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A párizsi béketárgyalások a kezdődő hidegháború kontextusában

Author(s): Barnabás Vajda / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2017

The study makes a research into the Paris Peace Treaty of 1947 and its links with the unfolding Cold War. The author considers both the negotiation phase as well as the conference phase of the Paris peace process, from late-1945 until late-1947, and analyses the whole peace process in the wider context of international diplomacy. The main conclusions of the study are the following: (i) the process of the Paris Peace Conference as a case study shows the actual process how the relations between the two superpowers, the US and the Soviet Union, derailed form a cooperative phase to an open hostility; (ii) during the Paris Peace Conference we can already observe many signs of both strategical and ideological distrust, which (iii) became visible right after the signing of the Paris Peace Treaty on February 10, 1947 thus contributing significantly to the long set of superpower conflicts that we mark as the early Cold War.

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Post-Communist Change via Politics and Legacy of Memory Past in Sense-Making, Coming to Terms with Uncertainty

Author(s): Radu Petcu / Language(s): English Issue: 48/2015

Post-communism is a matter of purposeful regime transition and aftermath in historical context, factuality review and overview. Studying post-communism recency implies ongoing (re)interpretation inasmuch as it references communist regime practices and their legacy as well as the definition of political change, institutional discontinuation and latent cultural and ideological effects. The present paper outlines the role collective memory plays alongside paths of dependency as well as in breaking away fromthem, in redesigned projects for collective identity; the stake of restored order while it is also being reshaped is considered through the comparative and coterminous institutionalisation of two vying forces: memory and oblivion or intentional forgetting. The case made herein is that collective memory can be institutionalized and „governed” outside of uncertainty into normative sensibility and logic of change. Responsible policies can be devised in such a way that truth and memory, although in an arena of narrative and discursive contestation and competition, lead in ethical principles, positions and stances and follow through into justice. The need for balanced approaches in ensuring a coherent and legitimate continuum between past, present and future, by means of collective memory, is emphasized: previous regime understanding, past reconstruction in present interpretations, defining future change and assigning meaning to it in relation to the past, in such a way that the memory of change takes precedence over the memory of uncertainty.

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The Role of Malta in a Unified Europe A Cultural Interpretation of a Political Reality

Author(s): Oliver Friggieri / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2008

Cet essai porte sur le rôle international que le plus petit des états de l’Union Européenne pourrait jouer aujourd’hui, en partant de l’histoire, de la culture et de la spiritualité maltaise, vues comme les sources de l’avenir de ce pays.

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A vallásszabadság mint európai alapjog egyes mai dilemmái

Author(s): Dávid Gyerő / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2018

This articlepresents some of the current dilemmas around religious freedom as a fundamental right in the European Union, and contributes to its appreciation as one of the main values of European cultural heritage. 2018 was a good year for this research, as it offered the 450th anniversary of the oldest European declaration to promote religious tolerance and diversity: the Edict of Torda. In the religious context of the churches, the terms religious freedom, religious tolerance, and freedom of conscience and thought are often joined together, or even mixed up sometimes; their legal meaning is, however, distinct or even incompatible. Today, the social and political relevance of these terms is nevertheless consistent and consonant, and gives a chance to consider their inquiry as timely and even necessary. In the 21st century, religious freedom is, in theory, not only acknowledged as part of the European culture, but also recognized by the European Union as a fundamental right. At the same time, the social and political impacts on Europe challenge the unconditional expressions of religious freedom. In European communities we are witnesses to new forms of violation of this right. The religious map of the continent is more diverse than ever, and the coexistence of many nations and religions is growing. Therefore, the terms and conditions of this symbiosis ask for new forms of regulation as well. As a foundation of everyday life, religious freedom needs to be included in new initiatives in education, promotion, and protection.

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Contentious Politics in the European (Post-Socialist) (Semi-)Periphery: Mapping Rebellion and Social Protests in Southeast and Eastern Europe

Author(s): Jelena Vasiljević / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

This essay takes a critical and reflective look at two recently published books on contentious politics in the Balkans and Eastern Europe: Social Movements in the Balkans (ed. by F. Bieber and D. Brentin, Routledge 2018) and Ideology and Social Protests in Eastern Europe (V. Stoyanova, Routledge 2018). Focusing on regions somewhat neglected in scholarly analyses of the recent global upsurge of protests, these books aim to fill the gap by highlighting some contextual and regional specificities: a position of economic and geo-political (semi)periphery, weak or unconsolidated democratic institutions, post-socialist and transitional environments, societal (ethnic) divisions, etc. By critically assessing both contributions, in a manner that looks for their complementarity, this essay: examines the characteristics of popular mobilizations and grievances in Southeast and Eastern Europe; questions dominant narratives of political and economic transition and EU integration; re-evaluates socialist heritage and post-socialist political trajectories; discusses the (im) possibilities of articulating political alternatives to representative democracy and free market economy; and addresses the burden of conflicting memories and attitudes towards the region’s socialist past (and, in case of post-Yugoslav states, ethnic conflicts from the 1990s).

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Na pograniczu pamięci współczesnych – (nie)pamięć o przeszłości słowackich Węgrów w słowackiej literaturze XXI wieku

Author(s): Anna Słowikowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 42/2018

The aim of this article is to analyse the portrayal of Hungarians in the context of the Second World War in twenty-first-century Slovak literature on the example of the novels Stalo sa prveho septembra (alebo inokedy) (It happened on the first of September (or whenever)) by Pavol Rankov (2008) and Nedeľne šachy s Tisom (Sunday chess with Tiso) by Silvester Lavrík (2016). The article argues that the two novels demonstrate two types of forgetting described by Paul Connerton: “repressive erasure” and “forgetting that is constitutive in the formation of a new identity”. I analyse how these types of forgetting functioned in Slovak society, and conclude that the question of the Hungarian minority is becoming less of a taboo in contemporary Slovak literature, even if it still remains at the peripheries of Slovak memory about the Second World War.

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Who fought for national freedom? On the significance of the Great War in interwar Lithuania

Author(s): Vasilijus Safronovas / Language(s): English Issue: 42/2018

Even though the First World War was caused by tension in the east of Europe, not so long ago, quite a number of historians, as if repeating the words of Winston Churchill, tended to portray the Eastern Front in Europe as an “unknown war”. Not only was the war in the east little known, but the remembrance of the war in Eastern Europe remains little investigated. Lithuania is one of the countries in the region where for a long time nothing was known about the remembrance of the Great War. Many historians argued that this kind of remembrance simply did not exist. The article invites us to reconsider this statement by paying attention to the question of how the merits of different actors in the struggle for national freedom were interpreted and represented in interwar Lithuania. Instead of painting a monolithic picture of Lithuania, the article proposes to look at its society as a fragmented construct, whose different parts offered a rather ambiguous answer to the question.

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Oral history in Belarus: Present state and development trends

Author(s): Aliaksandr Smalianczuk / Language(s): English Issue: 42/2018

The oral history in Belarus has become an important line of enquiry in the humanities and a significant field of interdisciplinary dialogue. It also functions as an important research practice. Nevertheless, under the conditions of the current Belarusian historical policy, imbued with Soviet ideological dogmas, there is no prospect of transforming it into an academic discipline. At present, prospects for the development of oral history in Belarus are connected with the activity of scholarly and community NGOs. The most important of them is an online project called The Belarusian Archives of Oral History, active since 2011.

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Formy dialogu pamięci i historii w humanistyce litewskiej po roku 1990 (wykorzystanie metody oral history)

Author(s): Aurimas Švedas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 42/2018

This article is devoted to the tradition of research using the method of oral history which has developed in the Lithuanian humanities since the country’s independence. It attempts to explain how Lithuanian scholars have employed the method and what challenges they face using it; what research problems they have resolved as a result and what they still hope to achieve in the near future; what studies based on the method of oral history should be considered the most important and display the highest potential in the context of developments in the Lithuanian humanities. The first part of the article discusses various challenges faced by Lithuanian scholars who rely on oral history as their main research tool. In the second part the focus is on the presentation of particular cases of successful studies employing the interview method; it also shows how scholars working on these projects addressed different problems which they encountered.

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Dwa ciała króla i naród polityczny. Kształtowanie się tożsamości chłopskiej w kontekście procesów narodowotwórczych.

Author(s): Michał Rauszer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 50/2018

In the 16th century, the political system based on the grangeserfdom economy and early modern elective monarchy was formed in Poland. One of the consequences of this process was an expulsion of the peasants outside of the society. The other one led to the formation of a political nation (a Pole) defined by his attitude towards king, freedom and noble democracy. Therefore, the peasants had no right to be a part of so understood “Polish” nation. The process of peasants inclusion into the tissue of the nation did not start until the late 19th century. In my article, I examine how the Polish nation developed in the context of the political theory of the king’s two bodies (Ernest Kantorowicz). Furthermore, I analyze the peasants’ attitude to the issue of a nation in the context of social changes of that period.

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History Discourses and Reconciliation Process in Post-Suharto Indonesia.

Author(s): Katarzyna Marta Głąb / Language(s): English Issue: 50/2018

After periods of internal conflicts and authoritarianism, educational institutions often have to be reformed. However, in countries where education has been used to support repressive politics and violations of human rights, or when conflicts and abuse have resulted in a loss of educational opportunities, a traumatic past and the legacy of injustice can be a serious challenge to effective educational reforms. Prospects for the development of democracy, which usually fuel the program of rebuilding the state and building a civil society, do not often attach great importance to the settlement of the brutal past in historical education. Meanwhile, the coupling of transitional justice and reform of education systems, including historical education programs, can facilitate the reintegration of society, including children and youth in the society, and may involve younger generations in work for justice. The history of 1965-66 in Indonesia, the history of mass killings and the imprisonment of hundreds of thousands of alleged communist Indonesians, was for a long time silenced and mystified by anti-communist mythology. This was created by the authoritarian rule of Suharto. This article examines how the Orde Baru constructed a strong policy of remembrance and how this narrative that labels victims as perpetrators deserving their fate dominated historical politics (history education). This approach is still present in the official historical and political narrative in Indonesia. Meanwhile, showing the history of victims in the history education can be a prerequisite for understanding the process of reconciliation by Indonesians, thus having an impact on the democratisation of society. Thus, historical education is closely connected with transitional justice.

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The Role of the Yugoslav Popular Front in Implementing Communist-Style Measures in Yugoslav Rural Areas (1945–1953)

Author(s): Srđan Milošević / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

After World War II, the Yugoslav Popular Front (PF) developed extensive activity in the rural areas of Yugoslavia, following the line set by the ruling Communist Party (CPY). It was only from 1948/49 that the Party itself emerged from the rear into the front line of the struggle for the “socialist reconstruction of rural areas”. Due to the fact that the issues concerning the policy of the Yugoslav Government toward the peasantry had played an important role in the breakup between Yugoslavia and the USSR (1948), both the PF and the CPY intensiϐied their activities in the rural areas and among the peasantry, in order to disprove the Soviet accusations.

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Ruske politike povijesti i Oktobarska revolucija

Author(s): Tihomir Cipek / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/2018

Using the example of their views on The October Revolution (1917), in this text the parties’ politics of history in contemporary Russia are being analysed. First, we examine the official politics of history of Vladimir Putin and his party – United Russia’s history. Then we move on to analysing the Sovietnostalgic position of the Russian Federation’s Communist Party, and finally the imperialist-conservative interpretation of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, the Russian Orthodox Church and the radical-right, such as the interpretation of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia. The analysis has shown that with the collapse of the Soviet Union its constitutive myth has been also broken apart. The October Revolution no longer has the function of the essence of the official myth, but it is interpreted in terms of party politics. Putin’s United Russia’s policy of history is based on the idea of national reconciliation, where both the tsarist and Bolshevik histories are approached as the expression of Russian patriotism, under different circumstances. According to this interpretation, both Reds and Whites were patriots who were trying to build a strong Russian state. The Communist, e.g. Soviet-nostalgic interpretation emphasized that the victory of the USSR in the Second World War should be thanked to the political order established by the October Revolution. In the imperial conservative interpretation, the October Revolution is the greatest spiritual disaster in Russian history, which demolished the state and Orthodoxy as its religious basis. The public opinion surveys conducted in Russia show that the October Revolution has become a second-rate event, which is celebrated exclusively by the Communists. Putin’s policy of history has thus shaped the new founding myth of the Russian state, based not on the October Revolution but on Soviet (Russian) victory in the Second World War.

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Југословенства између реалности и носталгије

Author(s): Todor Kuljić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2018

This paper considers: relative strength of actual either positive or negative discourses about Yugoslavia; possibilities of new Yugoslavisms; ideologies of actors who are major creators of today’s hegemonic memories about Yugoslavia; position of Yugoslavism in whole variousity of new identities (self-perceptions); degree of institutionalization of Yugoslavisms and nationalisms and affinities and differences between Yugoslav and anti-Yugoslav freedom fighting political cultures. One can conclude that a new Yugoslavism can be only pluralistic, closer to the Left than Right, and it cannot be imposed but only democratically chosen by economically not-threatened and nationally not-frightened citizens.

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Politika i povijest

Author(s): Davor Rodin / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/1986

The author begins by summarising the reasons for the contemporary revision of the method of historiography. According to him present day historians — in contrast to a positivist or a speculative-dialectical approach — increasingly incline towards a theory of contingency. With its help they try to distinguish specifically historical events from those that do not have a historical character. The author establishes a constitutive link between historical happening and political activity and examines three present day tendencies in the interpreting of this connection. First, there is the view that there are events that cannot be explained either through causes or through consequences, but through a reconstruction of their course, i.e. historically. An opposite tendency maintains that history is constituted by practical, namely political events, and thus it is primarily political history that arises out of the specific character of political activity. That would mean that history takes place only where there is political activity; without it there is neither history nor specifically historical progress. Finally the author maintains that the established philosophy of history of modern times has found its opposition in the existentially based thesis about the contemporaneity of nonsimultaneous events. In order to explain its essence and its methodological scope the author interprets Heidegger’s definition of time as a precondition for the possibility of understanding the meaning of Being. He concludes by finding man to be essentially determined by having history as his second nature. This is way a consideration of the relationship between history and politics will have an exceptional significance for man. Just as we defend ourselves from the maladies that endanger our physical nature so we must defend ourselves — with all available means — against the maladies of our historical or second nature, namely against the pathology of our social and political life that endangers us with equal force as do physical maladies.

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Povijesni događaj, naracija i "političko" u "novoj historiji" (Saopćenje o jednom nesustavnom razmatranju)

Author(s): Miroslav Bertoša / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/1986

Roughly speaking, two autonomous currents can be distinguished in historical research today: traditional historiography which lays a stress on the dimension of temporality, and whose subject is the forming of nations; second, the new historiography that examines various social manifestations in a certain area and looks for long term economic and social structures. The new historiography avoids narration concerning events and protagonists. However, the difference between »narrative history« and the »history of problems« is in fact not so sharp and unbridgeable. Historical change is the result of »long duration«, and an event is only a manifestation of the change that it can speed up occasionally. A historian can neither neglect events nor can he reject narration. A global history cannot merely be reduced to a study of persisting structures. Historical events have to be evaluated according to their consequences.

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UPOTREBA NASLIJEĐA U KREIRANJU I UPRAVLJANJU IDENTITETIMA: BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA

Author(s): Mirela Handan Mulalić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 10/2018

The aim of the paper is to identify and analyze the contribution of Annex 8 of the Dayton Peace Agreement and the work of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments in affirmation of the role of cultural heritage in preserving collective identities and their linking to the identity of the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina as a plural society.

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Transitions Online_Around the Bloc-Greek Premier Makes Historic Visit to Skopje

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Transitions Online_Around the Bloc-Greek Premier Makes Historic Visit to Skopje

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English Issue: 04/09/2019

Nationalists continue to grumble as leaders move to end almost 30 years of bad blood

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O dramaturgicznej inscenizacji oraz historycznej mityzacji zwycięstwa piłkarskiego na przykładzie filmu Cud w Bernie (Das Wunder von Bern 2003) Sönke Wortmanna

Author(s): Andrzej Denka / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 04/2018

Football is more than mere entertainment; it does not boil down to competition but is frequently embedded in current politics. Victories and titles become important for collective memory and build a sense of community and national identity, especially at major turning points in history. The depiction of important sports events, whether in documentaries or feature movies, has a long tradition. Football films (Fußballfilm) are an exceptionally interesting phenomenon here, exemplified by dozens of such films. The theme of football can be combined with highly diverse genres, including social drama, satirical comedy, war movies and so on. The film by German director Sönke Wortmann, The Miracle of Bern (Das Wunder von Bern, 2003), is an interesting example, as it combines a handful of different genres: a family drama from the post-war period, embracing a significant comedy theme and a sports film (which does not virtually exist in a pure form). The Miracle of Bern is a reconstruction of events of 1954 when the German football team won the World Cup in Switzerland, becoming one of the foundation myths of the Federal Republic of Germany; it has also been associated with the so-called economic miracle (Wirtschaftswunder). The return to the myth of the victory in Bern was important for the so-called Berlin Republic at the time of Gerhard Schröder’s government. This study attempts to answer the question of what esthetic measures were used by the director to construct the dramaturgy and message of the film, and to what extent the director followed the political sentiments of the time.

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Ivica Šarac, Kultura selektivnoga sjećanja, Hrvati Hercegovine i Nezavisna Država Hrvatska

Author(s): Dino Dupanović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2019

Review of: Ivica Šarac, Kultura selektivnoga sjećanja, Hrvati Hercegovine i Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, Crkva na kamenu, Mostar, 2012. 383 str.

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