obviously, it can be easily proved that the Balkan countries have been in constant conflict, where as a result we have the creation of new states. The relations between North Macedonia and Kosovo have not been developed only in recent years, respectively from the recognition that the Republic of North Macedonia has made to the Republic of Kosovo. It is important to note that these states were once the political entities of another state, the former Yugoslavia. The Republic of North Macedonia was one of the six republics within the Federation of Yugoslavia, while Kosovo held the position of province. The dissolution of the former Yugoslav Federation, beginning with the overthrow of the constitutional concept of Kosovo's position in 1989, the secession and international recognition of the four federal units, and the start of the war on the territory of the former Yugoslavia, opened new political processes that were characterized by the dissolution of the federal state and the creation of new sovereign and independent states. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the relations between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of North Macedonia. Nevertheless, we deliberately use the word "republic" to describe both countries, to indicate the time limit of the study. So, the analysis is at a high degree focused only on the period after the declaration of independence of Kosovo and not the period of their relations during the existence of the former Yugoslavia. Meanwhile, interstate relations are multidimensional and usually include cross-cutting areas, and as matter of a fact in this study will be put a particular emphasis on political and economic relations. In the meantime, the study is divided into three main parts. First and foremost, the first part will address the historical aspects of these two countries. Since both were part of a common state structure, it is considered that there are a wide range of topics and issues to be addressed. In the second part it will be tackled the issues regarding the political and diplomatic relations between these two countries. So, from this part onwards the paper will be at a large extent concentrated on interstate relations.

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STRUCTURE OF THE TURKEY’S PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM AND NEW GOVERNMENT MODEL

Author(s): Ebrar Ibraimi / Language(s): English Issue: 13-14/2020

This study examines the change of the government system that has been discussed for many years in Turkey and the proposals of transition to the presidential system. A Referendum held in 2017 has confirmed the Republic of Turkey’s transition to a new system of government. With the presidential election held on 24 June, 2018, the transition to the new system has been made. A system called as "System of the Republic of Turkey". In this structure, President of Turkey is the head of government and the head of state who holds executive powers to issue executive decrees, appoint judges and heads of state institutions. Turkey's political system is based on a separation of powers. Executive power is exercised by the Council of Ministers. Legislative power is vested in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. In addition, the Presidency has a executive assistant, presidency of administrative affairs, 4 office 9 committees. The number of ministries has been reduced from 25 to 16. The presidential government system puts an end to the use of executive authority by a collective body (parliament) and allows the exercise of executive power by a person who is elected directly by the people to serve for five consecutive years. The paper addresses crucial questions of how the relationship between the executive and the legislature will play out in the implementation of this new system, including how the legislative branch will take up the role created for it in this new period. In considering how democracy and the rule of law can be ensured under the new system.

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CUSTOMS UNION FOR THE WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES

Author(s): Mersel Bilalli / Language(s): English Issue: 13-14/2020

The Balkan has a talent for "self-destruction" and that seems to be seriously frustrating even though the strongest center of power in the world, is forced to do everything in its power to prevent the explosion of evil. The United States is preparing to convince leaders of the Western Balkans that their mutual integration in the region is not only beneficial for regional economic development but also for keeping the world peace. Creating an economic or customs union would have multiple positive effects. The goal is to open a market of about twenty million people, which would vividly revive industry, commerce, agriculture, livestock, tourism and many other spheres. It would also greatly increase foreign investment. Above all, nations will have to come together in order to boost the region's economic development, as well as regional peace and stability. Given the real conditions in the region, which are specific by their nature, the key questions arise: “To what extent is this possible, what are the means and ways of achieving this and in what dynamics is it likely to occur?”

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Realism between Theory and Reality in International Relations

Author(s): Ayman Gad Elashkar / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The relationship between the theory of realism and international relations has gained stability and cohesion since the emergence of international relations as an independent academic field. In the post-WWII period, that relationship was strengthened so that realism became the mostly prevalent Cognitive module or theory in Anglo-American studies. This study aims to shed light on classical realism as a salient and enlightening theory of understanding and interpreting international relations with all its conflicts and crises, what are its key intellectual and theoretical elements, and what are its main pillars to understand and explain everything that is happening in the field of international politics. Through this study, we will examine the case of the invasion of Iraq in 2003with the eyes, thinking, understanding and interpretation of the realists. Was realism intellectually able to prevent that catastrophe? This study will enable us to understand and determine what is the vital and effective role that realism theory can play in future crises and international conflicts as was the case in the Iraq war. The Iraq war has set the worst example of the use of force, hegemony, unipolarity and disrespect for international legitimacy and norms. It was an alarm bell that the world needs a more secure and just world order, based on a balance of power to achieve peace and stability, as realism believes.

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Big Powers’ Perspective of Cultural Organizational Norms and Leadership: USA, China and Russia

Author(s): Ionel Sergiu Pîrju / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Technological changes are affecting most of the people, but in the same time, the top important players: USA, China and Russia are using their cross-cultural strengths to coerce the others and seduce potential partners. The aim of the paper is to present the cultural organizational norms and the leadership style in these nations to understand their behaviors as big rivals and successful international powers.

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Perspektywy Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w globalnym ładzie międzynarodowym

Author(s): Tomasz Klin / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 03/2020

This paper considers Central and Eastern Europe’s (CEE) situation as a region in the future global order. The article has been inspired by the declarations of the political leaders of the Three Seas Initiative to improve their member states’ international position. The purpose of the article is to scrutinize conditions and opportunities of improving CEE’s position. Internal variables analyzed in the paper include CEE’s regional integration, demographic and economic factors and the problematic of nationalism. External variables are related to four global centers of power: the USA, China, Russia, and Western Europe considered as a relatively well-integrated part of the European Union. The influence of those four centers on CEE results from their relative development, rivalry/cooperation between the centers, as well as ideological factors such as perception of globalisation. The paper identifies long-term demographic and economic trends, uses methods of historical analogies and interregional comparisons, and considers the consequences of global polarity on CEE.

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