We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

4.50 €

Иконата в религиозното образование: традиции и съвременност

Author(s): Tatyana Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The Orthodox Icon is an indivisible part of Orthodoxy today. Already in ancient times, it appeared in Christianity to show „what the Church believes“. As well as the icons are/were mediators of the prayers of the believers they were also used as a visual catechism – to clarify the Christian faith, to educate Christian values, to reveal the path to salvation. Today, in the multicultural and multireligious Europe, the icon is a symbol of the Orthodoxy and its defender. The holy images are an antipod of the dissipating effect of the mass media. In religion classes, the icon affects both the rational level by the narrative and the clarification, as well as the spiritual level. Through its symbolic language, schema and specificity, the icon helps prayer rise to the eternal and the celestial, becomes the meeting place between the material and the spiritual.

More...

Download

Utjecaj interpretacija pojma periferijske umjetnosti Ljube Karamana i Miroslava Krleže na dalmatinsku povijesti umjetnosti

Author(s): Ivana Prijatelj Pavičić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Although the so-called „Vienna school“ practised an universalist approach to history of arts, their prominent acters like Alois Riegel and Max Dvořák influenced the nationalist ideas among the Central European art historians in the interwar period. An evident example of such an influence is Croatian art historian Ljubo Karaman (1886‒1971) ‒ a Vienna student who studied the art relations between center and periphery from early 1930s on. His thoughts on this topic were collected in his 1963 book Problemi periferijske umjetnosti. O djelovanju domaće sredine u umjetnosti hrvatskih krajeva (Problems of Peripheral Art. On Influence of Local Surrounding on the Art of the Croatian Areas). Colonial character of the Karaman’s definition of the center/periphery relation is clear in his notion that the dissemination and assimilation of the artistic styles is always one-way: from developed center to the province. His definition of „peripheral art“ appeared as a reaction to the works of famous „Vienna school“ scholars from early 20th century (particularly Polish-Austrian art historian Strzygowski). It is based on the idea of external, political and artistic influences in Dalmatia as external forces of artistic exchange. A prominent writer and encyclopaedist Miroslav Krleža turned upside-down the idea of the artistic transfer from the advanced West toward underdeveloped East/Balkans as a periphery at the edge of civilisation. In his discussion on the Second Congress of writers in Zagreb he promoted the idea of the periphery as a true center. During 1950s, Krleža strongly influenced the formation of a new cultural paradigm, and forging of the new scientific paradigm within art history in Croatia. In her paper, the author explores how texts of the Croatian art-history scholars regarding ancient Dalmatian art were influenced by Karaman’s and Krleža’s ideas and concepts on peripheral, provincial, and border-line art.

More...

Download

1900 – NENÁPADNÝ ODCHOD JEDNOHO MUŽE. KONEC KARIÉRY PRVNÍHO ŘEDITELE NÁRODNÍHO DIVADLA F. A. ŠUBERTA VE SPOLEČENSKO-KULTURNÍM KONTEXTU

Author(s): Otto Drexler / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

František Adolf Šubert, Director of the National Theatre from 1883 to 1900, was one of the first managers of Czech culture. With his organisational talent and ability to enter into public affairs, he put the idea of a national theatre into practice; an institution which is not only a place for staging first-rate productions, but above all a centre for the whole society. He managed to come up with strategies to bring new social groups to the theatre, as well as people outside of Prague - anywhere where residents identified themselves as being Czech. In this respect, an important role was played not only by the theatre trains, but also by the involvement of the theatre in large events such as jubilees and ethnological exhibitions. No less significant was the staging of unusual productions for less affluent groups. However, from its very opening the theatre had to face criticism from a host of theatre critics over the poor quality of its repertoire and its general orientation. Often the contradictory nature of the criticisms precluded the possibility of addressing them, and today it raises the question as to what extent the expectations of the professional public created adequate conditions for the National Theatre to operate in.

More...

Download

Między ekfrazą i apokryfem. O wybranych tekstach Jacka Dehnela

Author(s): Julia Dynkowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper concerns peculiar literary genre—ekphrasis (a literary description of work of art). Basing on selected (prose and poetic) texts by Polish writer Jacek Dehnel, which involve photography and painting, I am trying to examine if (and to what extent) the category of apocryphon may be adapted for research on ekphrasis. The category of apocryphon describes not only texts which supplement The Bible or literary mystifications, but also (prototypically) literary works in which “so-called modern realities are left more or less intact” (D. Szajnert’s suggestion) and which are filling up or amplifying narrations from works of fiction considered as canonical (e.g. short stories from Karel Čapek’s Kniha apokryfů).

More...

4.50 €

Marcus Ambrosius jako wysłannik króla Zygmunta Augusta do Antwerpii około roku 1560

Author(s): Ryszard Szmydki / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Around 1560, Marcus Ambrosius of Nysa was sent to the Southern Netherlands on a mission to purchase five cannons from Peter Cuyper, bell-founder from Mechelen, to support the Polish army in the face of the Livonian War. At the same time in Antwerp, the envoy of Sigismund II Augustus prepared a sketch of the first map of Livonia to be published by a prominent Flemish cartographer, Abraham Ortelius (in 1570, the print was included in the famous atlas titled Theatrum orbis terrarum). In 1562 in Antwerp, Marcus Ambrosius published "Arma Regni Poloniae", a heraldic book which was highly regarded in the Polish heraldry, issued by the publishing house of Gillis Coppens van Diest. In 1563, Marcus Ambrosius finalised the publication of two texts by the leading poet of Polish Renaissance, Klemens Janicki, sometimes called the Polish Ovid, with Willem Silvius. The first one was a posthumous volume of elegies, known in their Polonised form under the title of "The Lives of Polish Kings", and in the Netherlands published as "Vitae regum Polonorum elegiaco carmino descriptae". The second text, a satire by Klemens Janicki titled "Polonici vestitus varietatem et inconstantiam dialogus" ("Dialogue against the Diversity and Changeability of Polish Costumes") was added to the Vitae regum Polonorum, published by Willem Silvius in 1563. During his stay in Antwerp, Marcus Ambrosius also prepared the publication of the treatise "Ex libro de Nymphis, Sylvanis, Pygmaeis, Salamandris" ("On Nymphs, Sylphs, Pygmies, Salamanders", etc.) by Swiss physician and philosopher Paracelsus.

More...

4.50 €

Ze studiów nad zakupami tekstyliów dla króla Zygmunta Augusta po roku 1560

Author(s): Ryszard Szmydki,Piotr Józef Janowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Between 1559–1560, Roderigo Dermoyen, a tapestry weaver from Brussels, delivered a series of heraldic-monogramic themed tapestries, richly embroidered with gold and silk, to Poland for King Sigismund Augustus. They remain today under the custody of the Wawel Royal Castle National Art Collection. After 1560, Roderigo Dermoyen lived with his family in the Hanseatic city of Lübeck at 42 Dr. Julius Leber Straße. There is a great likelihood that the tapestries had been stored at the same location before being sent to Poland and Sweden. One cannot rule out the possibility that a weaving workshop operated under the address. Circa 1564, Dermoyen was commissioned by the King of Poland to weave a collection of black-and-white heraldic tapestries. The textiles reached the destination only two years later and were deposited at the Fortress of Tykocin. Another intriguing case of textile purchase made by Sigismund Augustus was a series of black-and-white velvet fabrics woven between 1560–1572 by the court embroiderer, Sebald Linck (died after 1579). Similarly to tapestries, the fabrics were used during funeral ceremonies following the death of the Commonwealth’s monarchs as well as members of the Polish Vasa dynasty. Sigismund Augustus’ affection for tapestries should be read as a well-considered token of approval for the mannerist aesthetic, also influenced by the monarch’s passion for collecting art. The article also sheds a light on the king’s confidant, Jan Kostka of Sztemberk, Castellan of Gdańsk (circa 1529–1581). Not only was he responsible for implementing the monarch’s policies but he also participated in the purchase of textiles. It has only been possible to assess his role in commissioning tapestries thanks to a letter never published before, written by Sigismund Augustus to Jan Kostka in Kojdanów, dated 23 December 1567, wherein the king ordered the addressee to purchase fabric for his Tatar soldiers. Additionally, the letter provides an insight into the complex political situation of the time.

More...

4.50 €

Biskup i Muzy

Author(s): Elwira Buszewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The main aim of the article is to analyse poetic representations of Filip Padniewski (1510–1572), who was the Bishop of Krakow during the reign of Sigismund Augustus. The author briefly discusses the biography of the hierarch, and then presents and analyses the Neo-Latin poems devoted to him during his lifetime or mourning his death. First, in the section „Musa epigrammatica”, she mentions the epigrams authored by: Petrus Royzius, Gregory of Sambor, Andreas Recepta-Gostyński, Ioannes Kochanowski, and Christophorus Kącki. The functions of these works vary: apart from some panegyrics, including stemmatic verses and funeral works, we also find among them a poem stylised as a friendly dialogue with the patron. Next, in the section „Musa elegiaca”, the author seeks to decypher the poetic image of the bishop contained in the elegiac poems of Ioannes Kochanowski and Gregory of Sambor. She analyses the conventions and style used by both poets and finds that Kochanowski’s approach is rather grandiloquent and elegant, whereas Samboritanus is more practical and less subtle.

More...

4.50 €

Wizerunek Zygmunta Augusta w listach dedykacyjnych (na wybranych przykładach)

Author(s): Marta Wojtkowska-Maksymik / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author of the article attempts to create a literary portrait of Sigismund Augustus on the basis of dedicatory letters addressed to the ruler. They were written from the 1530s until the last years of his life. The authors include leading humanists from the lands of the Polish Crown, Catholics and Protestants, laymen and clergymen, royal courtiers, secretaries and librarians.

More...

4.50 €

„Sarmacki Tibullus”

Author(s): Wojciech Ryczek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Latin poetry composed by Andrzej Trzecieski the Younger (Andreas Tricesius, ca. 1525 – post 1584) requires more attention in the studies on Neo-Latin literature in the Polish Commonwealth. The goal of this paper is to discuss his silva dedicated to Jan Kochanowski, undoubtedly the most important poet in Renaissance Poland, in the context of motifs, topoi, arguments, tropes, and figures associated with this poetical form. Using a variety of rhetorical strategies (narrative, comparison, symmetrical reversions of words, apostrophe), Trzecieski created an interesting figure of Kochanowski as “Sarmatian Tibullus” who rejected wealth and honours at the royal court, opting instead for a quiet and “much more free” life in the country. Furthermore, the silva offers considerations on the imitation of ancient authors, the choices made by poets, their aspirations and, particularly, on poetical inspirations.

More...

4.50 €

Warneńczyk uwielbiony, czyli o miejscu "Fragmentum XXI" względem "Satyra" i innych politycznych utworów Jana Kochanowskiego

Author(s): Radosław Rusnak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This article deals with four poetic fragments by Jan Kochanowski, published posthumously by his publisher Jan Januszowski and known under the collective title "Bitwa z Amuratem u Warny" (sometimes also "Włodzisław Warneńczyk"). Some scholars treat them as part of a never-completed poem about the Jagiellonian dynasty; they contain two eulogies for King Ladislaus III, killed at Varna, linking him to Sigismund II Augustus, who ruled in the times of Kochanowski. The author considers the possibility that the poet might have planned to produce a work in which the apologia for his contemporary, generally regarded as shying away from military matters, would be accompanied by an affirmation of the heroic death of his medieval predecessor, taking into account both the problematic fame of Ladislaus III as responsible for breaking the truce concluded earlier with the Turks, and the generally friendly relations maintained by the Kraków court with Istanbul. The most likely time for Kochanowski to consider a similar epic was towards the end of Sigismund Augustus’ reign (1570–1572), a period when papal diplomacy was seeking Poland’s participation in the Holy League against the Ottoman state, a project that was unlikely to win the king’s approval but which nevertheless enjoyed some interest among the nobility.

More...

4.50 €

„Porządek i ozdoba rzeczy”

Author(s): Agata Starownik / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The text discusses astronomical motifs in the first part of “Psalm 19” by Jan Kochanowski. They are considered against the background of the Bible and Neoplatonic tradition. The text begins with a brief presentation of the Old Testament original, its composition and the astronomical references it contains. Subsequently, Kochanowski’s text concerning heavenly bodies is juxtaposed with the biblical text, represented by the Vulgate in Robert Estienne’s edition. Neoplatonic thought, represented by the statements of Marsilio Ficino, whose echoes can be discerned in “Psalm 19,” is an important context for the comparison. The article then references a corresponding paragraph in “Pieśń VI” forming part of Fragmenty. Finally, the issue of the dependence of Kochanowski’s work on Buchanan’s paraphrase is briefly discussed. The article seeks to answer two questions relevant to the interpretation of Kochanowski’s psalm: (1) What do the astronomical themes of “Psalm 19” mean to the poet? (2) Can references to celestial bodies in the paraphrase be the basis for inferring the poet’s interest in the cosmos?

More...

4.50 €

Zygmunt August i jego kunstkamera

Author(s): Mateusz Grzęda / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the collecting practices of King Sigismund Augustus and attempts to interpret them against the background of the early modern phenomenon of "Kunstkammer" or cabinet of curiosities, as described by early modern theoreticians of collecting, such as Samuel Quiccheberg and Francis Bacon. Although most of the precious items that belonged to Sigismund Augustus are now lost, his artistic preferences can be reconstructed based on written testimonies and the few extant works of art that were produced for the king. In light of these sources there emerges an image of a large and sumptuous collection which was built by the monarch fastidiously and advisedly throughout his whole lifetime. From the written sources (especially the account left by the apostolic nuncio to Poland, Berardo Bongiovanni, who described a cabinet of curiosities in the palace of the grand dukes of Lithuania in Vilnius, presented to him by the king in 1560) and the analysis of extant artifacts we can deduce that Sigismund Augustus developed an aesthetic sensibility and, to some extent, even an expertise in artistic matters. He is well known as a passionate collector of precious objects made of silver and gold, jewels, plates, precious and semi-precious stones, and tapestries. The king may have considered collecting and presenting these ‘artificialia’ to various audiences to be his privilege or even obligation, justified by the theory of magnificence coined by Aristotle and further developed in the humanistic writings of the fifteenth and sixteenth century. However, Sigismund Augustus’ collection also had a scholarly dimension. Alongside an imposing library he acquired portraits of famous figures, maps, and scientific and musical instruments. In addition, many artworks produced for the king were decorated with naturalistic zoological and botanical motifs which introduced knowledge of the natural world to his cabinet. All these objects, together with a custom of turning, of which Sigismund Augustus was a known practitioner and which was one of the most favored amusements of Renaissance rulers, reveal a curious mind in the king, an asset that he shared with many other European rulers.

More...

4.50 €

Rozrywka z Niemiec

Author(s): Krystyna Wierzbicka-Trwoga / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper discusses the question of the origin of four Old Polish prose novels: "Historia wdzięczna o szlachetnej a pięknej Meluzynie", "Historia o Magielonie, królewnie neapolitańskiej", "Historia piękna i krotochwilna o Otonie, cesarzu rzymskim", and "Fortunat" that form a coherent group in the panorama of 16th century Polish prose. They were translated from German into Polish towards the end of the Jagiellonian period, and in literary history they are referred to as the first Polish chivalric romances; moreover, they have acquired the status of longsellers in Polish literature. The question I’m asking concerns the criterion for choosing these texts for translation. Whose idea was it: the translator’s, the printer’s, or perhaps the publisher’s? Why were these four chosen from among the many texts of popular literature published in Europe? The paper analyses earlier decisions of publishers and translators in this field, who introduced the tradition of ancient and medieval narratives to Polish readers, to conclude that the four texts discussed here were surprising in their novelty against the background of previous translations of popular literature. I put forward the thesis that the key to the riddle of the choice of the four must be sought in someone’s individual decision and that it must have been someone with contacts in Germany; the person I indicate is Mikołaj Szarfenberger, the printer-publisher of the Fortunatus and Octavianus stories and collaborator of Marcin Siennik, the translator of the Melusine story.

More...

4.50 €

Recepcja wiedzy o Indiach Zachodnich w Polsce za panowania ostatnich dwóch Jagiellonów

Author(s): Piotr Tafiłowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This paper deals with the issue of the knowledge of America in Poland in the 16th century. The current state of research in this field is summarised. The findings of researchers who have earlier dealt with this issue are presented. The article discusses texts from the 16th century which include information about America as well as historical collections in which such books were to be found. The last part of the paper is a presentation of the tenth book of Martin Bielski's Chronicle, dedicated to the issue of new geographical discoveries, including America. The article ends with a reflection on the level of knowledge about America in 16th-century Poland.

More...

4.50 €

Ceremonie żałobne po śmierci ostatnich dwóch Jagiellonów zorganizowane poza granicami Polski

Author(s): Piotr Józef Janowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In 1548, a funerary exequiae service was held in the Augsburg Cathedral to commemorate Sigismund the Old’s death. The ceremony was attended by Emperor Charles V, his brother Ferdinand as well as princes of the Holy Roman Empire participating in the Imperial diet and members of the Order of the Golden Fleece. The organisers ensured that the event carried an adequate artistic and ideological message by adorning the church interior with funerary apparatuses, especially the so-called castrum doloris. King Sigismund Augustus was also commemorated outside of the Commonwealth, namely in Italy. By the end of August 1572, Pope Gregory XIII celebrated a holy mass for the soul of the late monarch in the Church of Santa Maria in Aracoeli. On 6th of October 1572, Naples saw a funerary ceremony organised by a Polish diplomat, Stanisław Kłodziński, in the Church of Sant’ Anna dei Lombardi. The culmination of the ceremonies held in Italy was the November exequiae celebrated in the Basilica of San Lorenzo in Damaso in Rome, wherein an impressive castrum doloris was erected. The apparatus was depicted in a preserved engraving by Tomasz Treter. The celebration was organised by Alessandro Farnese, Cardinal Protector of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, with support of Stanisław Hozjusz and other Poles staying in Rome at the time. The funerary services for the last two Jagiellonian kings held abroad were a means of manifesting the dynasty’s power and pursuing a proactive foreign policy. The desired ideological message was conveyed through fine arts, to mention only the occasional architecture described in the article.

More...

4.50 €

„Ku pospolitej potrzebie” – testament Zygmunta Augusta i pierwsza polska publiczna kolekcja sztuki

Author(s): Aleksandra Jakóbczyk-Gola / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In his testament, Sigismund II Augustus handed over his accumulated collection of tapestries to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which he perceived as one political body composed of two nations. This article interprets this decision as a kind of a guarantee of the system’s immutability. It sees the attitude of the last Jagiellon as going beyond the framework of his era, unprecedented in the country and even among the rulers of Europe. It can only be compared with the choices of European collectors in that period, for example Ulysses Aldrovandi or Ferdinando Cospi. It is a testimony to the process of gradual handing over art collections to the public and the establishment of the first museums. As the article proves, Sigismund II Augustus as a collector was aware of the material and symbolic value of the works he collected. His actions can be compared with the behaviour of Anna Maria Luisa, the last of the Medici, who also donated the collections of her family to Florence for the benefit of the public. The decisions of both rulers were also influenced by changes in cultural formation. They show the experience of the end of the epoch: the trends of the decline of the Renaissance – mannerism.

More...

5.00 €

Krijimet e artit prehistorik-kapital intelektual i njerëzimit

Author(s): Muzafer Korkuti / Language(s): Albanian Publication Year: 0

Gjatë dyzet viteve (1966-2006) të kërkimeve në tërë territorin e Shqipërisë kam mundur të zbuloj dhe të grumbulloj të dhëna e dokumentacion grafik e fotografik të bollshëm për pikturën e Lepenicës (Vlorë), të Rubikut, të Reçit (Dibër), të Xibrit (Mat), të Bovillës (Tiranë) dhe Trenit (Korçë). Gjithashtu kam grumbulluar të dhëna edhe për pikturën e Vlashnjës që ndodhet në afërsi të Prizrenit (Kosovë), të cilat së toku më japin mun-dësinë të bëj disa vlerësime e përgjithësime. Pikturat dhe gdhendjet shkëmbore ruajnë kujtimet e shoqërive prehistorike, ashtu si katedralet dhe muzetë arkeologjikë ruajnë dëshmitë për shoqëritë urbane. Arti prehistorik na ndihmon të kuptojmë evolucionin e shoqërisë njerëzore, na dëshmon për mitet e lashta, për besimet, për veprimtaritë parësore në jetën e banorëve të lashtë, për veçoritë individuale të kuptimit e perceptimit të botës reale e imagjinare, të mendjes dhe të ndjenjave të krijuesve të këtyre veprave. (Fig.1)

More...

5.00 €

Dal falso storico alla falsificazione del vero mito: il caso del canto O e bukura More

Author(s): Matteo Mandalá / Language(s): Italian Publication Year: 0

La regione menzionata nel testo di questo celeberrimo canto è, evidentemente, quella del Peloponneso. Ma se si legge attentamente il testo nella sua versione integrale...

More...

4.50 €

„Nowa sztuka” w Łodzi w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym

Author(s): Aneta Pawłowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents the circumstances of the formation of modernist art in a large industrial city like Łódź in the interwar period. The factory character of the multinational, dynamically developing city influenced its culture and art. Through the fact that the Jewish diaspora (the expressionist Jung Idysz group) and the abstractionists (Władysław Strzemiński, Katarzyna Kobro, Karol Hiller, Stefan Wegner, Aniela Menkesowa) participated in the artistic movement in large numbers, the city of the "cultural desert" grew to become an important centre of modern art. Important activities supporting the development of modern art in the city of Lodz included the creation of the International Collection of Modern Art in the Lodz Museum and publications from the so-called "a.r. Library" (related to the artistic practice of the "a.r." group).

More...

7.00 €

Beethovena III Symfonia Es-dur op. 55 – na granicy światów

Author(s): Piotr Chlebowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Composed in 1802–1803, Symphony No. 3 in E-flat major is a landmark work not only in Beethoven’s oeuvre but, above all, a landmark in the music of that era. It grew out of the classical tradition, as evidenced by its overall structure and character, but at the same time it effectively transcends that tradition. It represents a structure of breaking out and crossing boundaries in many aspects and elements. The text shows the features and characteristics of Eroica that stand on the side of classical approaches, as well as those that emphasize the romantic dimension of the work. Mostly, attempts have been made to treat both tendencies in a directional rather than a scope-based manner. The approach proposed here seeks to emphasize the original dimensions of the work in the bipolarity of its structure, whose agitation or instability becomes the main property or value of the musical piece.

More...