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POLITICA NAȚIONALISMULUI: INFLUENȚA POLITICII SOVIEȚICE ȘI A MIȘCĂRILOR NAȚIONALISTE ASUPRA IDENTĂȚII NAȚIONALE ÎN MOLDOVA

Author(s): Kimberly OSBERN,Vasile Andries / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Prior to being annexed into the Soviet Union in 1940, Moldova had been united with Romania. Between the years of 1940 and 1991, when Moldova gained independence from the fallen Soviet Union, Soviet linguistic and migration policy influenced the Moldovan people and, coupled with the rise of nationalism, succeeded in creating a distinct Moldovan national identity. In 1991, after independence, it was unclear whether Moldova would look to its recent history and unite with Romania. The influence of sub-nationalist movements, a Russian military threat, and claims of Romanian irredentism all influenced Moldova’s decision to remain independent from Romania. Analyzing existing literature, this article first outlines Soviet policy’s role in the creation of the Moldovan state. This article then highlights how nationalism strengthened the Moldovan identity, and how sub-nationalist movements threatened Moldovan sovereignty. Lastly, this article explores Romanian-Moldovan relations since the fall of the Soviet Union and analyzes the likelihood that Moldova and Romania will unite in the future.

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Snaga Nemačke

Author(s): Milovan Radaković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1151/2013

Germany is today the first economy of Europe. A nation that leaves no one indifferent has managed to establish itself through the EU, thus becoming one of the most influential countries in the world. Germany’s contribution to world politics, economy and culture, as well as its present significance make consideration of the Germans, their country, identity, their understanding of organization and the strength and Germanic spirit very pertinent. The Europeans have always followed the rise of the German state with respect and caution, given the historical constellation.

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Položaj i zaštita manjina u međunarodnom pravu

Author(s): Miloš Jončić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1147/2012

The paper presents several segments which are significant for minority communities. Defining is an important part of any issue, this also including the issue of minorities. For this reason, we have presented several definitions of minorities. So far, no uniform definition of minorities has been adopted and there are various reasons for that. Minority protection can be observed through the prism of internal protection, or protection within a state or through international protection. Discussing international protection of minorities, we should consider two questions. First, what are the instruments or what international treaties relate to minorities guaranteeing and protecting minority rights? And second, what relevant bodies are in charge of minority rights? Finally, one must not omit to present the most important minority rights that should be protected by international law and what minority rights, among others, are mentioned in international documents dealing with this topic.

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Kulturna i informativna diplomatija: pogled iz srpske perspektive

Author(s): Marko Nikolić,Mina Zirojević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1144/2011

Cultural and Information Diplomacy are considered an important and influential aspect of contemporary Public Diplomacy, what is proved by the diplomatic practice of the most developed countries. Serbian Cultural Diplomacy is in the process of restore-making based on important qualitative pillars and capacities. Its purpose is to support the achievement of the national interest in the Region, Europe and the International Community. Within that context Information Diplomacy has also a special place, conditioned by the need to be transformed in a more operational and economical direction.

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Congo from Leopold II to Félix Tshisekedi

Author(s): Joanna Aleksandra Radowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2022

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a country that has a significant number of natural resources that have not brought its inhabitants prosperity, but have become a cause of their ex- ploitation and poverty instead. Congolese people have experienced many injustices for over a cen- tury mainly because of the political governance in the country. They suffer from hunger, numerous diseases and poverty; they also experience nu- merous violations of the human rights, including mass murders, rapes and mutilations, as well as the recruitments of child soldiers by the Congolese army and various armed groups from the Congo and neighbouring countries. The modern Demo- cratic Republic of the Congo is an unstable state, particularly vulnerable to the actions of numerous rebel organizations. The causes of the contempo- rary socio-political situation in this country can be found primarly in its history, starting from the cruel times of Leopold II during the Belgian colonisation, then through the Mobutu dictator- ship and all subsequent presidents. The aim of the article is to present the undemocratic governments in the Congo, which led to the exploitation of its inhabitants and contributed to the current unstable situation of the country.

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Politički identitet Evropske unije

Author(s): Senka Pavlović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1140/2010

The author investigates whether the established political identity of the European Union is at present time a common denominator of the European identity. The research is based on the hypothesis that the European Union identity is being established as a political identity, which is grounded on the single European citizenship. Due to this, it provides necessary legitimacy to the European Union policy. The aim of this paper is to briefly review and critically analyse the discussion on building of the EU identity

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Međusobna determinisanost evropskog i nacionalnog identiteta

Author(s): Milovan Radaković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1138/2010

By making decisions on the part of the Council, Parliament, Commission and the Court of Justice as well as by supporting transnational inter-governmental and non-governmental networks the EU is taking an important role in the identity transformation in Europe. One aspect is the fact that national identities are becoming more comprehensive, regional more pronounced and social groups direct their efforts towards European institutions. The EU and the European Council strive to protect languages of minorities. National identities are deeply rooted in the basic structure and functioning of the EU. This also relates to daily activities of institutions as well as to special events as is, for example, signing of new treaties. The integration process does not make national identities more inclusive. Integration also redirects regional identities towards the European level and makes them more controllable by institutional structures that direct them from multiple levels. Identities are thereby overlapped more often than they are antagonised. The question is whether this implies weakening of national identities or the emergence of a new form of post-national identity in the EU.

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Građevina nedovršenog: problem identiteta Zapadnog Balkana

Author(s): Senka Pavlović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1138/2010

Majority of the problems related to the term “Western Balkans Identity” stems from the indefiniteness of what exactly is implied by this problematic and contextualised concept. The author points out that the instability in naming this area is also obvious in the creation of a particular identity. In the author’s opinion, Western Balkans is not a region that could have common identity based on certain number of common characteristics

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Savremeni rasizam – bezbednosni izazov, rizik i pretnja

Author(s): Srđan M. Milašinović,Dalibor Kekić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1137/2010

Racism, racial affiliation, identity and inter-racial conflicts that have been present on the threshold of the new millennium are a continuous and inexhaustible socio-political and security topic. With their complex nature, these issues are a subject of numerous discussions and interpretations within various contexts and for various purposes, whose contents are more or less ideological. This is an attempt to analyse and impartially present security aspects of theoretical and doctrinary roots, factors and consequences of modern racism, racial division and interracial conflicts in developed and other societies, this particularly including transition ones. The paper also endeavours to find out the causes and mechanisms of racism transformation from the biological to the cultural level

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جایگاه زنان در سیاست طالبان در افغانستان

Author(s): Ramazan Ali Mahmoodi / Language(s): Persian Issue: 2/2023

One of the most debated issues in the history of Afghanistan is the status of women in the political and social structure of the country. Afghan women have been subjected to social and political discrimination in many periods of history. The inequality and discrimination between men and women are manifested in different areas. In the political and social fields, all decisions in this country were made in the absence of women. However, during the two periods when the Taliban dominated and ruled Afghanistan, the situation of women was very difficult and dangerous. The Taliban imposed the harshest laws on women. Under the Taliban regime, Afghan women were subjected to all kinds of discrimination, torture and violence. Therefore, investigating the position of women in Taliban politics in Afghanistan is the main objective of this research, which analyzes and reveals some important factors in the research process.

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Cultural Orientations of the Politics of Education in Ukraine (2010–2013): Ideology Strikes Back

Author(s): Dmytro Drozdovskyi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

In this article, the author has analysed educational reforms and educational policy in general, which was implemented in Ukraine during the presidency of Viktor Yanukovych. A few political cases were analysed, in particular the opposition of the National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy” to the educational trends implemented by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine under the leadership of Dmytro Tabachnyk. The manifestations of colonial policy in Ukrainian education, which were aimed at the rapprochement of Ukraine and Russia and the positioning of Ukraine as a colonial part of the imperial body, have been outlined. It has been discussed in what implicit way the colonial strategy was implemented in the educational reforms in Ukraine, in particular in the aspect of teaching humanitarian disciplines, e.g. Ukrainian literature. Forms of possible resistance to colonial strategies in the educational field, the principles of overcoming imperial pressure and intensifying the narrative of resistance, which made it possible to avoid further splitting of the Ukrainian identity in the imperial body, have been analysed. The legislative activity, which was focused on strengthening the status of the Russian language as a regional language, has been outlined. Linguistic colonial approaches at the level of legislative initiatives in language policy have been spotlighted, in particular in the Kivalov-Kolesnichenko Law.

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The United Right and Rights of Polish Women

Author(s): Jolanta Kaczmarek / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

The election victories of the United Right in 2015 and 2019 are associated with limiting women’s rights. This applies mainly to reproduction, security in the home place, the labour market or politics. Changes in the situation of the Polish women under the rule of the conservative coalition are the subject of this article. Its aim is to present the process of implementing the right-wing vision of the role of women in society. The researchers asked the following questions: Do legal regulations sufficiently protect the safety of Polish women under the rule of United Right? What is the process of changes taking place in the labour market from the point of view of women? Is there a slight but systematic increase in the number of women in parliament and their promotion to other high political positions? In order to obtain answers to the above questions, an analysis of the texts of documents and magazines was used. The analysis showed a radical restriction of women’s rights.

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Bulgaria’s Eu Accession: Between Ecclesiastical Concerns and the State’s Pro-Western Outlook

Author(s): Miloš Petrović,Milan Veselica / Language(s): English Issue: 1190/2024

This paper analyses the socio-political position and role of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church in the context of the country’s accession to the European Union. The authors consider these aspects from the perspective of distinctive circumstances and attitudes within the Church, which significantly differed from those of state authorities in the context of European integration. The limitations of the Church in terms of socio-political influence were closely tied to existential challenges, such as schisms and exposure to state intervention, coupled with a low degree of religiosity. Given the extensive reach of the Europeanization process affecting political, economic, and social dimensions and the historical influence of Orthodox churches on political decision-making and public opinion, the authors seek to explore the political ramifications of isolationist tendencies, internal divisions, and public perceptions, coupled with the ambivalence between political pro-Westernism (pro-Europeanism) and religious anti-Westernism. The hypothesis posits that the Church did not have a prominent role in the course of European integration as a consequence of the isolationist tendencies derived from its recent history. To investigate this assumption, the authors rely on the rational choice perspective of religious institutions. Additionally, the authors examine the Church’s recent history and challenges, its unusual position within the Orthodox world, and the geopolitical circumstances that have increasingly marginalised religious authorities in favour of state decision-makers.

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Citizenship, violence and identity politics

Author(s): Vikramendra Kumar / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

This paper is aimed at depicting the interface between citizenship, violence and identity politics. Further, it also inquires conceiving collective violence as a social fact which means that it has to be analysed within the context of a specific action environment, i.e. a social milieu that consists of a series of possible actions emerging from a particular group way of life as well as the relational dynamics of these group-making social processes.

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The role of stereotypes and meta-stereotypes attribution in expressing threat related to social identity: the perspective of the need based model

Author(s): Clementine Kanazayire / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

According to the needs-based model of socio emotional reconciliation, after a conflict, victims of hostilities suffer from a threat to their social identity as meaningful and powerful actors and members of the perpetrator group experience threat to their identity as moral actors.1 These threats felt by victims and perpetrators can be expressed in the daily interactions through the stereotypes and meta-stereotypes attributions which play a big role in ingroup definition and evaluation2,3 and are structured along three dimensions: the dimension of sociability, dimension of competence and dimension of morality,4‒6 When these identity threats are not addressed they can impede reconciliation process. In the present interview study we will explore the way the identity threats whose suffer victims and perpetrators of genocide against Tutsis according to NBM, are expressed in stereotypes and meta-stereotypes attribution and investigate if the meta-stereotype attributions have confirmed the stereotype attributions. It also examined if the stereotypes and meta stereotypes that survivors and non-victims attribute to each other are structured along three dimensions: moral, social and agency, play a role in defining identity and determining its value.

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Africa’s Triple Heritage and Being and Becoming African in Ghana: A Futile Pursuit or a Promising Prospect?

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Africa’s Triple Heritage and Being and Becoming African in Ghana: A Futile Pursuit or a Promising Prospect?

Author(s): Delali Amuzu,David Addae / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Africa’s triple heritage (African, Western and Arabian) situates Africa and African people in a uniquely intricate position where African socio-cultural, political and economic realities constantly struggle for agency, having been undermined by false Euro-Christian and Arab-Islamic propaganda. The yearning to be and become African has accordingly been entangled in the demands of Euro-Arabian realities. The purpose of this article is to use the following rites of passage – birth, marriage and death – as a framework to explore the parameters of (not) belonging within this triple heritage in Ghana. Under the framework, the objective is to draw out the tensions, contradictions, complexities, as well as conceptions of (dis)empowerment buried in these legacies, particularly, how departing from Euro-Arabian dictates can be (dis)empowering. The essay critiques the asymmetrical power relations among these heritages, as well as the inclination of the Euro-Arabian heritage to create a (re)composition of Africans based on vulnerability and fear. Ultimately, the thesis explores the possibility of Ghanaians being and becoming African, given Africa’s triple heritage.

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Separatizam u departmanu Santa Kruz kao faktor destabilizacije Bolivije

Author(s): Rajko Petrović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1190/2024

The subject of this research is the analysis of the impact that separatism in the department of Santa Cruz in Bolivia has on the destabilisation of this country, primarily through the study of two cases: the months-long rebellion of the rich and lowland eastern departments led by Santa Cruz against the central government in 2008 and the role played by separatist political forces from Santa Cruz in carrying out the coup d’état against Evo Morales in 2019. The research aims to validate the first hypothesis, which holds that Santa Cruz separatism is a historical category and that it causes social, political, and economic tensions between the western and eastern regions of Bolivia, which are geographically and culturally distinct from one another. The results of the research showed that separatism in the department of Santa Cruz is one of the key factors in the destabilisation of Bolivia because there are farright-oriented political parties and movements, as well as politicians and influential rich people who are strongly against the left-wing regime and who want to create an independent state on the soil of this department. The research’s conclusion highlights the historicalrivalry between Bolivia’s eastern and western parts while also emphasising the necessity of demystifying the superiority of the Santa Cruz identity over native identities and fostering dialogue to end it. We employed historical, case study, and comparative analytic methods during the research.

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W stronę idealnej wizji dziejów Polski w XX wieku. Polska polityka historyczna po 2015 roku

Author(s): Rafał Stobiecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

The article attempts to critically look at the history policy of the Law and Justice Party (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, PiS) after 2015, with particular emphasis on the new vision of twentieth-century Polish history created within the PiS framework. According to the author, it is beginning to disturbingly resemble a historical utopia – an ideal picture of the past, with a clear emphasis on the conflict of absolutely understood “good” and “evil”, with model heroes who should become role models for subsequent generations.

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Increasing women’s representation in the Cameroon parliament: do numbers really matter?

Author(s): Violet Yigha Fokum,Lotsmart N Fonjong / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2018

This paper examines the relationship between increasing the number of female legislators in Cameroon and it impact on gender-related policy, from a critical analysis of the participation of individual parliamentarians in influencing parliamentary proceedings and decisions within existing parliamentary structures. The study uses the concept of descriptive and substantive representation within the framework of the critical mass theory to investigate the extent to which an increase in the presence of women in the Cameroonian parliament will affect the quality of women‘s issues presented to parliament. Eleven female parliamentarians were interviewed. The study reveals that an increase in the number of women does not significantly enhance substantive representation or women’s issues. It noted that while the profiles of female parliamentarians influence their participation in decision making structures within parliament, party discipline and the parliamentary system has more influences on the issues and policies debated and voted in parliament than numbers.

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TRACES OF NORBERT ELIAS IN THE SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA: A FIGURATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE COLLAPSE OF YUGOSLAV IDENTITY

Author(s): Özge KOBAK,Pınar EBE GÜZGÜ / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

In this study, the process from the foundation of Yugoslavia to its collapse was examined by considering Norbert Elias’s figurations. Yugoslavia serves as evidence of how accurate Elias’s figurations are in the context of states. It also signifies the delicate balances inherent in these figurations. Yugoslavia stands as proof of how the disruption of balance in figurations can lead to undesirable outcomes. In this context, Elias’ definition of four figurations was applied to the case of Yugoslavia, and a figurative answer was sought for the reason for the collapse of Yugoslav identity. The way different nations came together and the factors influencing this union were examined within the framework of Elias’s “survival unit”. Yugoslavia’s disintegration was exemplified by the figuration of the survival unit. As known, in Yugoslavia, an effort was made to establish a “we” among different nations coming together, but since every nation couldn’t abandon the “I” mentality, this endeavour proved unsuccessful. The cooperation of different nations for survival, how this cooperation process functioned, and the fact that nations continued to compete despite all cooperation were evaluated within the framework of the “cooperation and competition balance” figuration. The “involvement and detachment figuration”, exemplified by a football match in Yugoslavia, serves as a compelling example of this balance.

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