Religion und Marxismus in Jugoslawien

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): German Issue: 02/1980

The recent in-party discussion on questions of the relationship between church and state is expressed, inter alia, in the extensive book published in 1978 by Todo Kurtović „Church and Religion in the Socialist Self-Government Society“. Kurtović is a member of the CC of the BKJ and chairman of the Socialist Lea-gue; until the last party congress in 1978 he was influential secretary in the now dissolved executive committee of the Central Committee Bureau. Already on June 6 and 7, 1977 In cooperation with the party school "Josip Broz Tito", the committee responsible for education had invited to a seminar entit-led "The Communist League of Yugoslavia in relation to the phenomenon of religion and the church and the activities of the faith communities in our country‘s socialist self-administrated society." The seminar, attended by 200 officials, dealt with issues that were frankly acknowledged to have been neglected so far because they were generally considered" delicate "or" even unpleasant for public discussion. " The papers and contributions to the discussion, which we present in part in the following, have been summarized in a booklet "exclusively for internal use" within the BKJ and can therefore be considered as authentic for the process of shaping the opinion of the Yugoslav Communists. The following excerpts are limited to utterances on the complex of a "Marxist foundations of education" and, in addi-tion to barely accessible figures on the status of "religiosity" in Yugoslavia, also reflect the divergent views on the possibility presented in the discussion, namely that of faithful teachers to be taught by state schools.

ROMÂNIA ÎN PROCESUL DE COMUNICARE INTERCULTURALĂ ÎN REGIUNEA MĂRII NEGRE

Author(s): Corneliu Pavel / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2021

Analiza istorică pune în evidență importanța regiunii Mării Negre pentru continentul european, datorită situării acesteia la intersecția dintre marile civilizații care s-au succedat, de-a lungul timpului, în spațiul pontic. Culturile greacă, elenistică, romană, bizantină, otomană sau rusă au exercitat o serie de influențe asupra dezvoltării societăților din regiune, bazinul Mării Negre fiind considerat, în antichitate, ca fiind o punte de legătură și o zonă de tranzit între cultura europeană și culturile eurasiatice. În acest articol voi trece în revistă doar elementele de comunicare interculturală dintre România și ceilalți actori statali regionali, având drept scop sublinierea importanței specificului cultural al națiunilor în evoluția procesului de comunicare din bazinul pontic. Diferențele culturale dintre popoarele europene și cele asiatice din acest spațiu geografic, conflictele interetnice sau cele paramilitare, acțiunile grupărilor teroriste, resursele de hidrocarburi și altele care se găsesc în regiune, toate acestea contribuie la creșterea intereselor unor actori statali și nestatali față de potențialul strategic, social, economic și energetic al regiunii Mării Negre.

Mocking and Making: Subjugation and Suppression of Marginalized and the Politics of Identity

Author(s): Sohaib Alam,Sadef Khalid,Farhan Ahmad,Muhammed Salim Keezhatta / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Aim. The present study aims at foregrounding the importance of language and discourses advanced to suppress the voices of dissent and minorities. The subtle art of stimulating a psychologically suppressed identity or subjective violence is either through making or mocking historical facts, cultures, and human activities manifesting the concept of authoritarian democracy. Further, the aim of the study is to grasp the sense of constraints between universality and particularity that denounces the ‘reassertion of identity,’ among Indian Muslims. Moreover, the study judiciously examines disguised ‘mechanisms’ employed under authoritarian politics, tech-populism and journalism intending to promote businesses, dissemination of misinformation and contributes to creating an apocryphal human history, social alienation, and to discrediting an individual’s spontaneity. Concept. The innate unity in a democratic society can be actualised either by envisaging or by translating the texts, thoughts, language and actions, which are altogether conceiving distinctive meanings to morality, ethnicity and culture having its relevance in the contemporary context. The paper features multiple trends/cases of how a single-party monologue has weakened pluralism along with the domination of othering the ‘Others’ under racial, cultural, and national particularism. The paper qualitatively investigates different incidents of transcreation of discourse in establishing or reclaiming the identity contextualised in Frantz Fanon’s declaration of ‘reclaiming the past.’ Results and conclusion. An ingenious discussion on dynamic languages, cultures and action enriches with time and individual incidents are discussed in the study. It re-evaluates the significance of revisiting the history to reclaim, reform, and reconstruct malleable identity and ideologies that take years to build, improvise and restore diversityabove majoritarian dogmatism in India. Originality. An inquiry into how thoughts, languages, and human action intertwined are to build a complaisant or contemptuous human identity is the idea behind the article. Indeed, the study’s originality depends on sorting and revisiting numerous dimensions of translation and transcreation of languages, linguistic structure, ideology,and political intent in recent times, either subjugating or falsifying facts against the marginalized in India. The attempt is based on analyzing how the shift in knowledge, culture and social identity construction supersede the less powerful. It is practiced through utilizing tech support, popular mass culture and evolves a discourse to manipulate andmobilize human consciousness for commercial and political gains.

Recreative activism in Romania

Author(s): Ruxandra Gubernat,Henry Rammelt / Language(s): English Issue: Spec 5/2017

The present article analyzes the new culture of protest in Romania, a type of engagement we define as recreative activism. During the past years, young and culturally-inclined citizens started demanding more and more to have a share in the political process. To explain the novelty of this phenomenon, we argue that patterns of cultural consumption in the scene contributed to the spiral of ever-increasing participation in protests throughout the past six years, mainly drawing on in-depth interviews with activists and adherents of the Romanian alternative scene. This data was further supplemented by inferences derived from participative observation and content analysis. Three main protest waves were analyzed and critically put in context: the Rosia Montana (2013), Colectiv (2015), and OUG 13 (2017) protests. Our main findings are that recreative activism has its roots in the concomitance of cultural consumption and noninstitutionalized political participation, as well as in a certain disenchantment of protest participants with post-communist politics. Further, recreative activism is characteristic for nonconventional political involvement, which requires less commitment than classic activism and is less influenced by ideologies.

Arancini, identity, and the refugee debate in Sicily

Author(s): Enzo Zaccardelli,Jeffrey H. Cohen / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

In August of 2018, the Italian national government prohibited North African passengers onboard the Diciotti from disembarking in Catania, Sicily. The ship had docked amid an ongoing debate over how Italy should respond to an increasing number of immigrants and refugees arriving to the nation’s shores. Pro-migrant Sicilians came to the dock wielding arancini--fried rice balls--which are emblematic of the island's history and culture, as a way to symbolically welcome the migrants onboard the Diciotti. Nationalist Sicilians came as well to counter-protest the pro-migrant group. This paper asks first, who are the opposing groups (pro-migrant and nationalist Sicilians) and why did they adopt arancini? Second, how does arancini become a symbol of welcome and at the same time inhospitality? Third, how does the encounter become a stage for the larger debate over the meaning of identity in Sicily? By shifting the focus towards the host population and how it contests the meanings of such important local symbols, we capture the complexities of reception and debates over how natives perceive and receive migrants.

Soft Power – Diplomacy and Identity

Author(s): Mădălina Liana IACOB / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This paper aims to describe the relationship between diplomacy and identity. Can we still talk about soft power in the terms of Joseph Nye? Does Europe use soft power? And if so, does it use it regarding the term of ‘collective identity’? Starting from the article of Anthony D. Smith, National identity and the idea of European unity, can we talk about collective cultural identity? Europe is a continent that knows and accepts lots of different cultures but does it aim, in terms of definition, to have a single „European culture”? There are lots of questions raised by this article. If the members of UE are searching to have a collective identity, how are the member states reacting to this idea? Eventually, every single country is not going to give up the national culture and what is defining each other. There is a common destiny that combines continuity and memory. We can find this at every social level and also regarding the national diplomacy. Attracting the UE members into having a European culture, and doing this in terms of soft power, can this really work for the UE? The European identity, as well as the national identity, it is not a natural one but a social one. It is a social construct seen as the result of historical conditions and cultural relations.

MAKEDONYA SORUNUNUN KONSTRÜKTİVİZM BAĞLAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Author(s): Esra KARLIOVA SOYSAL,Sevcan YILDIZ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2021

The Macedonian question is an issue which is formed by Macedonia and its neighbours, has existed for years in the Balkans. Although several international attempts have not led to some solution of the problem, there are some examples such as the Ohrid process and the name referendum, but there are still doubts as to the durability and effectiveness of these attempts. Macedonia's international position, such as its recognition and membership in the organization, is also affected by this situation. If identity and normative facts are accepted as fundamental to the Macedonian question, the issue can be dealt with in the theory of constructivism. In this article, I have examined creating an analytical framework that applies the method of constructivism on the Macedonian question.

INTERRELIGIOUS DIALOGUE AND FEELINGS OF SHAME AND PRIDE ABOUT STATE POWER: A JEWISH CONTRIBUTION

Author(s): George R. Wilkes / Language(s): English Issue: 35/2021

This essay reflects on the place of shame and pride in interreligious dialogue, focusing on the decades of progress in Christian-Jewish dialogue after the Holocaust and the establishment of the State of Israel. This dialogue has demonstrated what many attempts at dialogue do: dialogues develop in historical contexts marked by the use of power, and partners in dialogue seek a kind of recognition that requires an equality that historic power relationships have obstructed. Feelings of shame and pride have a place at the table even where partners seek to construct an interreligious dialogue that is non-political and separated from historic tensions. Jewish partners to Christian-Jewish dialogue have brought resources from their own religious tradition to engage with these feelings, often centred on their own agency and responsibility, instead of matching the discourses about historic Christian power that have been central in the recent history of Christian-Jewish dialogue. The essay indicates how engaging with responses that reflect such subjective feelings can strengthen efforts to build peace through interreligious solidarity, even where dialogues are intended to focus participants on advancing an agenda identified instead with agreements based on principles and reason.

SOMEBODY ELSE’S PROBLEM AS A PRACTICE IN THE IDENTITY DISCOURSE

Author(s): Ewa Maria Marciniak / Language(s): English Issue: 68/2020

The article presents the characteristics of various types of collective identities: hard, programmatic, soft, pluralistic, and proposes an outline of the concept of reflective identity as essential for democratic public discourse. Moreover, the practice of invalidation in the public discourse has been analyzed. Articulated invalidation and silent invalidation have been articulated as two communicative practices and their characteristics. The article presents the social and psychological reasons for invalidation as a practice of public discourse.

ПРОБЛЕМА ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ ЕТНІЧНОЇ ІДЕНТИЧНОСТІ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ДІАСПОРИ В БРАЗИЛІЇ

Author(s): Iryna Valeriivna Pidkurkova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2021

Problem setting. The Ukrainian diaspora in Brazil is one of the most remoted ethnicentity. Having a difficult history of emigration, Ukrainians have integrated quite well into the life of this country, but still managed to preserve its culture, language and traditions.The study of this phenomenon will help to clarify the conditions and factors that allowed Brazilian Ukrainians not to lose its mental connection with their homeland and to represent its nation with dignity outside Ukraine.Recent research and publications analysis. Various aspects of the phenomenon of the diaspora, as well as its history, place and significance in socio-economic, cultural and political life are studied by the following researchers: M. Astvartatsurova, V. Yevtukh,W. Safran, G. Sheffer and others. Issues of the Brazilian diaspora are considered by:O. Borushenko, I. Zakrevs’ka, I. Sushinska and others. Problems of national (ethnic) identityare the subject of search of such scientists as L. Bielovetska, M. Voronina, S. Sidorenko,E. Smith and others.Paper object. The aim of the article is to study the conditions and factors of preservingthe ethnic identity of the Ukrainian diaspora in Brazil, as well as to clarify the role of religion, education, language in its provision.Paper main body. Today, the diaspora can be defined as an ethnic community that arises outside their homeland due to various migrations, and, due to unwillingness (or impossibility) to fully assimilate in non-ethnic societies, retains its ethnic identity (culture,language, traditions, etc.). In order to preserve, reproduce and develop, the diaspora creates certain institutions that consolidate its position and ensure interaction with the country of residence and the country of origin.One of the key features in understanding the diaspora is ethnic identity, which is defined as an individual’s identification with a particular nation, awareness of their belonging to a national community based on a set of characteristics (territory, citizenship, language,mentality, temperament, history, culture, religion, common interests, aspirations, goals,ideals, needs, etc.), which fundamentally distinguish this nation from other similar groups.All these characteristics are inherent in one of the most remoted ethnic communities – the Ukrainian diaspora in Brazil, which is also one of the oldest (dates back to the late nineteenth century). And quite numerous (according to various estimates from 600,000 to1,000,000 people). What helps Brazilian Ukrainians not to lose, to preserve their national identity far beyond its historical homeland?Factors that determined the formation of the ethnic identity of the Ukrainian diaspora in Brazil are, first of all, the challenges and threats that united immigrants from Ukraine,and secondly, the territory of their compact coexistence (southeastern Brazil). An important factor in the formation and preservation of ethnic identity in Brazil is the church, that historically unites Ukrainian community. An indisputable role in preserving Ukrainian identity belongs to the native school in Brazil. From the first years, Ukrainian settlers began to take care of a place where their children could get at least primary education.Today, Brazil has a network of Sunday and Saturday schools, as well as private Ukrainian schools. An indicator of ethnic identity is the language for the study of which a favorable policy has been introduced in Brazil: there are courses in the Ukrainian language and literature; created conditions for free teaching of the Ukrainian language as a foreign language in public schools located in places of compact residence of ethnic Ukrainians.A number of cultural and public societies, which appeared at the end of the 19th century,play a significant role in preserving Ukrainian identity in Brazil and they are still functioning. Brazil is actively developing Ukrainian-language media, including Internet resources, on which Brazilians of Ukrainian origin promote and propagate Ukrainian culture.Conclusions of the research. Ukrainians have been quite successful in integrating in Brazil, taking a worthy place in its socio-economic and socio-political life, but at the same time they have been able to preserve their national identity. Certain factors contributed to the creation of a fairly large and authoritative Ukrainian diaspora in Brazil, which is characterized by its ethnic identity. The church, which supports and provides spiritual guidance, plays a significant role in preserving the identity of Ukrainian migrants; a school that provides education and upbringing of new generations; created socio-political and cultural associations that help to socialize in a non-ethnic society and at the same time cultivate their national traditions.

Being Young in the Diaspora: Fragmentation of the Palestinian Youth Mobilisation from the Middle East to Europe

Author(s): Fanny Christou / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

While the current research mainly deals with the Palestinian youth in the Middle East, reports from various organisations, whose most accounts are descriptive, hardly provide a sustained and critical evaluation of their nature and impact. With an urgent need to understand better youth engagement in exile under adverse conditions in a conflict-ridden society such as the Palestinian one, this paper aims to analyse the Palestinian youth initiatives from the Middle-East (Lebanon, Syria and Palestine) to Europe (Sweden). Focusing on the Palestinian youth in the diaspora, this paper provides an analysis of the impact of migratory trajectories and activist backgrounds in regards to the evolution of the mobilisation’s practices. Notwithstanding the stunning achievements of the Palestinian youth movement, this article investigates the fragmentation and even collapse of many of these types of engagement due to political and socio-cultural ruptures, throughout data collected in Sweden, and employing the youth engagement theoretical framework.

Putin, Rusija i svet

Author(s): Vladimir Trapara / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1183/2021

Savremeni bosanskohercegovački kulturni identitet i ideologija etnonacionalizma

Author(s): Merima Jašarević,Stefan Elezović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 16/2021

Rad je koncipiran kao pregledni znanstveni rad koji se temelji na istraživanju provedenog za potrebe diplomskog rada na II ciklusu studija Odsjeka sociologija na Nastavničkom fakultetu Univerziteta „Džemal Bijedić“ u Mostaru. Teorijski koncepti etnonacionalizma i poimanje položaja (a bolje reći opstojanja) bosanskohercegovačkog kulturnog identiteta predstavlja, sasvim sigurno, glavno težiste ovog rada. Osim što kultura ima najvažniji faktor nakon primarne socijalizacije u razvijanju temeljne društvenosti pojedinaca i grupa, ona danas, čini se, postaje poligon za produbljivanje različitih a najviše etničkih i religijskih antagonizama koji u ruku pod ruku s razvaljenim obrazovnim sistemom kreiraju potpuni kolaps društva u cjelini.

Öllös, László: European Identity

Author(s): András A. Gergely / Language(s): English Issue: 5. (Eng)/2021

Öllös’s book is an attempt, an experiment, to focus on a new form of identity, while our existing identities are being lost or transformed. This bit, just like the book in its entirety, is “part of a fundamental debate about the future of Europe, hoping to contribute to solving a range of issues concerning the current crisis”.

ЈЕЗИЧКА ПОЛИТИКА И ИДЕНТИТЕТ: СЛУЧАЈ БОСНЕ И ХЕРЦЕГОВИНЕ

Author(s): Bogdan Dražeta,Tatiana Popadeva / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 180/2021

Language policy is seen as a tool which supports state sovereignty: together with the rule of power and territorial integrity, laws are passed to protect national and minority languages, while professional communities codify languages and develop literary norms. However, despite the significant work of linguists, culturologists and sociologists, language problems often remain on the periphery of political science research, as well as ethnology and anthropology. The purpose of this article is to fill the existing disciplinary gap, and to consider the problem of the relationship between language and identity on the example of “trilingualism” of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where language policy can be considered as a marker of identity. After the appropriate theoretical data, material collected through fieldwork will be presented, demonstrating which members of three nations – Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats – think about their own language and the relationship between language and identity. The phonetic principle of spelling “write as you speak”, created more than two centuries ago as a means of integration, has become a tool of separation, making ordinary people feel threatened by each other, but still deeply aware that language is something that connects them.

КУЛТУРНИТЕ ИДЕНТИТЕТИ VS. ДЕМОКРАТИЈАТА/МОНДИЈАЛИЗАЦИЈАТА

Author(s): Zlatko Kramarić / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 58/2011

This text is designed as an introduction to the examination processes and practices that will allow a envisioning of contemporary system of national states as “a family of nations”. This imagined international community is not some supranational or cosmopolitan world, on the contrary it is an international world, the world in which a globality is understood as something that is constituted by interrelations of separate nations.

Srpska kulturna baština i srpska nacionalna manjina u Albaniji

Author(s): Vladimir Lužnjanin,Miloš P. Dimić,Nemanja Vojinović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1177/2020

Their interests were represented by the Cemiyet Party, which was eventually banned due to anti-state operations. During the reign of Enver Hoxha in neighboring Albania, their compatriots of the Albanian national minority in Kosovo and Metohija had freedom of thought, freedom of speech and political freedoms in many areas of life. In general, they had much more rights than their compatriots in Albania. However, the Serbian national minority in communist Albania during that time was suffering from the terror of boundless proportions. The personal names of people, cultural and religious heritage, freedom of religion, expression of nationality, all aspects of human life, and sometimes even life itself became subject of general oppression during the time of the dictator Enver Hoxha. After the dissolution of SFR Yugoslavia, NATO aggression against Yugoslavia, and temporary occupation of the southern Serbian province, status and position of the Serbian minority in Albania looked gloomier than during the rule of Enver Hoxha. The paper intends to give a brief historical account of the circumstances that explain the consequences of the present state of the Serbian national minority. However, it will primarily be focused on the present state of our minority, the renewal of its linguistic, cultural and religious life (a large number of Serbs in Albania are Muslims, especially in central Albania). Currently, the leading role in the renewal of the Serbian minority and its national and ethnic consciousness has an association Moraca-Rozafa from Shkodra, the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Republic of Serbia and many other individuals involved. Also, the authors of this paper want to point out the positive role of the Republic of Serbia and its concern for the compatriots in Albania.

Pitanje hrišćanske tradicije u identitetu Evropske unije

Author(s): Mirela Lončar / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1173/2019

The subject of this paper is the question of the religious identity of the European Union (EU). The author in this paper points to the Christian tradition of Europe, which played a major role in the formation of its identity. The significant influence of Roman Catholicism and the Vatican contributed to the construction of the European Coal and Steel Community and later the European Economic Community (EEC). The European community formed by the “founder’s fathers” was based on two pillars: Christian civilization and democracy. With the entry into force of the Treaty of Maastricht, this has changed. The EU has adopted secular, political values as key values and pillars of the EU. The aim of this paper is to point out that Christianity is an essential element of the EU’s identity, especially in view of the current developments in relation to immigration waves in Europe. This paper will try to provide a modest contribution to the academic debate on the issue of “Islamization of Europe”.

Nacionalne manjine u bilateralnim sporazumima Srbije sa zemljamau regionu

Author(s): Nada Raduški / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1174/2019

The aim of this paper is to present regional cooperation and bilateral relations with neighboring countries with which Serbia borders through the prism of the position and rights of national minorities. The paper analyzes the status of the so-called new minorities in Serbia (Croatian and Macedonian), as well as the minority rights of the Hungarian and Romanian national minorities. Serbia has signed bilateral agreements with these four countries, which is of great importance for good interstates relations and Serbia's entry into the European Union. Also, the paper discusses the position and rights of the Serbian minority in the former Yugoslav republics, as well as in some neighboring member states of the European Union (Hungary, Romania). In addition, it analyses the basic demographic indicators (number and spatial distribution) that determine the realization of the rights and freedoms of each minority. Although the social and legal status of the Serbian minority is determined by European standards, they are in practice faced with assimilation. In order to fully realize minority rights and improve the position of the Serb minority, ratified international documents, bilateral agreements, national laws, as well as well-designed policies and assistance from the home state are of great importance.

Evroskepticizam kao činilac političkog identiteta građana Republike Srbije

Author(s): Nenad Stekić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1166-1167/2017

This paper aims at presenting the most notable academic debates on Euroscepticism, as well as presenting the results of public opinion research on European integration of the Republic of Serbia. Research questions to which this paper will offer potential answers are related to the involvement of Euroscepticism within the political identity of Serbian citizens in the context of current negotiations with the European Union. As a secondary source of data, the author will use the results of researches conducted for the Serbian European Integration Office, for the 2009–2017 period. The author will chronologically present development of public opinion concerning the Serbian membership within the European Union. Besides, factors which lead to continuous Euroscepticism in the Republic of Serbia will also be addressed. The conclusion of this paper suggests that there is a long-term and high-level existence of Euroscepticism of Serbian citizens, especially after the Stabilisation and Association Agreement was signed in 2008.