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The basic criterion allowing for the subdivision of real estate other than agricultural or forest land is compliance of the planned subdivision with the local plan or, in the absence of a plan, with the provisions of the zoning permit. Regardless of the mentioned planning documents, the subdivision may be carried out for specific purposes. One of them is parceling out of land whose ownership or perpetual usufruct have been acquired by virtue of law.This article aims to present and analyze the cases in which we deal with the acquisition of land by virtue of law, which justifies a subdivision of property, regardless of the planning criteria.The subdivision aimed at parceling out land whose ownership or perpetual usufruct have been acquired by virtue of law applies to such cases in which the legislature has legally parceled out a new property by specifying the entity who has acquired the rights to a part of the property, but there is a need to define boundaries of the acquisition. The examples include proceedings relating to the acquisition of land ownership occupied on 1 January 1999 by public bodies for public roads, municipalization of State property, the purchase of perpetual usufruct of land and ownership of buildings as of December 1990 by state and municipal legal persons having the right of management (the so-called “enfranchisement”), regulating the legal title to land by the PKP (Polish Railroads) company. The paper presents the basis for the acquisition of real estate by virtue of law, the conditions, scope and authorized entities. In practice, subdivisions of real estate are frequently carried out, regardless of the planning decisions, in order to regulate the legal status of land seized in the past for public roads. Therefore, special attention was paid to these issues. Basing on the research, the scope of the documentation for regulating the legal status of the land seized in the past for roads, the number of the issued decisions determining the acquisition of real estate by the Municipality of Krakow and the State Treasury in the analyzed period, and the determined amount of the compensation for the owners, were determined.The research material included the legal provisions, judicial decisions, the study conducted on the property of the Municipality of Krakow.
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The article presents possibilities of using LCA analyses for roads and bridges determining core boundary conditions and functional unit. The examples of characteristic process trees were studied and fundamental for further analyses. The environmental impact assessment methods, based on LCA analyses, illustrating roads and bridges influence on environmental elements such as climate or ozone layer, were presented. The influence of boundary conditions and the process tree expansion on the results obtained was described with its reference to the scale on environmental impact. It showed how the interpretation of the results make an optimization of a design possible in order to minimize the environmental impact.
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The article presents the literature review about the application of stereology and image analysis for quantitative evaluation of the building materials structure. At the outset, the development of stereological methods and computer image analysis techniques in the study of building materials was provided. Then quantitative structure parameters were defined and their methods of determining were showed. In the paper, the application of image analysis for the determination of properties of the cement composites was reported, including: an assessment of the porosity of the hardened concrete, determination of the aggregate distribution in the cementitious matrix, the crack analysis. It was found that the leading problem of image analysis is the process of sample preparation in order to obtain the correct extraction of examinated phase, and measurement automation process.
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An accelerated development of urban communication infrastructure, especially that of railway, forces search for new space for investment. The area of communication infrastructure interpenetrates usable space creating mutual symbiotic interaction. This development carries the growth of influence on the surrounding areas. This article presents the influence of a railway infrastructure on a newly designed commercial and office center situated on the flyover over the railway track, as well as on technical devices and people staying there. The aim of the research and the analysis was to gain information about acceleration spectrum of the response of the building that is situated near the railway track and thus to forecast vibration timings of a designed building together with kinematic excitation at the level of foundation. For static strength calculations, the research investigated the influence of subsoil vibrations caused by rolling stock on a dynamic stress increase in the structure as well as on the specification of a dynamic factor and thus on taking into consideration the growth and stress variation in design approach. The analysis of the dynamic factor at the designing level enables us to eliminate the influence of vibration exposure by introducing vibration damping system in the most optimal location of vibration centre.
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The article was taken a technical problem of human-technical heritage. The thing applies to the 1st M. Lutoslawski’s bridge in Lublin. Years of neglect caused by a deficiency of knowledge about the bridge worth, its uniqueness meant that the structure is close to the limit condition in the sense of technical standards. This does not mean that at any moment the bridge will collapse, but each subsequent year of its duration is a further development of corrosion and cost increases of future repair. In terms of sustainable development - should endeavor not to impoverish future generations of unique monument.
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Through the ages, libraries have not only accumulated and preserved but also shaped, inspired, and developed knowledge. The first edition of the first universal bibliography, called „Bibliotheca universalis” signed by the Swiss scholar Conrad Gesner, describes about twelve thousand works by some three thousand authors. It is arranged by first names (with an excellent index of family and adopted names), giving biographies, incipits of texts, details of editions, critical notes on contents, on manuscripts, projected and unfinished works, etc., its only restriction being that everything not in Greek, Latin or Hebrew is excluded. It was a truly epochal achievement, on which all subsequent bibliographers have to some extent relied, directly or indirectly.
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The article presents the literary achievements of two Ełk bishops – Edward Edmund Samsel and Wojciech Ziemba. They belong to a group of people having education in the field of biblical theology. The bibliography concerns the years 1992-2017.
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Report from the scientific symposium entitled "Apology of the Eucharist", Ełk, January 28, 2020.
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У чланку се води полемика с текстом Драгише Васића објављеном у претходном броју Токова историје. Анализира се методологија коју Васић користи, извори на којима је засновао своје тезе, аргументација која се користи, литература на коју се аутор позива. Посебна пажња је поклоњења завршном делу његовог текста, који је оцењен као политички памфлет недостојан научног часописа.
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