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ANTIMILITARISMUS: Schwerter zu Pfluscharen
on the Peace Movement in GDR and other communist countries
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on the Peace Movement in GDR and other communist countries
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Važna i krupna pitanja treba iznositi i raspravljati s opreznošću, i treba dobro vagnuti ono što govori u prilog stvari i ono što govori protiv. Najvažnije, životno pitanje za ljudski rod svakako je pitanje mira, odnosno problem rata, pa je dobro čuti šta o tome misle napredni narodi i njihovi najkulturniji sinovi. To je pitanje danas možda, važnije i aktuelnije nego ikad ranije u životu Evrope i u povesti svetske civilizacije. Pouzdano je, bar, da civilizacija i mir nisu nikad dosad bili tako povezani, tako bliski i do identičnosti srodni pojmovi.
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— ≫Дакле, Ви сутра полажете испит?≪ — запита ме један мој прашки пријатељ. — ≫Како то?≪ —- ≫Па зар нисте сутра у аудијенцији код пана Президента? Треба да знате, код њега аудијенција, то je прави испит, и то строги испит, за онога који му оде у посету≪... Примио сам к знању ово пријатељско обавештење, na сам пажљиво ревидирао онај комплекс питања која би могла доћи на тапет приликом раз- говора са председником Масариком.
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Гуљелмо Фереро борави у Паризу, — то je одиста знак времена. Он je највећи специјалист за политичке болести, од којих с времена на време болује наш социјални органи- зам; он je поуздано најбољи клиничар којега je имала Европа после Токвила.
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Познати талијански политичар Стурзо, који живи у изгнанству, написао je под горњим насловом чланак у лондонском часопису „The Hibbert Journal", који излази тромесечно. „Die Auslese" je донела извод из тога чланка у свесци за новембар 1927, који ми овде прено- симо у скраћену облику.
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Iz jednog članka u bečkoj »Panevropi«, od januara 1928, prema »Die Auslese« za februar 1928.
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Investing in the right capabilities, maintaining connected forces and deepening and widening cooperation with partners are key to shape a NATO which is able to meet future challenges said NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen at the launch of his Annual Report on Monday (27 January 2014). “In September we will meet in Wales to shape Future NATO: an Alliance that is robust, rebalanced and ready to provide security for the next generation”, said the Secretary General. In the Annual Report, which looked at what NATO achieved last year and set out the challenges for the year ahead, the Secretary General noted that NATO is now more effective and efficient than at any time in its history, but said that Allies will need to “maintain the momentum of transformation” at the Wales Summit.
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The adoption of a new NATO M structure of the Alliance’s Command and Control System from the modern functional one to the regular “J”-type divisions, both at strategic and operational levels. Reducing the number of allied HQs from 11 to 7, it has also been reconsidered the reliance on the NATO Force Structure, especially at tactical level, where the member states have to provide numerous Single Service Commands for NATO-led operations, in order to meet the Alliance’s Level of Ambition. Therefore, it has become necessary to describe they way in which the NATO Command Structure will be organised to lead allied forces into operations and the way in which those forces will be commanded and employed in order to establish a flexible and credible military crisis response mechanism to meet the challenges of the full range of NATO-led operations.
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We are witnessing, in the author’s opinion, an unprecedented development of the procedures for the transfer of authority by adopting, in the national command and control systems, some elements in the international practice, aimed at providing commanders with limited authority, which has implications relating to the emergence, in the dynamics of conducting combat actions, of some limitations regarding the exercise of the command act, with effects on the proper development of the operation. The development of new operational concepts is essential to formulate appropriate responses to security challenges. Detailed practical arrangements and avoidance of duplication as far as capabilities and operational elements are concerned represent key elements of the operational architecture since the beginning of the 21st century.
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In this article, the author approaches the issue of terrorism and insurgency as well as the way they are interlinked in the operational environment. In his opinion, as time goes by, the operational environment is diversified by the emergence of new, unpredictable actors, and insurgency and terrorism remain the main forms of unconventional war that can be fought only by adopting new strategies and a unified action of the military, economic and political element. Moreover, he mentions that, even if insurgency and terrorism are often confused conceptually, they are dynamic processes specific to the operational environment, focused on triggering political changes. The difference between insurgency and terrorism consists in the decision to use violence to achieve political goals.
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ISR capabilities are transforming, the air situation visualisation is almost permanent and it has decentralised up to sub-tactical levels. The time for delivering close air support has shortened, by the dynamical allocation of targets, to periods difficult to imagine in the past. At the same time, the quality and precision of close air support have evolved up to providing the capability of distinguishing between individuals. On the other hand, air force robotisation has been assuming more and more classical missions of the vehicles with human crew onboard, from research, electronic warfare to combat missions and airlift. Robotisation is only at the beginning, the author considers, and the future will definitely witness an explosion of the unmanned air vehicles, especially in the high risk areas.
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To fulfil the roles undertaken in front of its own nation/population, as well as international actors, the state uses instruments of power. Their subordination/coordination and control are established by law and they benefit from public management and must cooperate and collaborate with other institutions. Historically speaking, as the author mentions, the instruments of power of a state appeared with the state itself (the fundamental ones), and in the modern age they increased as the standards regarding the state recognition/qualification evolved (the instruments: information, peace enforcement ones and especially emergency situations management are newer notions, which are related to the assurance of good governance).
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In nearly 140 years, the Romanian Armed Forces signal troops have participated in the War of Independence, the First and Second World War, bringing an important contribution to carrying out their missions and, through their willingness to fight and even their supreme sacrifice, to covering with glory the battle flags of the Romanian units and large units, under whose folds they fought on all fronts. In this article, the author reviews the main stages in the life of the military signal branch, starting from the establishment of the first signal sub-unit transmission to the approval of the concept of organisation and implementation of the signal system of the Romanian Armed Forces. Moreover, the author highlights the stages of the transformation and modernisation process of the communication and information structures of the Communications a n d In f o r m a t i o n C o m m a n d and its subordinate military units.
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The author reviews the evolution of al-Qaeda, especially over recent years, writing that over the 24 years since the formation of al-Qaeda, four phases can be distinguished. Each helps us in different ways to understand the nature of the threat from radical Sunni Islamic extremism today, particularly when it comes to so-called homegrown terrorism. By 2003 or 2004, new security arrangements made it impossible to insert large groups of foreign operatives in target countries. The vanguard was replaced by the “network of networks”. For several years, there have been an increasing number of so-called “lone wolf” attackers, inspired by but in no way linked to al-Qaeda. Significant though the death of bin Laden himself was, analysts largely agree that the al-Qaeda core leadership had been getting weaker for some time before the death of their leader.
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In the second part of the article, the author deals with the issue of war in opposition to peace from the perspective of the second most important school in the theory of international relations – liberalism, noting that those who advocate this trend have avoided considering war as a means to regulate the issues between states that are liberal democracies. Then, he approaches the same issue from the standpoint of the sociological school, mentioning that, in the context of the development of social-humanistic sciences, sociological explanations have gained more and more importance. In the end of this part, the author writes about the Romanian contribution to the issue of peace and war, pointing out the work of Dimitrie Gusti, more precisely two of his excellent studies on war sociology.
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This article aims to promote social and emotional learning in the military system, identifying the major benefits and the implied changes. After a short introduction regarding the roots of social and emotional learning in the social context, the authors try to define this educative component and its outcomes for a deeper understanding of the domain. A generous space is dedicated to the concepts of social and emotional learning and competencies. In the second part of this article, the authors seek to identify some of the most relevant aspects concerning the integration of the social and emotional learning in the human resources management of the national defence system. They conclude with some recommendations and warning signs regarding the harmonisation of the military theory and practice with the social and educational challenges.
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Today, defence, as defined in the basic laws, encompasses more than just traditional national defence against a conventional attack, which previously solely determined the structures of the Ministers of Defence but no longer corresponds with the current security policy requirements. It must be ensured that the ability to conduct national defence operations against a conventional attack can be reconstituted within a foreseeable, albeit prolonged, period. This new orientation of the majority of modern armed forces determines the organisation, training, assignment and availability of male or female reservists. The obligation to provide assistance in a state of tension or defence emergency and the performance of basic military service as basic principles will remain. Modern training opportunities for reservists, increased use of their civilian qualifications, close communication with the employers and individually tailored military service are the keys to success.
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Fifth Generation Warfare may include, in the authors’ opinion, a kinetic or non-kinetic attack on the political, social and military structures of the enemy in order to achieve the established strategic goals. Fifth Generation Warfare pushes the known boundaries of conflicts between different international actors in a manner that cannot be fully described using established paradigms yet. However, it is likely that, despite the preponderance of non-kinetic strategies, which will include, for example, cyber warfare, physical attacks will probably remain just as relevant as they are today. This is demonstrated by the use of improvised explosive devices that can cause a damage that is as massive and effective as a cyber attack.
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The persistence of armed conflicts in the history of the humankind has been an evil, to some extent, necessary to the human being and the world on their way to progress. In this case, the evil is the war with all its bad consequences and the good is peace and international law applicable in armed conflicts. In the author’s opinion, it is not at all true what Cicero said that laws must be silent when weapons speak, because war is not a simple fight for existence and survival, but remains, in its essence, a human action. That is why the possibility of legal regulation of armed conflict situations arises from the ancient principle of “ubi societas ibi jus” so that, being an action decided and carried out by the members of an organised human society, the armed conflict has also available a legal reflection through which the rights and duties of belligerents are established.
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The 2001 UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (PoA) celebrated its tenth anniversary in the summer of 2011. On this occasion, the author asked herself what difference has this programme made. First, she defines this programme and reviews the wide range of areas covered by it. Then, she writes about the progress made in its implementation, detailing some of the factors that hinder the implementation as well as several developments in the PoA process. To conclude, the author points out the need to go beyond the text of national reports to fill in missing details of implementation and, further, verify the information they contain.
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