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Fiilin Çatısına İlişkin Arapça ve Türkçe Kavramların Karşılaştırılması

Author(s): Murat ÇİFTLİ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2019

Voice is a concept which explains the quality of the verb’s relation to the subject or the object. In Turkish, concepts related to voice of verbs are classi-fied in a quite functional way with respect to subject and object. The Arabic equivalents of the terms related to voice of verbs in Turkish are under the title the meanings of verb patterns. These meanings and related terms have a unique systematic and logic in Arabic. For native speakers of Arabic, this systematic forms a coherent and meaningful structure. However, native speakers of Turkish need a classification and approach that would help them understand and make sense of the verbs patterns in Arabic and the voice of verb terms. The meanings of verb patterns have been the subject of various studies. How-ever, the terms related to voice of verbs have not been compared in two lan-guages. The aim of this article is to classify the voice of verbs terms in Arabic over the voice of verbs classification made in Turkish and to compare them to their Turkish equivalents. Furthermore, another aim is to develop an ap-proach to verb patterns, except for their meanings and functions in voice of verbs, from the perspective of Turkish grammar concepts. In this study, the conclusions have been reached that the term bināʾ, which is used for voice of verb in Arabic is a wider concept which includes the voice of verb in Turkish as well, that the term muteaddi is used as the equivalent of transitive, transi-tivized and causative forms, and that the concept of reflexive verb is defined in different ways in both languages. It is seen that classifying the Arabic voice of verb with reference to the voice of verb classification in Turkish is function-al in terms of understanding and making sense of Arabic voice of verbs terms, as well.

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Strategije uljudnosti i neuljudnosti u ostavštini na turskom jeziku svećenika Gjure Adama Büttnera

Author(s): Marta Andrić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 4/2019

Georg (Gjuro) Adam Büttner was born in Sommerach in 1714 and was a priest of the Diocese of Würzburg. From 1744 to 1779, he served as the priest of the Diocese of Srijem and he was the first diocesan pastor in Zemun after the liberation from the Turks. His manuscript legacy in the Turkish language was found in the Diocesan Library in the Diocese of Đakovo and Osijek (Đakovo, Croatia). Büttner’s legacy includes a German-Turkish Dictionary (128 pages), and several smaller papers and volumes dealing with philological and religious-didactic topics. The purpose of his entire legacy was missionary and pastoral work, because during his ministry as a pastor, Zemun was on the border between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire. The phonological, morphological and syntactic analysis of Büttner’s Turkish language showed that Büttner was well acquainted with the Turkish language and aware of some basic tendencies present in the development of the then Istanbul dialect. The analysis of the strategies of politeness and impoliteness used in his legacy will contribute to the better understanding of the Turkish language on the border of the Ottoman Empire and will complete the present knowledge about Büttner’s life and the circumstances in which he lived in Zemun. The analysis showed that Büttner used mostly strategies of impoliteness.

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ADLANDIRMA, TOPONOMİ VE ANADOLU’NUN TÜRKLEŞMESİNDEKİ ADLANDIRMA GELENEĞİ

Author(s): Yunus Arifoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 46/2020

Naming began with people putting an explanation on something. Human knows something by name. At the same time, man has removed his spiritual void by naming. Because the man was a stranger to the world. Place names are being investigated by Toponomy. While studying the naming, this branch of science makes use of both other disciplines and its own sub-disciplines. In this sense, it investigates the reason for the naming of a place and how it occurs. The richness of the ancient heritage can be explained and interpreted by toponomy. Although it was not known which impulse the naming was given, the naming factors can be known. One of the most important factors when giving place names is nature. Naming is the beginning of the taming of geography. Thus, geography became a cultural basin instead of an ordinary part. Geography was the main factor in naming. The other factor in naming is human. Socialization, colors and other similar factors were also effective in naming. Every tribe has named the place in its own way. Nations have benefited from the accumulation in the geographies where they migrated. During the Middle Ages, the Turkish population came to Anatolia intensively. Thus, Anatolia has become Muslim Turkish geography. The Turks who came to Anatolia were the descendants of Oguz. Oguz gave the color to Anatolia. When Anatolia became a Turkish homeland, the Turks adapted or renamed the names in the Anatolian geography to the Turkish language. In this study, toponomy examining place names was explained and the story of names was examined. The source of the nomenclature and the factors affecting it were discussed. Then, the naming methods of Turks in Anatolia. In this study, modern literature in the context of place names was used.

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ARDANUÇ AĞZINDA EKLERE ÖRNEKLER

Author(s): Mukadder GÜNERİ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 46/2020

This work, is part of a field survey of oral research, we have done with Candan Torun (in the center and in 48 villages) in Ardanuç and The Eastern Black Sea Region is one of the district of Artvin. When we look at the borders of our country, it is the most extreme settlement area and it is on Taranskafasia road. It is about 670 meters above sea level. The district is located in a basin formed by Aydın, Bulanık and Horhor of stream and the surrounding Kürdevan, Yalnızçam and Horasan mountains that flow to the Çoruh River. The town has a rugged structure. It is one of the most migrant districts in our country in the past and today. This is a part of the field study we did with Candan Torun in Ardanuç District and its villages. During the mentioned field study, more than 40 people who were never left the districts and villages were selected. The voice recorder was used and a compilation was made in the form of question and answer. The words related to the local dialects we compiled were given in alphabetical order and a general evaluation of Turkish was made in terms of vocabulary.

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AHLAT (BİTLİS) AĞZINDA HAYVAN ADLARIYLA OLUŞTURULMUŞ BİTKİ ADLARI

Author(s): Sevda ÖZEN ERATALAY,Pınar Akkuş / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 46/2020

Every society identifies with some animals. This situation is mostly seen in some animals such as horses, wolves and eagles in Turkish culture. These animals are known today as the symbol of power, courage and domination, just as in the old Turkish culture. However, in some cases, there are also animals used to show negative, ugly or undesirable. The best examples are Turkey Turkish dialects. While some animals are considered sacred or beneficial to the society in Turkish culture, some are worthless because they are considered harmful or ugly. This is the same for plant names produced from animal names. Study; Plant names created by the analogy of animal names were mentioned at the dialect of Ahlat District of Bitlis, which has a very old history. The study is intended to contribute to the vocabulary of Turkish.

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Истраживање етнокултурних стереотипа на примеру стимулуса Турци и Турчин у асоцијативном тесту

Author(s): Ivana Gligorijević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2020

This paper explores Serbian ethnocultural stereotypes about Turkish people. We have analyzed Serbian language speakers' verbal associations to the lexemes Turks and Turk. Verbal associations were collected in an association test, which was taken by 654 respondents, in an online survey. The participants were required to respond to each of the stimuli, with one or more words that first come to their mind. The two stimuli have evoked a total of 1,476 reactions (Turks: 742; Turk 734), which were sorted by frequency and analyzed by various criteria. The results have shown that the collected reactions can be classified into the following thematic groups, whose segments may overlap partially: history of Turks, common history of Serbs and Turks, physical appearance, clothing, professions, food and drink, smoking, warfare, religion, TV series, as well as other smaller groups. Various positive and negative adjectives and picturesque expressions about the Turks have been analyzed. The most frequent of them can be classified into the following categories: hygiene, attitude towards others, degree of development, the way of expressing emotions and character traits. The paper also looks at the results of previous research, while analyzing how etnocultural stereotypes changed over time.

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Öğretmen Adaylarının Yazılı Anlatımlarındaki İmla Hataları

Author(s): Ömer Kemiksiz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2020

Success in written expression depends on the power of expression as well as attention to qualities of style such as spelling and punctuation. The aim of this study is to detect spelling errors which preservice teachers have done in their written expressions. Sample of the study, which was carried out in the fall semester of 2018-2019 academic year, consisted of 160 preservice teachers who were enrolled in the 1st grades of Primary Mathematics Teaching, Social Studies Teaching, and Turkish Language Teaching Programs of Bartın University Faculty of Education. The data of the current research, which was carried out with the document analysis, was obtained from the texts which teacher candidates wrote in the midterm and final exams of Turkish Language I course. Spelling errors made by trainee teachers were classified in seven categories as conjunctions, diacritical marks, words, letters, sound events, affixes, and syllables. According to the findings of the research, it was determined that participants of Turkish Language Teaching Program were more successful in applying spelling rules compared to the participants in other programs; and female students were more successful compared to male students. It was observed that the most common mistakes made by the participants belong to the categories of conjunctions, diacritical marks, words, and letters. The obtained results are presented through tables and diagrams. Examples of sentences showing spelling mistakes of preservice teachers are given in findings chapter.

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Türkçe Öğretmeni Adaylarının Çocuk Kitaplarının Tasarım, İçerik ve Eğitsel Özelliklerine Yönelik Yeterliklerinin İncelenmesi

Author(s): Erkan Çer / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2020

The purpose of the study is to examine Turkish prospective teachers’ competencies towards the content, design, and educational qualities of children's books. The cross-sectional research model of the study is conducted by 251 university students attending the Turkish Teaching Department at a university. The data of the study are collected with “General Information Form” and “Evaluation Form for the Content, Design, and Educational Qualities of Children's Books” and these data are analyzed by using Post-Hoc and One-Way ANOVA. As a result, the research shows that the third and fourth grade Turkish prospective teachers are aware of the evaluation criteria related to the content, design, and educational qualities of children's books. Based on the results of the research, the proposal is to make researches about whether the prospective teachers on the Turkish teaching departments of the different regions will know the criteria for the content, design, and educational qualities of children's books.

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Türkçe Sözlüklerin Sözcük Vurgusu Bakımından Karşılaştırılması

Author(s): Safa Çelebi,Muhsine Börekçi / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2020

In Turkish grammar books and pronunciation dictionaries, it is stated that the word stress in Turkish is usually in the last syllable and there are sometimes inconsistencies in the examples given for the exceptions. This situation causes dictionary users, especially learners Turkish as foreign language, to experience conflicts. In this study, it is aimed to determine consistency of Turkish words in terms of emphasis according to word types. In the research in which descriptive method was used, scanning model “aiming to describe an existing state as it has existed” was used. The sample of the study consists of 300 simple, 100 derivative and 100 compound word with more than 500 syllables. It is considered that these words are found in TDK Turkish Dictionary (TS), Audio Turkish Dictionary (STS) and Spoken Language and Dictionary of Turkish Articulation (KDTSS) and to be one of the most frequent words in the Written Turkish Word Frequency Dictionary. Articulations of the words with accent places in ”KDTSS” and “TS” were downloaded and recorded from STS. The recorded articulations were analyzed in terms of fundamental frequency (F0) with Praat 6.0.12 program and the stress of the words were determined at the level of the syllable. The results of the study showed that the consistency rate of the three dictionaries was low (45.8%). In addition, it has been revealed that there are pronunciation errors in STS in terms of accent.

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Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe Öğretimi Politikası Bağlamında İran İslam Cumhuriyeti

Author(s): Umut Başar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2020

Turkish is taught as a foreign language both in Turkology departments and private language centers in many countries abroad. As a matter of fact, Iran is one of the countries, where Turkish is regarded as a foreign language by a wide target audience. However, the fact that there have always been effective and deep-rooted historical relations between the two countries and also an overlap in the soft power of the two countries’ geographical hinterlands makes Iran different from other countries in the context of teaching Turkish as a foreign language. In this study, it is aimed to draw the framework of Turkish teaching policy as a foreign language, which can be applied in the Islamic Republic of Iran, one of the countries in which Turkish is seen as a foreign language. The data in the study, which is based on a qualitative research, have been obtained via document analyses and also through the researcher’s observations in the field. In addition, the study is structured with data which might provide a realistic and holistic presentation of Turkish teaching policy to foreigners in the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this respect, the answer to the question, “How should the policy of teaching Turkish to foreigners be developed in the Islamic Republic of Iran?” was tried to be answered, and in the conclusion part of the study, some suggestions were offered as a sort of an action plan for foreign language teaching policy.

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Surre Emîni-zâde Eşref ve Şiirleri

Author(s): Beyhan Kesik / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 66/2020

Classical Turkish poetry is rich in terms of the pool of poets who composed it. It is a well-known fact that people from all walks of Turkish society dabbled in poetry. Those who succeeded in being unique and putting forth powerful manuscripts/divans duly earned a place in the history books. That said, there too are many a poet whose works have either become lost, or have never been properly compiled and thus only exist scattered across assorted magazines. “Kirkambars” or Turkish poetry magazines pose as an important resource for those who fall into this latter category. In this sense, such magazines play a critical role in helping us trace down virtually invisible poets and their poetry. One such a character is the 18th century verse writer Surre Emînizâde Eşref. We know little about who he was beyond two sentences-worth of biographical information mentioned in those sources that mention him. What’s more, he did not leave us behind any work (book) with the exception of a handful of poems in tezkires (collected biographies). This study brings into light one kaside and four gazels belonging to the aforementioned poet as published in poetry magazine number 117, housed at the National Library’s Ali Emirî Efendi Verse Collection. We also have unearthed a couple of the poet’s other poems published in other tezkires.

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Tonyukuk Yazıtında Geçen “oruk” Sözcüğünün Etimolojisi ve Bağlam Anlamı

Author(s): İbrahim Kekevi / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 66/2020

The Tonyukuk inscription is one of the first and important data sources in terms of vocabulary of the Old Turkic language. At the same time, the fact that it contains many single samples makes it reference text in this regard. One of these words, "oruk"; It is an example that should be explained in terms of etymology, word formation and meaning area. For this, a diachronic method should be followed. In order to evaluate the places where the word is used, primarily dictionary etc. The information in the studies is given. Tonyukuk the inscription 'oruk A method of word Turkish translation has been tried to be monitored. The places where he passed through the texts of the next period were determined. These uses have been evaluated considering the information and context in the dictionary studies. From the information obtained with this method, it has been seen that the word 'oruk' has developed in a way that creates two different fields of meaning. While the first creates a field of meaning related to 'planting and mowing' works that are directly related to the 'or-' verb stem, the second has developed a meaning field by using the word 'road' in both basic and metaphorical kind. These two fields of meaning are interrelated, given the context factor. Considering this relationship and context, the use of the word oruk in the Tonyukuk inscription was tried to be evaluated in this study.

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Mülteci ve Sığınmacı Yetişkinlere Sunulan Türkçe Dil Öğretiminin Halk Eğitim Merkezi Öğretmenleri Tarafından Değerlendirilmesi (Trabzon Örneği)

Author(s): Mine Gözübüyük Tamer / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 65/2020

Turkey offers a range of compliance activities to facilitate compliance with irregular ways entering our country and applying for international protection status with Afghanistan citizens with the Syrian persons under the Temporary Protection. Most of all is Turkish language teaching. After determining the level of children and young people in formal education age, they are placed in the schools in their settlements and Turkish language education is provided for adults who are out of school age, especially in Public Education Centers. The focus of the study is the teachers who provide Turkish Language Teaching for this section. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the Turkish language teaching offered to Syrian and Afghan adults by these teachers. In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 teachers working in Public Education Center. The data obtained from the interview were subjected to descriptive analysis. In this context, firstly, the general views of the teachers who provide this service are presented and then the experiences of the teachers in this process are questioned. The difficulties faced by teachers in this process, their expectations and solution suggestions were expressed.

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Kazan Oğuznâmesi: Orijinalliği, Yazılış Tarihi, Coğrafyası, Dili

Author(s): Aslıhan Dinçer / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 65/2020

The Kazan Oghuznāmeh is a variant of the Arabographic Oghuznāmeh manuscripts which, according to the tradition in Turkology, is called in this way due to the place where it has been found. The work intended to be a narrative about the Afshar, according to its content, however if to remove the passages about the Afshars embedded sporadicadically to the text it turns out that it is a sort of “collage” from different historiographical source in Turkic. On the other hand, this very fact also misleads researchers, mainly in terms of clarifying the localization of the manuscript and determining the linguistics features of its text. The manuscript does not contain precise information about when, where, by and for whom it was written. However, the historical events of the time of Timur Shah Durrānī’s second ruler of Durrānī dynasty, until the time of Nimatullah Khan, son of Rahmatullah Khan, who holds the administration of Andhoy, give a clue that the work should have written in the domain of the Afshars, who settled in South Turkestan (in present north Afghanistan). In this paper, the author aims not only to determine the date of the composition of the manuscript but also to establish which linguistic geography of Turkic it may belong to. The author also argues on the question of whether this manuscript can be classified as original work and questions the reliability of its author intensions pointing at different moments in the text that a historical author can mislead a contemporary researcher.

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Sözlük Birim Bir Unsur Olarak Türkçede Organ Adlarına Dayalı Ölçü Adları

Author(s): Salim Küçük / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 64/2019

Lexical units, also known as “lexical entries” in lexicography, are lexical elements, and have different structures and qualities in each language. Dictionary entries include either include nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, exclamations, verbs, or phrases. Elements that enhance these may include kinship terms, color terms, proverbs, stereotypes, name transfers, translation elements, quotations, or idioms. This study aims to examine the names of such units in historical Turkic languages and their respective dictionaries, as well as to develop a deeper understanding of their structure, meaning, origin and cultural characteristics spanning Old Turkic to the into the present day –with a particular focus on measurement terms (i.e. quantity, weight, length and area) and how they have evolved over time. This study also takes the vocabulary of older Turkic languages through the lens of organ terms, including nouns and verbs related to those terms. Our findings reveal that Anatolian Turkish is particularly fruitful in this area of study, as the reader shall see.

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Türkmen Türkçesinde Tabu ve Örtmeceye Dayalı Söz Varlığı Üzerine

Author(s): Engin Gökçür / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 64/2019

The concept of “taboo” that has risen in the unknown period of history is used for words or expressions which are unspoken or forbidden because of various reasons. Euphemistic words used to express taboo words or statements are a significant language phenomenon in all languages. Taboos, taken a shape because of religious beliefs and fear, have been seen in many phases of social life from past to present. Because notions based on taboo formed around various beliefs and fears result in fear, antipathy, disgust, sorrow and shame among people, bad and adverse notions are expressed with pleasant and favourable words and statements. Within this context, euphemistic words provide more effective communication by covering adverse circumstances that people fear, shame, hate and detest during communication. In this study, vocabulary based on taboo and euphemism in Turkmen Turkish is collected and analysed under various subtitles by classifying by subject. Vocabularies based on taboo and euphemism are collected from vocabularies studied on Turkmen Turkish.

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"Dellek” Kelimesinin Azerbaycan Türkçesindeki Anlam Boyutları ve Anadolu’daki Karşılığı Üzerine

Author(s): Mahmut Sarıkaya / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 64/2019

The word "dellek" can mean barber, circumcisionist, and dentist, and can even refer to male servants who would wash and massage male customers in Turkish bath houses. Delleks would draw blood, cut for jaundice, and cut palates, as well as treat grapes and warts. The word comes to us from an earlier form, "tellak", carrying the same set of meanings. One might infer that delleks treated and beautified the human body, and were masters in their own right. Their female counterparts were referred to as "natır." Like delleks, natırs engaged in a wide range of activities, including scrubbing, massaging, make-up, eyebrow trimming, waxing, manicuring, pedicuring, tattooing, piercing, preparing nose and earrings, and assembling bridal head gear for weddings. Both terms not only are commonplace throughout many aspects of society, but they also refer to a collection of occupations whose lexical roots are self-explanatory. This study will look at their usage in the context of the Azerbaijani language, with a particular focus on their various meanings.

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Halaç Türkçesinde Sıfat-Fiil Eki -GXLX ~ -KXLX Üzerine

Author(s): Talip Doğan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 64/2019

Known for its preservation of many archaic language features, Khalaj, continues the participle suffix -(X)GlI which was used in historical periods in -GXlX ~ -KXlX forms. The -GXlX ~ -KXlX suffix in Khalaj is the result of the replacement of X vowels and G consonants in the -(X)GlI suffix. In Khalaj, -GXlX ~ -KXlX suffix is usually composed of adjective and temporary noun words. Participles formed with -GXlX ~ -KXlX suffix can be meaningful in the past, present, aorist or under certain circumstances in future. Temporary nouns formed by the suffix of -GXlX ~ -KXlX, can be given endings. Furthermore, such words may act as predicates with the suffix to the third person copula. Temporary nouns made with the -GXlX ~ -KXlX suffix are also common. Another feature of -GXlX ~ - KXlX attached participle in Khalaj that is used in “-DXK” attached participle function. This feature in the -GXlX ~ -KXlX suffix was later developed in Khalaj. Such uses must have been passed to Khalaj, by the dialects of (South) Azerbaijani in Iran or by the Oghuz dialects living in the same regions as the Khalaj Turks in Central Iran. In these uses of -GXlX ~ -KXlX, the groups made in - (y)An attached participles in the said dialects are modeled. In this context, the use of participle suffix -(y)An with “-DXK” function is characteristic in dialects of (South) Azerbaijani and Oghuz dialects in Central Iran.

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TÜRK DÜNYASI HALK EDEBİYATINDA OBA İNANCI

Author(s): Rövşen Alızade / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 30/2020

This article attempts to examine critical issues regarding naming and definition of nomadic tent belief among the peoples of Turkic World and assesses the said belief’s place and significance in the folk literature of the Turkic peoples. It was mentioned that the functionality of “Nomadic Tent” from the linguistic perspective, in fact emerged as an integrity of semiotic indication; and it was emphasized that some phonetic characteristics of this phenomena are related to space and place. It was made clear that the effect of space and place notions on the mythological aspect of motherland and the reflection of the mythological aspects of motherland concept on the epic of Oghuz as the outcome of this effect. It was recorded that the concept of Nomadic Tent covers meanings of genealogy, community, rubble, soil, cairn, tombstone, tent, etc. and that this phenomenon has taken place as a significant factor in motherland concept’s gaining holiness and it was underlined that the phenomenon of motherland is directly related to the mythological units . The article stated the functionality of mythological concepts and insights with which the belief of Nomadic Tent is related within the scope of the mythological though of the Turkic World, on the other hand some other mythological characters’ connection with the facts that broke off from the “nomadic tent”. The varieties of rituals and ceremonies among the Turkic peoples were mentioned and the arguments were supported with the samples extracted from the Dede Korkut Epic (“Kitab-i Dede Korkut”). The article draw attention to the fact that these rituals and ceremonies are like plays, and the researchers’ findings regarding the infinity of such plays are provided as quotations. Furthermore, pavillion (“otağ”) and tent (“çadır”) concepts matched with nomadic tent cult are mentioned in the Oghuz epic as a characteristic of a house and it was proved that it symbolized the model of mythical world. Some sample have been provided from the belief systems of Hakas Turks regarding the matters between the sky and the tent, and clear comments are given on rituals of mythical world model in the Oghuz epic.

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ADIYAMAN-GERGER AĞIZLARINDA ‘KADIN’ SÖYLEMİ ÜZERİNE BİR ANALİZ

Author(s): Mehmet Yeşilkaya / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 30/2020

The cultures of societies are comprised of the human behaviors depending on the societies; of the perceptions of the people towards women and/or men; and, of the opinions and perspectives of the people living in them. Taking slight individual differences into consideration, a society’s reactions, statements, and actions are usually similar under certain circumstances. One of the occasions where this similarity applies is the perceptions towards women. One of the efficient sources which can shed light onto whether the perceptions towards women are positive or negative is the compilations of the dialects of the people. In this study, the examples of the statements towards women from fairy tales, stories and real life in the dialects of the district of Gerger of the city of Adiyaman were studied and the perceptions towards women were analyzed using discourse analysis. Many concepts used when speaking of women such as violence, delivery, administrator, chastity, bride price, polygamy, slander, oppression, parental discord/domestic violence, birth/stepmother, women’s will, etc. were identified in fairy tales and real-life stories. The compilations were studied over those concepts, the reflections of those concepts on women were explained, the difference between the tone of the male and female narrators were emphasized and several other details were statistically analyzed. As a result of the compilations put together in Gerger region, the traces of perceptions towards women were found in the fairy tales and real-life stories of 16 narrators out of 39. Among those perceptions are the qualities of polygamy, women not being able to keep secrets, women treated as goods and being bought, and not being able administer well stood out as significant

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