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Introduction: Nuevas aportaciones de la Gramática de Construcciones a los estudios de fraseología en las lenguas románicas

Author(s): Carmen Mellado Blanco,Enrique Gutiérrez Rubio / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2020

La idea de este número monográfico de Romanica Olomucensia sobre la Gramática de Construcciones aplicada a los estudios de fraseología se fraguó durante el congreso internacional EUROPHRAS 2019 Productive Patterns in Phraseology, celebrado los días 24 y 25 de enero de 2019 en la Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (España) bajo el auspicio de la Sociedad Europea de Fraseología («Europäische Gesellschaft für Phraseologie», EUROPHRAS). La que suscribe, Carmen Mellado Blanco, tuvo la oportunidad, como coordinadora del evento, de conocer personalmente al director de la revista, Enrique Gutiérrez Rubio, que participó con una ponencia en el congreso. De este fructífero encuentro surgió la iniciativa de dedicar un número monográfico (concretamente el 32.1.) a las relaciones entre la Gramática de Construcciones y la fraseología, tema hasta hace bien poco no muy investigado en las lenguas románicas.

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Les comparacions i les seues variacions en La plaça del Diamant des de la Gramàtica de Construccions: entre usualitat i creativitat

Author(s): Pedro Ivorra Ordines / Language(s): Catalan Issue: 1/2020

Construction Grammar has brought about a significant change in the understanding of the phenomenon of idiomaticity by means of one of the major tenets of constructionist approaches, the notion of “grammatical construction”. As form-meaning pairings, such a notion allows the language to be understood as a continuum of idiomaticity. This study aims to apply the basic notions of Construction Grammar to explain the creative use of the comparative construction [ADJ com Y] used in the novel La plaça del Diamant. From the unifying approach of form and meaning of idiomatic expressions a sample of comparative constructions used by the Catalan writer is analysed by means of a corpus and phraseological dictionaries as tools which help us give a detailed panorama of speakers’ use of language. This study hence highlights the fine line between what is common and what is lexicalized, and the creative use of the idiomatic intensifying comparative construction. This line would correspond to the dynamic lexicon-grammar continuum. A detailed analysis of many constructions demonstrates that it is a highly productive construction, and such creativity is perfectly suited to the notion of entrenchment, which explains the modifications of phraseological units, as well as the creation of new ones.

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[A todo + INF]: velocidad e intensificación en una construcción fraseológica del español

Author(s): Belén López Meirama / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2020

The aim of this paper is to integrate the precepts of Construction Grammar into phraseology, for which a holistic description of the Spanish constructional idiom [a todo + INF] is provided. Constructional idioms are constructional patterns composed of certain fixed constituents and others that, although free slots, are subject to certain restrictions in terms of their combinations. The inductive methodology used to analyse these constructions is based on the assumption that frequency of use favours the creation of combinatory patterns, so that the analysis is carried out using data collected in various reference corpora, including the Spanish corpus of the TenTen family, available through the Sketch Engine program, Sketch Engine Spanish Web 2018. Such an analysis includes: the justification of its phraseological character, confirming its high degree of fixation, both formal and cognitive (entrenchment); a description of its meaning, whose core is intensification; a description of the types of verbs that prototypically fill the free slot, which mostly designate durative rather than delimited events, and the possibility of its integration into other constructions. This study confirms that an approach that encompasses both formal features and semantic and pragmatic ones and that bases the analysis on data extracted from large corpora offers more homogeneous, exhaustive, and convincing characterizations of constructional idioms, which have often been considered only from a formal perspective.

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Construcciones fraseológicas y frasemas gramaticales con ni incoordinado

Author(s): Manuel Martí Sánchez / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2020

This paper seeks to understand and organize the structural network regarding niunconjunctive, which, in spite of having been studied a lot, is still posing issues of concern, and this is intended to be attempted from the perspective of constructionist approaches. With both a synthetic and analytical spirit, this contribution is structured in three parts. The first part revolves around the constructions, understood in the sense of Construction Grammar as “conventional, learned form-function pairings at varying levels of complexity and abstraction” (Goldberg, “Constructionist Approaches”, p. 17). Within a current phraseology which is increasingly concerned about the constructions, the concepts of constructional idioms and grammatical phrasemes will be explained. These concepts will be needed for understanding phraseological and lexically full constructions, with or without conjunctive. ni- will be analysed as a grammatical phraseme, responsible for the form and function of these constructions through their procedural condition, and in which the residue of their conjunctive condition persists. Intended for those constructions containing the ni-unconjunctive, the denomination of incoordination following the model of insubordination constructions with subordinate conjunctions, such as si or que, which does not depend on any head, will be proposed. This theoretical framework will help us, in the last part, to discuss a reality that is shown to be complex because of two related issues: the nature of ni and the continuity of the constructions involved, between themselves and with the constructions consisting of the conjunctive ni.

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Construcciones fraseológicas de valor consecutivo-intensificador

Author(s): Inmaculada Penadés Martínez / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2020

This paper considers whether examples such as “estaba todo el día que echaba humo, cualquier cosa la irritaba” correspond to an adjectival idiom (que echa humo) or to the constructional idiom [(alguien) estar (cuant pond) que X[verbo / locución verbal]]. The example is related to others, such as “una tortilla de patatas y pimientos que te chupas los dedos”, and so an examination is also performed to ascertain whether this is a manifestation of the construction [detart ind X[nombre] que Y[verbo / locución verbal]]. The analysis is based on Construction Grammar, this being the most suitable linguistic methodology for the study of the above-mentioned phraseological units. The fact that they are formed by fixed lexical elements (estar) and free slots (X and Y) allows us to use the constructionist perspective, which is currently flourishing in Spanish phraseology. The research shows that the units under study are not idioms but constructional idioms which are joined to the consecutive subordinate clauses in Spanish by means of two inheritance relationships: the instance link and the subpart link. Several conclusions can be drawn from this study: 1. the syntactic and pragmatic properties of the two constructional idioms that are examined are derived or inherited from the properties of consecutive clauses; 2. the network organization of constructions in languages is confirmed in the data that is studied; and 3. the continuum between a grammatical pole and a lexical one should be completed by the continuum between a non-phraseological pole and a phraseological one; constructional idioms like those that are examined would reside at the centre of this continuum.

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Le combinazioni di parole parzialmente riempite in alcune lingue romanze. Schematismo e predicibilità semantica

Author(s): Valentina Piunno / Language(s): Italian Issue: 1/2020

This investigation proposes a corpus-driven description of partially filled constructions (PFCs), a subtype of phraseological units characterized by a low degree of lexical specification and a high level of semantic predictability. PFCs contain both fixed and empty slots, showing variable levels of productivity. As constructions, they are pairings of form and function (Goldberg), since their semantic/syntactic configuration can convey particular sets of meanings. Through the analysis of authentic data extracted from corpora of three different Romance languages (Italian, French, and Spanish), this contribution aims at i) identifying and analysing a set of partially filled units, ii) showing a formal representation of such syntactic-semantic patterns, iii) classifying them into different types on the basis of functional, syntactic, and semantic criteria, as well as on the degree of idiomaticity and lexical variation, and iv) driving a cross-linguistic comparison among the Romance languages. The same PFC may be characterized by different levels of schematicity and productivity in the various languages taken into account. It will be shown that PFCs may be associated with different syntactic structures, either at the phrase-level or at the sentence-level. Even though they are characterized by empty slots and by a lower degree of lexical specification, they still represent a regular area of the lexicon. New and independent lexemes can develop from specific constructions and become conventionalized through repetition.

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Las estructuras comparativas intensivas aplicadas al adjetivo negro en español medieval en comparación con el francés

Author(s): Xavier Blanco,Rafael García Pérez / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2021

This paper is focused on intensive comparative structures (which are by far the most numerous in language and discourse) applied to the adjective negro in mediaeval Spanish. Many examples are studied and connected to similar structures in Mediaeval French (Old French and Middle French). The concept of collocation used in this paper is based on the same concept developed within Explanatory and Combinatorial Lexicology. The examples which contain the above-mentioned comparative structures are taken from the CORDE (Corpus diacrónico del español, RAE) and CDH (Corpus del Nuevo diccionario histórico del español) corpora. All the second terms of this type of comparison are specified and discussed, from the most frequent (pez, carbón, cuervo...) to the least frequent (olla, diablo, guijarro, escarabajo...). It is found that even if Spanish and French are very similar regarding the use of collocative items (which is partly due to phraseological borrowings, as a result of the bustle of translating activity at that time), there are also clear divergences between the two languages. Thus, noir comme l’encre, which was very common in Mediaeval French, only appeared in Spanish (negro como la tinta) in the 16th century. The examples provided throughout the paper allow some insights into the way a given linguistic structure, which has a grammatical meaning (intensity) and can be used in both literary and technical texts, is also a vehicle for a shared cultural content, a content that often comes from the Latin origin of both languages.

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Delovno mednarodno srečanje v Ljubljani (Slovenija) o sodobni frazeologiji kot vitalni jezikoslovni vedi

Author(s): Andreja Žele / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2022

On December 16, 2022, a bilateral Slovenian-Croatian phraseology working meeting was held at the Faculty of Arts of the University of Ljubljana, at which the state of phraseology in Slovenia and Croatia was updated in a very concise manner. The organizer was the Faculty of Arts in Ljubljana and, within this institution, the Department of Slovene Studies. The expert discussion took place according to thematic blocks, namely: 1) Methods, approaches and reviews, 2) Phraseology in dictionaries, 3) Teaching and learning phraseology, and 4) Current phraseological research. It has been confirmed that such working international meetings with the much-needed exchange of expert opinions and experiences are necessary for the smooth development of the profession and at the same time are also invaluable for their vision within the wider linguistic activity.

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Análisis comparativo de la simbología del color morado en la fraseología en español y en chino

Author(s): Linghzi Nie / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 35/2022

Colour often conveys symbolic values and reflects the philosophy and culture of a linguistic community. Furthermore, its use in phraseological units generates new connoted meanings as the language evolves. Although extensive studies on the connotation of colours have been conducted, all of them are mainly focused on six basic colours (white, black, red, yellow, blue and green). In this sense, few comparative studies on the symbolism of purple in Spanish and Chinese have been reported. This study aims to carry out a comparative analysis from a cognitive perspective on the symbolism transmitted in the terms used for purple and their traces in the phraseological units in Spanish and Chinese. Through an in-depth analysis, we will demonstrate that there are more differences than similarities both in the way of the terms for purple are understood and in the number of phraseological units generated.

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Сіні колер ў фразеалагічнай карціне свету беларусаў і чэхаў

Author(s): Inna Kalita / Language(s): Belarusian Issue: 15/2021

The following article is dedicated to a comparative analysis of the colour blue in Belarusian and Czech phraseology. The objects of research are phraseological units with coloronym (сіні/modrý). The main goal is to compare the representation of the colour blue using both synchronic and diachronic approaches in order to identify equivalents and lacunae and describe their national and cultural speciics. The main comparative method is supplemented by etymological and linguistic-cultural commentaries, the method of continuous sampling of material from signiicant phraseological dictionaries is also implemented. Observations of the development of phraseological semantics of the colour blue conirm the idea of semantic ambivalence of any colour. Phraseologisms in which the colour blue is subject to the process of metaphorization relects the social tendencies created by man. Outdated units prevail in the „blue phraseology” of both languages. Neological tendencies are connected to globalization trends and national realities. The analysis showed that in Belarusian and Czech phraseology blue is not dominant, but in the phraseological stock of both languages, it occupies its niche and carries a speciic semantic load. The article is a contribution to the development of phraseological comparative research of Belarusian and Czech, the topic of phraseological representation of blue being compared in these two languages has not been previously examined.

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Toponymic Components in Czech, Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian Propositional and Polypropositional Phrasemes

Author(s): Pavel Krejčí / Language(s): Czech,Polish Issue: 1/2021

The paper presents toponyms that appear in the function of components of Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian and Czech phraseological units in a form of a sentence (traditionally also refeered to as proverbs and sayings). From the point of view of their syntactic structure, most examples follow the pattern of a simple sentence (e.g. S.-Cr. Puno je vode proteklo Savom), a less complex sentence (e.g. Bulg. Ходил в/на Стамбул, а царя не видял), while exceptions constitute the so-called intersubject structures, such as Czech Jak je ti, Rakousko? – Ouzko!. The syntactic structure may lack a predicate – e.g. Bulg. Нерде Ямбол, нерде Стамбул or S.-Cr. Martin u Zagreb, Martin iz Zagreba. Within the studied phraseology there are also toponyms differing from their standard or modern form (e.g. Czech Tejn, Brandejs, Sibérie or Bulg. Стамбул).

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POLSKIE I BUŁGARSKIE FRAZEOLOGIZMY Z KOMPONENTEM NOMINALNYM UCHO – USZY / УХО – УШИ

Author(s): Joanna Mleczko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The paper analyzes Polish and Bulgarian phrasemes with the nominal component ‘ucho – uszy’ / ‘ухо – уши’ [‘ear – ears’]. Based on motivation, they form three internally different groups. The first group includes phrasemes whose meaning reveals functional, anatomical and spatial slogans inherent in the semantic structure of the lexeme ‘ear’ naming a part of the body. The second group consists of phraseological compounds with cultural motivation, and the third group includes units with the lexeme ‘ear’ used in figurative meanings. Most of the symbolic meanings attributed to the ear have been fixed in both Polish and Bulgarian phraseological compounds. The compounds that differ in meaning in the two languages are few; more common is the expansion of meaning in one of the languages. In both Polish and Bulgarian data, there are units that have no equivalent in the other language.

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Związki frazeologiczne z komponentem nominalnym oko – oczy / око – очи w języku polskim i bułgarskim

Author(s): Joanna Mleczko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2022

The subject of analysis are Polish and Bulgarian idioms with the nominal component oko – oczy / око – очи [eye – eyes]. An ideographic model of somatic idiom systematization based on the anthropocentric scheme of ideas by the Russian researcher Tatiana Nikitina was used for their presentation. The author focused on group one of the model. It comprises idioms that refer to the man, including to the man as a living and acting being and his internal world. When defining the man as a living and acting being, one can distinguish his characteristic features, process and conditions that are connected with different periods of life, physique, existential needs, physical condition, general sensation, sense perception, feelings and physical activity. The idioms excerpted in the article cover almost all of the above areas.

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Pravopisna norma i standardizacija hrvatskoga jezika devedesetih godina 20. stoljeća i početkom 21. stoljeća

Author(s): Ante Bičanić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2012

In the 1990s standard Croatian was a highly standardized language, as were most other European standard languages However, there were also nonstandardized linguistic elements, especially in the fields of svocabulary and orthography. Croatia’s independence ensured a more favourable political and social climate for the standardization of Croatian through the provision of Article 12 of the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia. Before 1990s the orthographic standard was codified in Pravopisni priručnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika (The Handbook of Croatian or Serbian Orthography) by V. Anić and J. Silić (1986). In 1990 a new edition of the 1971 Hrvatski pravopis (The Croatian Orthography) by S. Babić, B. Finka and M. Moguš was published, which was later reprinted several times. This means that in the 1990s two orthographic standards were in public use and written practice in Croatia, whose general concepts as well as individual orthographic rules were different. Further confusion in the orthographic standard was brought about by Hrvatski školski pravopis (The Croatian School Orthography) authored by S. Babić, S. Ham and M. Moguš in 2005 and by Hrvatski pravopis (The Croatian Orthography) authored by L. Badurina, I. Marković and K. Mićanović in 2007. The Croatian orthographic standard is today codified in four different orthographic handbooks, different both in their general concepts and individual orthographic rules. However, these rules are in most cases either the same or very similar and they follow the centuries-old Croatian orthographic tradition. Furthermore, none of the above mentioned dictionaries has been officially approved by the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports for public use. The current orthographic situation in Croatia is not good because some orthographic issues raised by the contemporary society and science still remain open.

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Doprinos Dalibora Brozovića istraživanju bosanskohercegovačkih govora

Author(s): Niaza Imamović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2012

The subject of dialects in Bosnia and Herzegovina is very complex. Dalibor Brozovic noticed all the complexity of that particular matter. During his work he tried to make a review of all language specialties’ from each area. During his writing he was using all available literature, but mostly he was using his notes taken during dialectic excursions’ from different areas of our countries. After reviewing all the written works of this author which are presented in this project, the following can be concluded: • his focus was not on broad works, it was more on the exact figures; • he connected the historical facts of language development with the historical facts of nation who have spoken on this language dialect; • he tried to present language area as non isolated from other language; • he offers new classifications of dialect and sub classifications; While the author was considering each language problem, he was considering all sociolinguistic aspects. All the works which are presented in this project are based on previously mentioned concept. In two main works which are presented at the very beginning, Brozovic gives description of ijesc. dialect. His doctorial dissertation contains detailed presentation of language characteristics from Fojnica area on all levels, while in his second work Brozovic researches sociolinguistic aspects with short observation of all characteristics of each dialect. Shorter works are made with the different themes; therefore the results are different as well. This kind of research through the Bosnia was done to fulfill the material for his doctorial dissertation. In additional notes he tried to emphasize all the characteristics which previously were not noticed. Also, in his works he shows the close connection on language system. Further, in his referrals Brozovic points out all the reasons for independency of BH dialects. He is true ambassador of the correct attitude towards BH languages and dialects. This project offers a very small contribution on the importance of the great name, D. Brozovic who made a great effort with his work for our dialectology.

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Doprinos Asima Pece razvoju bosanskohercegovačke dijalektologije

Author(s): Enisa Ivojević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2012

Academician Asim Peco (Ortiješ near Mostar, 1927) is the most prominent Bosnianand-Herzegovinian linguist. His works have contributed to clarifying a complex dialectical picture in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and they also have significantly enhanced the dialectology of the entire South-Slavic area. The bibliography of A. Peco consists of more than twenty books and more than 550 scientific and expert contributions, discussions, criticisms, reviews and overviews. The works of this dialectology expert often problematize the issues which, directly or indirectly, concern the Bosnian-and-Herzegovinian speech area, and a considerable portion of his works exclusively deal with the dialectical situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The area of the eastern, central and western Herzegovina and western Bosnia were the subject matter of his detailed analysis, but also the other Bosnian-and-Herzegovinian areas were not deprived of his attention and analysis. He provided a special contribution, among others, in defining an origin of the Ikavian element in the Štakavian, Šćakavian and Čakavian speeches and in determining a special position for the Ikavian-Šćakavian speeches.

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Шта је ново у српској и хрватској лингвистичкој контактологији у првој деценији ххі века?

Author(s): Jovan Ajduković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2012

First, based on the relevant and available literature, we summarize the results of the research in linguistic contactology published in Serbia and Croatia in the first decade of the XXI century. The dominant theory and approach during this period were the theory of transfer and structural approach to the analysis of contactological units. One of the scientific activities was performing theoretical-practical tasks, such as a transcription of onomastic material. Secondly, the paper presents contribution of Serbian and Croatian researchers to the development of the contactological terminology. Instead of the traditional terms like loanwords, Anglicism, Russianism, transfonemization, semantic adaptation, etc, researchers use the terms contacteme, contact-lexeme, contact-phraseme, transderivation etc. belonging to the contactology theory of activation or mapping of latent elements and empty places. Third, we discuss directions of development of linguistic contactology

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Wszechobecne na, czyli o ekspansji przyimka na we współczesnej polszczyźnie

Author(s): Jadwiga Waniakowa,Katarzyna Węgrzynek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The text concerns the spread of the preposition na in contemporary Polish. In the broadly understood function of expressing spatial relations, it displaces other prepositions, such as w and even przy and pod. The authors try to find out the reasons for this expansion by analyzing exemplary prepositional phrases concerning static spatial relations and taking into account contemporary Internet and corpus data, as well as confronting them with previous materials and normative recommendations.

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O prijedlozima u hrvatskom jeziku

Author(s): Darko Matovac / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2012

Insight into contemporary grammars of Croatian language makes evident that they do not have the same approach to the class of words called prepositions. In all grammars, prepositions are primarily defined on basis of their function, and only some grammars talk about the meaning of prepositions. In addition, only several grammars classify prepositions into groups/subsets according to their morphological complexity. Aforementioned grammars speak about pravi ‘real’ and nepravi ‘not real’ prepositions, tvorbeni ‘formed’ and netvorbeni ‘not formed’ prepositions or proizvedeni ‘produced’ and neproizvedeni ‘not produced’ prepositions. Basically, classifications are based on the same criteria, but those criteria are not clearly explained nor valued. Therefore, particular preposition can belong to different groups, differing from grammar to grammar. Also, number of prepositions belonging to Croatian language differs from one grammar to the other (archaism, prepositional phrases as prepositions). The aim of this paper is to present systematical list of prepositions in Croatian language which takes into account morphological complexity of prepositions and the nature of grammaticalization process which produces them.

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Probleme der Lexikographie und Didaktisierung von Phraseologismen für Deutsch lernende Polen

Author(s): Joanna Szczęk / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2022

Idioms are a part of the lexicon in the respective language and are considered by the learners of the respective foreign language as a hard nut to crack. The didactic proposals in the field of idiomatics do not seem to be sufficient. This also applies to the language pair German and Polish. The more welcome are phraseodidactic publications that try to remedy this deficiency. The combination of phraseodidactic and lexicographic practice seems to be a good idea. One such attempt is the work of Daniel Berg: “300 idiomów języka niemieckiego”, which was recently published as an e-book by PWN-Verlag. In the light of the previous phraseodidactic offer for German learning Poles, Daniel Berg’s publication is critically evaluated. Since the publication has many shortcomings in all respects, it is not recommended to use it in GFL lessons. The author disregards all the rules that one has to follow when writing a didactic and lexicographic work. Against this background, it is also assumed that corresponding corrections have not been made. At the same time, it is pointed out that phraseodidactic works require special treatment in which theory is to be combined with practice.

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