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TERRORISM IS NOT RANDOM NOR CHAOTIC

Author(s): Florina Daniela Gheorghe / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2016

Amid the multiplications of terrorist attacks in several areas of the Globe, it is important to understand the processes and conditions that lead to such events. Although they might seem random, we must take into account the Aristotle’s concept according to which “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts”. In complex adaptive systems, a relatively small number of players react to a set of changeable, dynamic, situational factors. Furthermore, they are not repeated in any known pattern and cannot be malleable in a predictive analysis.Analyzing terrorist networks as complex systems, this paper examines the general framework looking to understand their interlocking elements.

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An Operative Area for Amphibious Ships: Fighting Piracy

Author(s): Alper Gunoral,Fahri Erenel / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2016

Piracy has always been a big problem for sea routes. Several years ago the Gulf of Eden was the high risk area for mariners. United Nations task groups, big war ships took charge for maritime security and 2016 became a quieter year in that area. But piracy never diminished globally despite total efforts and millions of dollars spent. The new High Risk Areas seem to be Gulf of Guinea and around Malacca Strait. Malacca Strait is also a narrower and risky area for big ships. This article compares different kinds of warships, to offer a new way of fighting against piracy, while reducing costs for flag states and increasing effectiveness.

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ISLAMIC STATE ONLINE PROPAGANDA

Author(s): Daniela Stefanescu / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2016

The Islamic State use of social media and its social media presence have become the 21st century main terrorist threat. The organization reached a meteoric rise worldwide by its impressive and well-planned multilingual social media campaign which included videos, pictures, magazines, Islamic nasheeds, and the widespread use of social platforms, especially Twitter and Telegram. Thus, the Islamic State transformed itself into a global brand synonymous with terrorism and Salafist Islam. This paper will analyze the Islamic State online strategy and discourse in general as well as its strategic goals, target audience, and related social media to underline the professional and calculated social media information campaign of the Islamic State, which resemble very much to political PR campaigns

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THE TERROR PARADIGMS FROM HIZBALLAH - GOD’S PARTY TO THE FATIMA IMAMELYSM

Author(s): Nicolae Radu / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2010

The need to know as many details as possible about the "psychological, physical and professional preparation of terrorists, terrorist groups, arising from the intention of brainwashing new recruits, religious indoctrination and training based on patterns inspired by the Great Jihad Encyclopedia , The letter of a member of al-Qaeda, How to resist and confront special services investigators require now more than ever, special attention to understand the reconfiguration of terrorist groups and a new approach to anti-terrorism training fighters. Al-Qaeda ("Jihad al-Qaeda "), after the merger in June 2001 with Al-Jihad (Egyptian Islamic Jihad) has common training bases in the South, South-East Asia and the Middle East. It is well-known that apart from these bases, the terrorist group is very active in its European cells called white al Qaeda or "terrorists with white skin." This group brings together around 800 Bosnian mujahedins and its purpose is to extend Al-Qaida in Europe, with the ultimate goal of creating a "pan-Islamic" caliphate worldwide.

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CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING MONEY LAUNDRING

Author(s): Ciprian Garleanu / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2010

“To wash money” is an American expression which refers to the reinvestment in legal business of the money resulted from illegal business by the use of some complex internal and international financial circuits. In this way the money are practically removed from the offended area, hidden in one legal business accounts and then used by a legal company. This process is the nucleus of the main strategies of washing money as complex as they are.

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Mea culpa – the role of religion in corruption perception

Author(s): Ivan Valdovinos-Hernandez,Mike Szymanski,Karina Grabowska / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

Corruption, i.e. an abuse of power by a person in a position of authority in exchange for personal benefits, is a major concern in international business. It delays economic development since it undermines democracy, alters competition mechanisms, increases the cost of doing business and discourages foreign direct investment (cuervo-cazurra, 2006; Nwabuzor, 2005; Seleim and bontis, 2009). Due to its high impact, corruption has been studied extensively from both economic and cultural perspectives. In this study we focus on the latter. religion seems to have an influence on political preference and work ethic, and as such, some religions may attenuate or exacerbate corruption practices. Previous research is inconclusive on the direction of such influence. We created an original dataset for our study to test our hypotheses. Addressing previous criticism on extant research regarding the heterogeneity of individual religious beliefs, we decided to use individual surveys. In this sense, we followed the example of Ko and Moon (2014), using the World Value Survey (WVS) dataset and the corruption Perception Index (transparency International, 2018) as a source for the dependent variable. Our study confirms that one religion sets itself apart from others as a variable affecting the level of perceived corruption within a country.

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KORUPCIJA DARBO SANTYKIUOSE

Author(s): Kristina Ambrazevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 97 (1)/2019

Despite the fact that the concept of corruption is not used in labor law, conducted researches have shown that corruption in employment is a widespread phenomenon. Therefore, this article is dedicated to the investigation of corruption in labor relations and focuses on situations occurring within the company, in the relationship between employee and employer. The article analyzes the preconditions and conception of corruption in labor relations, the elements of corruption and their peculiarities in labor relations. In the end, different institutes of labor law are evaluated from the perspective of corruption risk. Concerning the preconditions of corruption in labor relations, the nature of the modern company, based on the delegation of management function to the directors of the company must be mentioned. In addition, other preconditions of corruption in labor relations are tied with the power of discretion of the employee, which may be abused. It would be wrong to suggest that acts of corruption are only related to the top executives of the company. Each employee may, under certain conditions, acquire decision-making power and may, accordingly, start abusing it. The concept of corruption is not used in the Labor Code. Nonetheless, it is clear that acts of corruption are widespread in the labor relations. Taking into account the definitions of corruption in the private sector, which was proposed in previous studies, corruption in labor relations can be considered as any behavior of a person working under employment contract, that does not meet the requirements arising from their legal duties or standards of conduct (or the promotion of such behavior) seeking the benefit for themselves or others and undermining the interests of a company. Thus, in order to ascertain the act of corruption, three elements must be identified: first, the employee’s behavior does not meet the duties and obligations established by the employment contract or labor laws; second, the fact, that the employee is seeking bene.ts for himself or for others; third, actual or potential damage to the company.

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KORUPCIJOS VALDYMAS IR KONTROLE PANAUDOJANT ŽINIASKLAIDOS SEKTORIU: KORUPCIJOS PREVENCIJA STIPRINANT SPAUDOS LAISVE

Author(s): Mindaugas Lankauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 97 (1)/2019

Corruption prevention is an important measure addressing corruption because it targets the very roots of corruption phenomenon. Repressive measures, indeed, are also important, but they are mostly oriented to the symptoms of that phenomenon. The article analyses the impact of press freedom on corruption in mass-media sector in particular and in society in general. In order to achieve this goal, relevant scientific literature and most important empirical research on the subject were analysed. Analysis of scientific literature on the subject and relevant empirical research has shown a causal relationship between (level of) press freedom and (level of) corruption in most countries. Accordingly, mass media as a “watchdog” plays an important role in corruption prevention. Free press discloses cases of corrupt behaviour, demands accountability for it and formulates negative public opinion towards corruption. On the other hand, if reporting on corrupt practices becomes too intense, it could increase an apathy towards corruption in society. Nevertheless, free press is undoubtedly effective indirect measure to prevent corruption and more of press freedom leads to less corruption. Especially, this is the case, when it comes hand in hand with strong competition in the media market, high level of economic freedom and high standards of democracy. In Lithuania, freedom of the press is in a relatively good position, comparing it to other countries. On the other hand, there are potential dangers to it, introduced in recent Government legislative initiatives, related to free access to information and ideological control of media content. In order to curb corruption using media sector, it is important to strengthen freedom of press using various economic, legal or educational measures. For instance, criminal liability for defamation should be abolished as a disproportional measure. In addition, freedom of the press could be strengthened by financial support provided to investigative journalism projects, also by organising trainings, establishing scholarships or awards for the best researches, and finally, by encouraging transparency while disclosing the ownership of the media outlets.

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КОРУПЦІЯ У СФЕРІ ВИКОНАННЯ ПОКАРАНЬ: ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ШЛЯХИ ЇХ ВИРІШЕННЯ В УКРАЇНІ

Author(s): Lesia Duchiminskaya,Kolb Roksolana / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2018

The article deals with the most problematic issues related to the content of the fight against corruption in the sphere of the execution of punishments of Ukraine, and also scientifically substantiated measures aimed at improving the legal mechanism on the mentioned problems and blocking, neutralizing, eliminating the determinants conducive to the commission of corruption offenses. As practice shows, corruption is one of the significant problems affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of the criminal executive activity of Ukraine, the subject of which is staff of enforcement agencies and institutions. In particular, only in 2016 this category of subjects committed 40 corruption crimes. According to the note, to art. 45 of the Criminal Code (CC) of Ukraine, these include those that are defined in Art. Art. 191, 262, 308, 312, 313, 320, 357, 410 and committed by the abuse of official position, as well as in art. Art. 210, 354, 364, 361-1, 365-2, 368, 368-2 СС and 5 administrative offenses of a corruption nature. Moreover, as established in the course of special scientific research, one of the determinants that determine the commission of these socially dangerous phenomena should be recognized as those gaps that occur in the Law of Ukraine "On the Prevention of Corruption".

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ПРО ДЕЯКІ ШЛЯХИ ЗАПОБІГАННЯ КОРУПЦІЇ В УКРАЇНІ

Author(s): Serhii Kolb / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2018

Practice shows that corruption is one of the global problems for all developing countries, including Ukraine. Its concept is given in Part 1, Article 1 of the Law of Ukraine "On the Prevention of Corruption". At the same time, it should be noted that a number of significant miscalculations have been made in this regulatory act, which have a great impact on the effectiveness of preventing corruption, as well as countering it as a whole. At the same time, despite the fact that scientists and practitioners constantly draw the attention of the domestic legislator to the need to improve the legal mechanism on these issues, in Ukraine the state of things in this direction is almost unchanged. First and foremost, we are talking about the fact that due to the lack of relevant legal norms and, in general, legal regulations, people's deputies of Ukraine are outside the law and responsibility for corruption acts, the order of their election is one of the main determinants of these offenses and the content of political corruption.

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PRANEŠĖJŲ APSAUGA: TEISINIS REGULIAVIMAS IR JO TAIKYMO PIRMIEJI METAI LIETUVOJE

Author(s): Jolanta Zajančkauskienė,Gintarė Bliujienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2020

Corruption, the improper performance of duties, negligence, and other unlawful activities and/or abuses of law can be committed in both public and private organizations. These breaches of law may cause harm to the public interest to a varying extent. One of the legal means of preventing or disclosing such breaches is the reporting of such unlawful acts or omissions. Persons working in or having any other relationship with the organization concerned as a result of future, current, or former employment activities has the opportunity to report irregularities. This requires, however, effective protection of whistleblowers, which guarantees their safety and does not act as a disincentive to reporting. As regards the protection of whistleblowers at the European Union level, it was decided to take concrete legislative measures, i.e. to harmonize the existing legislation and set the minimum standards for whistleblower protection.This article discusses certain provisions of the Republic of Lithuania’s Law on the Protection of Whistleblowers and their compliance with the Directive on the Protection of Persons Reporting on Breaches of Union Law, and assesses the first year of the application of these provisions. On the basis of legal regulation, scientific doctrine, and statistics, this article analyses the following: the purpose of the Republic of Lithuania’s Law on the Protection of Whistleblowers; the concept of a whistleblower and the procedure for recognizing a person as a whistleblower; and measures of support and promotion for whistleblowers that ensure confidentiality, protection from negative impacts, remuneration, and compensation.

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Strengthening the integrity and development of anti-corruption policies in the Republic of Moldova

Author(s): Natalia Putină,Mariana IAȚCO / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The phenomenon of corruption is increasingly invoked in the public agenda of the Republic of Moldova as a major factor, which distorts the transformation and the democratic course of the state. Respectively, the negative dynamics of the tendencies of manifesting corruption facts is a sad reality of the functioning of different institutions in the Republic of Moldova. Corruption in the Republic of Moldova remains a strident problem, highlighted by the prism of different researches, reports and surveys as the main factor that undermines the economic growth, compromises the development of democratic values and tendency to integrate the country into the European community. This paper will treat the state public policy in anti-corruption fight and the effect of that policies on democratization of political process and system.

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The Relationship between Corruption and the Shadow Economy in Ukraine and Other Central and Eastern European Countries

Author(s): Valentyna Cherviakova,Tetiana Cherviakova / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

The article investigates the causes, essence, and peculiarities of corruption and the shadow economy, as well as how they are related, in Ukraine in comparison with other Central and Eastern European countries. A correlation‑regression analysis of statistical data revealed a direct correlation connection of different strengths and statistical significance between levels of corruption and the shadow economy in all Central and Eastern European countries. However, the degree to which corruption impacts the variation in the levels of the shadow economy differs significantly in countries across the region. The key conclusion is that in countries with relatively high levels of corruption and the shadow economy, corruption causes a smaller share of the shadow economy than in countries with relatively low levels of these phenomena. Causes of the weak correlation between levels of corruption and the shadow economy in Ukraine were identified. The main corruption and non‑corruption factors of Ukraine’s economy shadowing were determined. It was concluded that policy and measures to counteract corruption and the shadow economy in Ukraine should be aimed at eliminating their root causes rather than manifestations.

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An Analysis of the Long-Run Relationship Between Corruption and Debt Sustainability in Nigeria

Author(s): Matthew Terry RIVI,Ishmael OGBORU,Dooshima Jennifer RIVI / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Corruption and public debt have continued to increase in Nigeria despite the anti-corruption posture of governments over the years and justifications often advanced for accumulating debts. The rising tides of public sector corruption in Nigeria are pervasive with its debilitating effects on the economy. The government’s anti-corruption campaigns have produced minimal results than expected as the country’s performance on global ranking by Transparency International remains dismal. Coincidentally, the fiscal stability of the economy has been jeopardized by increased public debts without commensurate investments injected into the system.This paper examined the long-run relationship between corruption and debt sustainability in Nigeria from 1996-2019 and employed the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) technique of analysis.The choice of the period covered was informed by the need for a large dataset which guarantees a robust outcome in time series analysis and to capture the year 1996 when Nigeria made its first appearance in the assessment of global perception of corruption by Transparency International. Findings revealed that corruption is negatively related to debt sustainability in Nigeria, suggesting that higher incidences of corruption make public sector debt unsustainable. The speed of adjustment of -0.7575869 is negative which is statistically significant at 5%. This shows that there is 75.76%-point adjustment taking place each period towards the long-run periods. There is, therefore, the need for effective anti-corruption institutions, revisiting of the whistleblower policy, and entrenchment of the culture of transparency in financial transactions in order to curtail the ravaging effects of corruption in Nigeria.

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Corupția – un atentat la adresa drepturilor omului

Author(s): Ioan V. Maxim / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2009

After a brief survey on the history of the corruption phenomenon and the opinions of consecrated authors on corruption, the author presents the main instruments adopted in the field by the United Nations Organization and the Council or Europe, namely, the United Nations Convention against Corruption and, respectively, the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption and the Civil Law Convention on Corruption. A distinctive space is devoted to the definitions and the causes of corruption as well as the evil influence it has upon human rights, upon manʼs life, freedom and dignity, and also upon good governance and the economic and social rights

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Korupcija u javnoj službi u BiH

Author(s): Almir Maljević,Srđan Vujović / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 1-2/2020

Reason(s) for writing and research problem(s): Based on numerous reports of both domestic and international organizations, Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the most corrupt countries. However, there seem to be a big discrepancy between what is usually assumed/perceived and the reality. This paper aims to provide facts on attitudes of Bosnia and Herzegovina citizens towards acceptability and reporting of corruption. Aims of the paper (scientific and/or social): This paper provides facts on differences between men and women in Bosnia and Herzegovina, when it comes to acceptability and reporting corruption. Results of this research could contribute to the improvement of public administration functioning, primarily through improved transparency. Methodology/Design: This is a descriptive research about attitudes towards and experience with corruption. Data was collected by CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) method. The sample consists of 1200 respondents from 134 municipalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Research/paper limitations: Due to the fact that the CATI method was used, the main limitation of the research is to be found in the structure of the sample, as only those respondents who have access to a telephone and are willing to take time to respond to questions are included in the research. Results/Findings: The findings suggest that corruption is not as spread as it is usually assumed. Citizens become knowledgeable about corruption primarily based on the information from media and from hear-say. Men are less likely to report corruption. General conclusion: Corruption is a problem in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but not as big as it is assumed. Prevention should be based on raising awareness campaigns, primarily directed to men in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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PROVOĐENJE ANTIKORUPCIJSKIH REFORMI U ORGANIMA DRŽAVNE UPRAVE U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI

Author(s): Suada Kuljaninović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 2/2020

Leading thinkers in the field of studying management point out the importance of the same in the overall development and prosperity of the state, emphasizing that governance is the foundation of a consolidated democracy from which largely depends on social progress. If the above fact is taken into account, condition of public administration in BiH is worrying to say the least. Namely, the dramatic degree of corruption is one of the most important problems in BiH and means serious obstacle on her way to European Union (EU). Despite years of reforms and the involvement of the international community, systemic corruption is still present in BiH, without adequate instituonal capacity and we create the political will to suppress it. In all states that have passed or are in the phase process of transition, the situation in public administration is inevitably burdened with numerous problems. Given the fact that the transition process in the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina has been going on for a long time year, and that at least the end of this process is almost invisible,it is not difficult to assume what it is like complex and difficult situation in public administration at all levels of government in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The anti-corruption agenda for BiH must contain clearly specified elements for the fight against corruption, of which the prosecution of corruption and the work of the judiciary are particularly important, public procurement, resolving conflicts of interest, more intensive work of audit institutions, clearly legal regulation of political party financing issues, with a primary focus on analysis practices in BiH.

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Application of Association Analysis to Detect Collusive Behaviour in Public Tenders

Author(s): Łukasz Ziarko / Language(s): English Issue: 351/2020

The purpose of this study is to examine the conditions required for the application of association analysis in the identification of the collusive behaviour of contractors in public tenders. It also focuses on determining the values of the confidence and lift measures that will describe the rules specific to a tender cartel. Worldwide research has aimed to develop effective and easy‑to‑use screening tests to identify cartel cases in public procurement. The recent research focuses on price (its distribution, variance, range) and classifiers allowing for detection of contractors whose mode of operation deviates from that commonly observed. This study follows the direction of current research. The main results of the study include the confirmation of the applicability of the method for the detection of colluding entities and the determination of the value of the confidence and lift measures specific to cartel cases. The policymakers, law enforcement agencies, contracting authorities and competitors of the cartels can use the proposed method to eliminate or at least to limit the scale of the problem. The main shortcoming of the application of the results is the inability to apply them to cartels pursuing an avoidance strategy. Further research will be conducted to develop a conceptual application of association analysis to all cartel strategies.

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O problemă de deontologie ştiinţifică

Author(s): Mariana Şenilă-Vasiliu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2008

As a matter of Scientific Ethics, the article presents the life and work of biologist George D. Vasiliu in the communist period between 1949, the year when he was arrested by the Securitate (the Secret Service of Communist Romania), and 1989, the year of his death, as well as the consequences his arrest had especially on his scientific career. The article also raises the issue of false cooperation, which he and other Romanian scientists in that time had to resort to in order to see their work published and the volumes signed by their real authors.

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New Insights on Audit Quality

Author(s): Ya-Fang Wang / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Purpose: The mechanism of dual attestation system is to enhance audit quality through bonding legal liability of two signing partners. However, an intense debate regarding the retention or abolition of dual attestation system was discussed in recent years, because the amended Accountant Act have disputes over auditor’s legal liabilities attributed to the Bardon and Rebar frauds. This study thus examines the audit quality of dual attestation system by exploring whether auditor locality and auditor tenure can affect audit quality simultaneously. Design/methodology/approach: This study investigates whether auditor locality and auditor tenure can affect audit quality simultaneously, using a regression model to examine my research issues. The sample is restricted to Taiwan’s public listed companies of Big Four audit from 2002-2013 because data collection involves significant manual effort in reading individual auditor information of Big Four and searching lead/concurring auditor-client distance of Big Four. Financial data is obtained from Taiwan Economic Journal database (TEJ). Finding: I present evidence that audit quality is affected by auditor locality and auditor tenure, and differential portfolio of auditor locality and auditor tenure have different effects on audit quality under the dual attestation system. Research limitations/implications: This study has three limitations. First, the sample is limited to the clients of PwC, Deloitte, EY and KPMG because the required information for practice offices of lead and concurring auditors is only available for Big 4. Second, although discretionary accruals is a noisy proxy for audit quality and it does not necessarily reflect actual audit quality, it is widely used in the literature to provide rich insights into audit quality. Three, sample size is limited because of insufficient data to compute discretionary accruals. Originality/value: This investigation extends previous research on audit quality by examining the geographic proximity and auditor-client relationship. Furthermore, this study contributes to the debate regarding the retention or abolition of dual attestation system.

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