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GEOPOLITICS OF EUROMAIDAN: A NEW STRUGGLE FOR INFLUENCE IN PONTIC-BALTIC REGION

Author(s): Dan-Laurentiu Mocanu,Constantin Hlihor / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Baltic-Pontic Sea zone can be seen not just as a geographical area of Intermarium but aswell as Intermundium or the interface of the struggle between Western and Russian powers. From the Great Game and classical geopolitics associated with Halford Mackinder’s ‘Heartland’ thesis through the Cold War and geopolitical science interpretations of global ‘shatter zones’, the place of Pontic-Baltic area has assumed and maintained a central role in the studies of international relations. The paper sets out to explain the logic of dynamic patterns shaping this struggle for geopolitical influence in this area. The analysis starts from the conclusions voiced by analysts since 2014 that the Ukrainian area could become the scene for a military confrontation with Russia. The present article also reviews the recent debates and examines the insights gained from past developments in the region.

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DOCTRINAL APPROACHES RELATED TO THE CAUSES OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY CRISIS

Author(s): Tomita Zavoianu,Constantin Iordache / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Charter of the United Nations emphasizes the importance of respecting the principle of national sovereignty and the need to develop international cooperation, states being the original subjects of international public law. Some international crises, potential risks and threats to regional security require that appropriate military decisions be made in compliance with international public law. The quasi-permanent phenomenon of international relations, the political-military alliances are a fundamental component of world politics, a way of promoting the interests of the member states.

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VARIOUS CONTRIBUTIONS TO SUPPORT HUMAN SECURITY

Author(s): Filofteia Repez / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Human security is a widely debated issue at international, regional and national levels. Launched by the United Nations Development Programme in 1994, the concept of human security has grown further remarkable that the human being is placed as main reference on the security agenda. Through this document, the seven levels (or components) of human security have been established: economic security (ensuring a minimum income for every individual); food security (access for every individual to basic nutrition); health security (guaranteeing a minimum protection against disease to prevent diseases); environmental security (protection of individuals against natural disasters or against the implications of the natural environment’s deterioration); personal security namely protection of individuals against physical violence from inside or outside the state); community security (protection of individuals to maintain and perpetuate their relations and traditional values and protection against ethnic or segregation violence); and political security (ensuring a standard of living in accordance with fundamental human rights and securing individual and group freedoms against any vicious attempts to exercise control over them). Education, culture, science and technology bring important contributions to support human security along with the numerous regional and international organizations. Starting from this, as well as from studying a relevant bibliography, the present paper aims to provide an opening in approaching an interesting subject - various contributions to support human security.

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RUSSIA’S COMEBACK TO POWER POLITICS

Author(s): Violeta-Elena DĂSCĂLEŢ (NICOLESCU) / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The current security environment in Europe resembles, in a certain way, the long-gone times of the Cold War. Is it time for NATO to return back to basics? The hereby paper generally elaborates on Russia’s track from a NATO partner to a state with aggressive posture in the Allied Eastern Flank, with the aim of regaining the power it once held. Going through its actions against Georgia and Ukraine and observing the Russian influence in the Republic of Moldova, we ask ourselves the legitimate question whether NATO’s response to the Russian Federation’s aggressive actions against Ukraine in 2014, hence the deterrence and defence measures taken so far, are enough to provide collective security for the all Allies on the Eastern Flank. Debating on Russia’s main reason for its actions in the region, the hereby paper will conclude on the necessity for NATO to have a clear strategy on Russia’s assertive actions on the Eastern Flank.

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ANALYSIS OF MARITIME SECURITY COMPONENTS FROM A REALIST PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Ioan Crăciun,Auraș Liviu COMAN / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

From a realistic perspective, maritime security represents for Romania a key means of promoting the Romanian interests on the Black Sea and Danube river. In the absence of a maritime security strategy, our country can not promote the instruments of national power on Black Sea and the Danube River, as riparian states, NATO and EU often have divergent political, economic and diplomatic goals. Romania, using all instruments of national power, must reaffirm itself in the Black Sea and restore a balance of forces, and in particular to make every effort to restore a climate of mutual security and trust, while supporting the EuroAtlantic interests in region. At this time, when the political-military alliances in the region have become more and more diluted, military regional initiatives have almost been abolished (less OBSH, Turkey's maritime security operation in the Black Sea), the CSBM Initiative (Confidence and security Building Measures) and Open Sky, have become increasingly formal.

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ASSESSING ROMANIA'S SOCIETAL SECURITY USING COMPLEXITY METHODOLOGY

Author(s): Ioan Crăciun,Octavian Victor Mihail Dima / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Societal security, is an extremely important domain of Romania’s contemporary security which needs to be reassessed and revaluated by using new analytical methodologies. This article aims at evaluating Romania’s societal security using the societal trends to 2030 identified by RAND Europe in its project “An Analysis of Global Societal Trends to 2030 and their Impact on the EU”. The research will focus on the long term policy challanges Romania should prioritise for the next decade and boyound considering five main societal trends: the rise of a new global middle class, the growing and ageing population, employment and the changing labour market, evolving patterns and impacts of migration, connected societies and empowered individuals.

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THE COLD WAR GENEALOGY OF DONALD TRUMP’S CRITICISM OF NATO BURDEN-SHARING

Author(s): Alexandru MUNTEANU-LUCINESCU-CASELLA / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Since assuming office, Donald Trump turned the burden-sharing among NATO members into one of the most contentious issues of the transatlantic relations so that his stance became a relevant topic for research and debate. Given that the roots of Trump’s criticism are to be found during the final years of the Cold War when he began to widely publicized his dissatisfaction with the major financial loss for the United States that, in his view, resulted from the defence it provided to its allies around the world, framing his views in the policy towards NATO burden-sharing followed by the United States during the Cold War, which is the purpose of this paper, contributes to further the understanding of his current position on this topic. For this purpose, in the first section of the paper are highlighted and described the two approaches to the NATO burden-sharing developed at the political level in the United States from 1949 to 1989 and the importance that successive presidents of the United States attached to them during that period is considered. In the second part of the paper, these approaches are used for analysing Trump’s influential open letter from 1987 and the widely commented speech he delivered the same year at Portsmouth Rotary Club, which both addressed the financial aspects of the defence by the United States of its allies and which turned him for the first time into a potential presidential candidate. The paper concludes that Trump’s position was not out of the ordinary because it reflected the political debates on NATO burden-sharing that took place in the United States during the Cold War and that a correct understanding of it is highly relevant for his present position on this topic given that he continued to hold the essence of it after the end of the Cold War.

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ALLIANCES AND PARTNERSHIPS OF THE 21st CENTURY

Author(s): Doina Muresan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Alliances and partnerships are one of the modern world systems built by great efforts in almost three quarters of a century. However, in the last two decades, there have been difficulties in finding a consensus on the characteristics of strategic alliances adapted to new developments. If we refer to the United States, not only have they achieved a leading position using this instrument, but they are at the top of two thirds of the world’s economic activity; they also have a similar activity in terms of military expenditures. Yet, as Michael Mullen said in relation to current partnerships, we cannot continue to make an integrated version of what we have done in the past.Finding a new model for alliances and partnerships does not mean that traditional alliances,based on a set of tactics whose strategic utility has been widely demonstrated over the last century, are overcome. But it suggests the need for another dynamic, based on the new identities and new features of the context, with a fundamental role in an ever-changing, constantly changing landscape with a direct link to the new predicted dynamic of power.

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THE CHANGE OF THE NEW GENERATION OF THREATS TO THE NATIONAL SECURITY

Author(s): Iulian Chifu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

National security threats and risks have evolved in ways that are putting under a question mark the very change in nature of the new generation of threats. Technology, social media, their impact on the society, as well as new instruments of hybrid nature which determine huge rifts in our democratic liberal societies are creating a new environment and new categories of threats that have never showed up before. Moreover, this type of changes have tremendous impact on the resilience of democratic societies, on the public support for spending in the security field and on the perception of the threats, including those of conventional source– military operations, espionage, subversion.

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MUHAMMAD BIN SALMAN'S REFORMS VS. WAHHABI RULES: A CHALLENGE FOR THE STATUS QUO OF THE SAUDI STATE?

Author(s): Ecaterina Maţoi,Diana-Monica Constantin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the mid-eighteenth century, the as-Saud family concluded an agreement with Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, a rebellious preacher who promoted a very literal approach to Islamic religious precepts and was against of any deviation from the initial practices of Islam. This understanding between the Wahhabis and the As-Saud family has legitimized the latter to pursue an expansionist policy and to create a sustainable state at the beginning of the twentieth century. Therefore, the Saudi monarchy monopolized political and military action,while the Wahhabi clergy took over the religious, legal and social spheres of the newly established Saudi state. However, with the "modernizing" reforms initiated by Muhammad bin Salman (MbS) in 2017 in Saudi Arabia, such as authorizing women to drive or reopening cinemas – among others - accompanied by his statements and initiatives calling for a moderate Islam - have been interpreted by the fundamentalists as a tendency to break the historic pact between the Saudi House and the Wahhabi religious institution.In this paper we will try to see to what extent the reforms so widely circulated in the regional,international and local press, are sustainable in the long term, taking into account the importance and role of Wahhabi ulema in the Saudi society and, equally, if the "moderateIslam" model promoted by MbS could find supporters among them.

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WAR FOR WATER

Author(s): Viorel ORDEANU,Benoni ANDRONIC,Lucia Elena Ionescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The role of water is so important in all practical aspects of life, then the need to control water resources is a mandatory condition for mankind, that has and will always lead to conflicts and even war, be it declared or not, for water. Conflicts have been a constant throughout history, as well as the regulations for water access, all these may be shortly named politics of water – hydropolitics. Fresh water is a limited natural resource, and the growing demand for this resources may be the cause of conflict escalation and wars, as it is the case for oil. The availability of drinking water per capita is inadequate and insufficient on a global scale. The spread of water on the planet is not equal, considering geographical area, season and historical period, which poses a potential threat for the relations between people, nations, countries and alliances. The history of conflicts for water is old and when the political and diplomatic means fail, wars for water can emerge.

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CROSS BORDER CRIME IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION

Author(s): Diana-Gabriela Pohață / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the context of globalization, transnational organized crime is gaining huge proportions, especially in recent years. Trade abundance, poor cooperation, and high levels of poverty lead inevitably to cross-border crime. Drug trafficking is experiencing a huge increase all across Central and Eastern Europe. The present article aims to identify the current situation of this scourge in Romania and other states of the world.

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SPACE STRATEGIES IN THE 21st CENTURY: INITIATING “STRATEGIC PROTECTED COSMIC AREAS”. IS THE “IMMEDIATE COSMIC SPACE” AN “ASSET FOR THE ENTIRE HUMANITY”? THE NEW AMERICAN STRATEGIC CONCEPT “MOON-MARS STRATEGIC COMPLEX”

Author(s): Mădălina Virginia Antonescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In our opinion, at present, academics are not giving enough attention to a fully developing and transforming topic – the geostrategic evolutions of the so-called “near cosmic space”. Major strategic doctrines of great powers include, nevertheless, several express or implicit elements regarding this area. Our paper is proposing to identify and explore briefly,some elements of the American strategic doctrine concerning relation to cosmic space, after the Cold War epoch, to identify lines of strategic continuity and elements of novelty brought by Trump doctrine. Can we talk about initiation, within the American strategic doctrine, under Trump administration, of a very ambitious strategic concept regarding cosmic space that canbe a tri-dimensional strategic complex (Earth-Moon-Mars), within a space doctrine, where“Moon–Mars” are considered to represent two inter-connected strategically elements forming a single area? How is the American strategic doctrine relating to the extra-Earth space? Canwe talk about a strategic concept as the “near cosmic space”/ “the space close vicinity” and what would be its limits? What would be US contribution in creating a ”strategic orbital complex” to include/exclude the present international space station, and what would be the basis for re-discussion of the present international space cooperation? Can we talk about consecration of the “protected strategic cosmic areas” concept, or about the “near cosmic space as common good of the whole mankind”?

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MILITARY-PATRIOTIC YOUTH EDUCATION IN TRANSNISTRIA: TROJAN HORSE, STATE BUILDING OR STATUS QUO?

Author(s): Corneliu Corman / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article examines the understudied phenomena of military-patriotic youth education in Transnistria. In recent years, particularly following the annexation of Crimea in 2014, there has been an increase in the overall number of activities, as well as a proliferation of ways (‘modes of learning’) the ‘education’ is delivered. The number of youth being educated has also increased, and the ideological tools and concepts have evolved, with greater focus on Transnistria links to the Russki Mir (Russian World), and the identity of Transnistrians as a‘people’ (therefore capable of self-determination). From this we can conclude that funding has also increased and that this is a long-term project, with an expectation there will be a return on investment. As such, military-patriotic education activity provides a useful indirect proxy indicator of future scenarios for the region, in terms of unification, independence and the status-quo. The conclusions offer recommendations for Moldovan authorities that focus on how to mitigate against the negative aspects of military patriotic youth education in Transnistria.

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THE CONCEPT OF SOCIETAL SECURITY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON ROMANIA’S NATIONAL SOCIETAL SECURITY

Author(s): Octavian Victor Mihail Dima / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Societal security refers to how certain social phenomena or processes can generate evolutions that can constitute threats to the survival of societies. The management of such social processes with high potential for insecurity requires complete and interdisciplinary analysis using the most appropriate analytical methodologies. In this context, the main objective of this article is to outline the concerns for the assessment of societal security at European level using complexity theory and identify how they can be used to analyse the societal security of Romania. To meet this objective we will analyse the data provided by the study Europe’s Societal Challenges – An analysis of global societal trends to 2030 and their impact on the EU, done by RAND Europe and, based on its results, we will identify the impact of those trends on our country.

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THE SECURITY OF EUROPE: SAFEGUARDING FREEDOM IN THE CONTEXT OF CROSS-BORDER THREATS

Author(s): Ion Alexandru Manoliu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the recent years, security, freedom, especially the social, political, economic and religious sectors, with their set of individual and group rights have been undermined by the growing international terrorism as the number of victims scaled up. The measures taken to preserve the safety of the European continent, including the use of police and military force where impacted by the need to manage relations with a determined Russia trying to impose its geostrategic importance, the pressures exerted by migration and the influx of refugees, UK’s decision to leave the EU, and the separation of European states in main and second-hand actors. With the emerging challenges of the European security and their dynamics, the paper concentrates on the future agenda of the EU states. Special attention is given to the Copenhagen School with regard to security in politics, society, economy, and religion, with the hope that all incoming measures are to fulfill the defines and safeguarding requirements of the population.

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CONTESTING INTERNATIONAL NORMS REGARDING SOVEREIGNTY, SELF-DETERMINATION AND LOGIC OF CONFLICT IN THE BLACK SEA REGION. THE NEED FOR LEADERSHIP IN FRONT OF THESE THREATS

Author(s): Mihai Panait / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article presents some considerations regarding the geopolitical and strategic importance of the Black Sea region and potential threats or risks to security, stability,prosperity and cooperation. The study tries to demonstrate the availability of some solutions for the improvement of peace and stability in this part of the world. The international norms regarding the sovereignty and the self-determination, and the logic of conflict in the Black Sea region, needs to be discussed more and have to be analysed in detail.Much has been written about the importance of the Montreux Convention (1936) and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea or the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in many books, memoirs or studies, and every day around the world, people or organizations discuss the major problems after the Russian-Ukraine conflict.Political leadership could be the key point for security and prosperity in the Black Sea region,in Euro-Atlantic and Euro-Asian areas. Only together, bridges can be built over the Black Sea for present and future generations

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THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN SECURITY. MEASURING RESILIENCE

Author(s): Ştefan-Antonio DAN-ȘUTEU,Răzvan Grigoraş / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper underlines some directions for measuring the resilience of European Union in the field of Security, achieved through analysis and extrapolation of several indicators released by the International Futures with Pardee Program1: (1) the state failure index (SFI),(2) the technology power (TP), (3) the threat sent to the rest of the world (TSRW) and (4) the threat received from the rest of the world (TRRW). The paper starts from the assumption that resilience represents a tool for shaping efficiency in European Security. The results of projected indexes in 2035 reveals the need for a commonly shaped resilience framework. The research shows that the increased technological development and innovation capacity will generate potential disruptive technologies with applications in the field of security and defence. Finally,the paper takes into account four Weak Signals for shaping a more mature and a more resilient Union in 2035

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$Unele considerații privind cooperarea instituțională pentru documentarea infracţiunilor de terorism$

Unele considerații privind cooperarea instituțională pentru documentarea infracţiunilor de terorism

Author(s): Cristian Popa,Romeo-Ioan Gârz / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Taking into consideration the fact that the activity with the purpose of ensuring the national security carried out by the Romanian Service of Intelligence, emphasizes serious acts and facts likely to alter the national security values which correspond juridically to terrorism crimes. The Romanian Service of Intelligence, within the framework of its legal attributions and competencies, cooperates with the Public Ministry and with the other enabled institutions of criminal investigation. The cooperation between the Romanian Service of Intelligence and the other enabled institutions of criminal investigation documenting the terrorism crimes, aims at supporting the efforts bashed for fighting and preventing terrorism, a rather clandestine phenomenon whose prerequisites in investigation call for special techniques, that reside mainly within the authority, as the law stipulates, of the state institutions for ensuring the national security.

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RUSKI FAKTOR POLITIČKOG STATUSA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE DANAS

Author(s): Enver Halilović / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

Russian interest in Bosnia and Herzegovina is equally direct and indirect. It is direct to the extent to which the Russian Federation is today a strong east-Slav-Orthodox question, and is indirect to the extent that concerns the interests of Serbia in Bosnia and Herzegovina. There are allied relations between the Russian Federation and Serbia, which include mutual protection, meaning even the political and diplomatic one. For Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina is the main political goal today. There are two key reasons for Russia’s current strong diplomatic position in the world. First, it is directly militarily engaged in the global war against terrorism. Second, it possesses vast natural resources, natural fuels, oil and gas. NATO had bombed Serbia before the war against terrorism. Then the RF was on the opposite side to the West. This text presents more than twenty undisputable facts of RF policies that hinder the process of integration of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its joining the Atlantic and European integrations.

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