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Smart dwellings

Author(s): Mihaela Zamfir (Grigorescu),Mihai Viorel Zamfir,Ileana Ciobanu,Andreea Georgiana Marin / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2021

Preamble: The pandemic with COVID-19 that we have been experiencing globally for almost one year now brings continuous challenges on many levels, the built environment being an important one. Social distancing meant that during this period housing has been requested differently, first as a shelter, now as a space in which we have to work or learn. Objectives: The research aims to identify dwellings parameters that need reconsideration from the pandemic experience with COVID-19, how these can be adjusted in order to meet safety and comfort requirements to ultimately maintain well-being. Prior work: The paper investigates the latest written documents on the influence of the pandemic with COVID-19 on the built environment, including published articles, peer-reviewed articles, digital blog posts, expert opinions. Approach: The research is of narrative review type and interdisciplinary investigation of the specialized literature but at the same time it is also a reflection of the personal experience of the authors during COVID-19 pandemic. The following parameters of the home are analyzed: areas, dimensions, functions, finishes, accesses, lighting, relationship with the outdoor. Results: Health, safety and comfort are 3 aspects that were tested during the quarantine period and are essential when we talk about housing and pandemic dwellings. It is estimated that there will be changes in the design of new residential buildings, collective and individual. Homes will need versatility, more generous spaces, functional expansions so as to cover both living and work or learning areas. There is talk of a living architecture but at the same time of touchless technology. The post-pandemic COVID-19 architecture will emphasize the user's well-being, but with much more emphasis on safety issues. Implications: The challenges of the pandemic will influence the design process with possible changes in regulations, with an impact on architects, verification requirements, and contractors but also costs for the beneficiary. The architecture of post-pandemic housing will be an interdisciplinary collaboration between architect and specialists such as medical doctor, biologist, psychologist, engineers. Value: The paper highlights the importance of the need for an interdisciplinary approach in the design of housing, a new aspect catalyzed by the pandemic with COVID-19.

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Опити за употреба в публичната комуникация на пандемията Ковид-19 като държавна идеология

Author(s): Georgi Lozanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 9/2021

The article looks at the systematic attempts to transform the coronavirus epidemic into a state ideology similar to the Marxist-Leninist one, within the former Eastern Bloc. However, the current ideological attempts do not rely on repressive state apparatuses. They are voluntarily accepted. What operates behind this voluntary acceptance is a public communication strategy based on the war model and in a regime of hyper-information, i.e. infodemic. It is a strategy with a pyramidal structure, the top of which is held by the state government, reframed as “good” power. For the first time at the base of an ideology is not a historic event, but a natural one. This gives such a nature-based ideology the chance to exploit and govern the most basic existential fears of people. Furthermore, the article is focused on the current Bulgarian political situation. However, the aforementioned pandemic’s ideological strategies and their influence in Bulgaria are placed in the broader context of the return of conservative ideologies and the destabilization of the liberal consensus in Europe and the States.The article looks at the systematic attempts to transform the coronavirus epidemic into a state ideology similar to the Marxist-Leninist one, within the former Eastern Bloc. However, the current ideological attempts do not rely on repressive state apparatuses. They are voluntarily accepted. What operates behind this voluntary acceptance is a public communication strategy based on the war model and in a regime of hyper-information, i.e. infodemic. It is a strategy with a pyramidal structure, the top of which is held by the state government, reframed as “good” power. For the first time at the base of an ideology is not a historic event, but a natural one. This gives such a nature-based ideology the chance to exploit and govern the most basic existential fears of people. Furthermore, the article is focused on the current Bulgarian political situation. However, the aforementioned pandemic’s ideological strategies and their influence in Bulgaria are placed in the broader context of the return of conservative ideologies and the destabilization of the liberal consensus in Europe and the States.

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РАЗМИСЛИ ОТНОСНО РИМСКОТО И СЪВРЕМЕННОТО СХВАЩАНЕ ЗА ДОГОВОРА

Author(s): Juan Manuel Blanch Nougués / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The aim of this article is to highlight the importance of the Roman legal terminology on contracts, origin of modern basic concepts such as contract, pactum, agreement, transaction (with mutual sacrifices by the parties), or unilateral promise etc., very abundant, from the legal theory’s point of view, in the Roman law. This ancient law is, nowadays, an indispensable tool referring the dialogue between the most widespread traditions in the world, i. e., the Roman-Germanic and the Common Law. In order to do that, even between national laws belonging to a common legal tradition, the analysis of the genesis and nature of the legal concepts in Roman law constitutes a fundamental task of legal interpretation. A review of the traditional theory of the sources of obligations in Roman law is also necessary. This paper, besides, affords the discussion of the recent reform of the French Civil Code concerning the sources of obligations (2016), as well as some of the different initiatives about the international unification of private law.

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КОНСЕНСУАЛНОСТТА НА РЕАЛНИЯ РИМСКИ MUTUUM. КОНТИНУИТЕТ И ДИСКОНТИНИУИТЕТ В УРЕДБАТА НА ДОГОВОРА ЗА ЗАЕМ ЗА ПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ МЕЖДУ РИМСКОТО ПРАВО, ИТАЛИЯ И КИТАЙ

Author(s): Antonio Saccoccio / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

Roman jurists had always included the loan contract among the real contracts. This is the result of a progressive refinement process started with the ‘birth’of the loan within the category of the 're obligari'. Through a riper consideration developed among the jurists, the old 're obligari' has been included in a more recent notion of 'contrahere re', where the role of the consent is definitely more relevant. A tension between the elements of the consent and delivery has been kept within the view of Roman jurists on this contract: Roman jurists had, on the one hand, vigorously defended the view of the loan as a real contract, on the other hand, had elaborated dogmatic models of loan contracts for which the delivery (traditio) was not anymore necessary for the production of the (obligatory) effects of the loan contract.

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DATIO IN SOLUTUM NECESSARIA В РИМСКОТО ПРАВО. РАЗВИТИЕ И НАСТОЯЩЕ – СРАВНИЕЛЕН АНАЛИЗ

Author(s): Verónica Daniela Díaz Sazo / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

This research aims to analyze the figure of the datio in solutum necessaria from its origins to the present. All this, from the terminological and practical origin of the datio in solutum, but focusing specifically on the datio in solutum necessaria. The legal figure of datio in solutum necessaria finds its origin, according to the majority doctrine, after Justinian, so it is intended to systematize its evolution until today. In modern times, the datio in solutum necessaria is not estipulated in most legal systems, with voluntary payment being the option regulated by most of the current Civil Codes. However, it is intended to demonstrate that there are legal systems that remain faithful to Justinian Roman law when it comes to providing the datio in solutum necessaria in an express manner in their legal systems.

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МОРЕ И ПРАВО. НЯКОИ БЕЛЕЖКИ

Author(s): Mario Fiorentini / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

The analysis of the legal sources of the second and third centuries AD, aims to highlight the fact thatthe inclusion of the sea among the res communes omnium, and the same this category developed by Marcian are not so much the mature fruit of the discussions developed among the imperial jurists but, on the contrary, an attempt to build a special category within the res publicae, open to anyone regardless of Roman citizenship, which, however, when it was created by Marcian, would need further reflection. However, such an in-depth study was not possible due to the lack of scientific activity of the jurists after Gordian III. A close analysis of the scene of Plautus’ Rudens is also carried out, in order to attempt a correct framing of the discussion on the historical process that involved the definition of the sea as res communis omnium.

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LITTORAL MARITIME – FONDEMENTS ROMAINS ET LEGISLATION BULGARE CONTEMPORAINE

Author(s): Malina Novkirishka- Stoyanova / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2021

This article presents some fundamental issues related to the use of the sea coast: its status from the legal and material point of view, the possibilities for its private or public use, the possibilities de construction on the coast and the beach as well as in the seabed, protection of the environment and the natural resources of the sea and the coasts. In the two parts of the article are presented the concepts of Roman jurisprudence and the modern Bulgarian legislation as well as some current problems for the Black Sea coast.

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THE LAW OF THE SEA AND THE INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION

Author(s): Ganeta Minkova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The aim of this paper is to study some aspects of the International Maritime Law, especially the settlement of disputes by international courts and tribunals. It examines at the way these institutions address contemporary problems. The study explores the role of the courts and tribunals and their potential to contribute to global justice.

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„НАШЕТО МОРЕ“ И СУВЕРЕНИТЕТЪТ

Author(s): Nataliya Kiselova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

From ancient times until today, the sea has been a border, but also - a link. The use of marine waters is dealt with in international maritime law, but it is a matter of international relations as well. A brief historical overview of the impact on the Black Sea over the centuries has been made. The problem of sovereignty is also derived from history. This issue remains relevant and controversial. In the paper, sovereignty is considered from a legal and geopolitical perspective.

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HISTORICAL AND CURRENT PREVALENCE OF THE ROMAN JURISPRUDENTIAL PRINCIPLE „TABULA PICTURAE CEDERE“

Author(s): Juan M. Alburquerque / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

In this study, we make and analyse a set of assessments and observations that seem to us more assumable, from historical and jurisprudential precedents, with the purpose of confirming the prevalent character of the principle of the proculeyan jurisprudence on the tabula picta, and its constant application until today, as can be seen in the current Spanish Civil Code. To this end, we will address: I. Introductory Summary: Accession in the Spanish Civil Code and preceding Roman jurisprudential problematic. II.Accessio as the most assumable framing and the possible differentiating profiles with specificatio. III. Possible indications related to the preceding beliefs, customs and traditions that may have motivated the change in the assignment of ownership to the painter. IV. Summary reference to some doctrinal comments on the alterations of the text of ІG 2.78, without abrupt changes in substance. V. Specific observations and analysis of the text of Gaius 2. 78: „Tabula picturae cedere“.

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НЕИМУЩЕСТВЕНИ АВТОРСКИ ПРАВА. ПРАВО НА ЗАПАЗВАНЕ ЦЕЛОСТТА НА ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЕТО

Author(s): Veselina Maneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

This article examines issues related to the legal nature of intangible assets, the nature and content of exclusive law as a subjective absolute civil right. The content of copyright as a set of property and non-property rights is clarified and a comparison is made between the anglo-american and continental understanding of copyright. The personal inalienable and alienable rights of the author are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the author's right to demand preservation of the integrity of the work and the consequences of its violation. They are considered features of this right and its exercise in the works created in the conditions of labor relations and by order. They have been studied issues related to the protection of the right to integrity and the determination of compensation.

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КЪМ ВЪПРОСА ЗА ПРИДОБИВАНЕ НА ЦЕННИ КНИГИ НА ПРИНОСИТЕЛ ЧРЕЗ ПРИДОБИВНИЯ СПОСОБ ПО ЧЛ. 78 ОТ ЗАКОНА ЗА СОБСТВЕНОСТТА И НЯКОИ НЕОБХОДИМИ ОТГРАНИЧЕНИЯ

Author(s): Dimitar Stoyanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

The present article puts an emphasis upon the acquisition of bearer bonds from a non-owner in the context of art. 78, para. 1 of the Law of Property Act. Significant attention is devoted to establishing the content of the notion of “bonds” in order to assess which of the assets fall within the scope of application of the acquisition from a non-owner pursuant to art. 78, para. 1 of the Law of Property Act. Moreover, the present article aims to compare the means of acquisition applicable to bills of exchange, as established in art. 471, para. 2 of the Commercial Act, with the acquisition from a non-owner pursuant to art. 78, para. 1 of the Law of Property Act.

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SLIDING INTO ANARCHY: AN APPRAISAL OF LAWLESSNESS IN NIGERIA AND THE QUEST FOR HUMAN SECURITY

Author(s): Olagoke Oluwafemi Awotayo,Olawale Olufemi Akinrinde,Ewube John Mbeng / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The notion of human security has become a dominant theme in international political discussions. This is partly explained by the fact that the production of arms and ammunition does guarantee security. Economic, food, health, environmental, and personal safety are all components of human security. In Nigeria, the country is grappling with security hitches cutting across the six geo-political regions. Kidnapping, banditry, robbery, murder, and wanton killings are common items in the daily news. More worrying is that, despite huge resources being injected into the defense sector, the Nigerian government seems unable to curb this menace that has been troubling the nation's well-being. The government, security agencies, and intelligence organizations, on the other hand, appear to be caught off guard by the atrocities committed by terrorists, herders, and instances of interethnic violence pointing to the fact that Nigeria is prone to anarchy. Against this background, this paper contextualized the lawlessness in Nigeria with specific reference to human security. The paper employs the qualitative method of data collection that utilizes secondary sources such as newspapers, the internet, and extant scholarly works. Based on findings, the rate at which schools are closing, frequent jailbreaks, rising food prices, citizen apathy toward the government, the obvious inability of the government to uphold its own end of the social contract it made with its subjects, and failure of all security containment strategies are all overt signs of a failing state. It is submitted that there is a need for government to be conscious of its primary goals, which include welfare and the protection of people's lives and property. The article suggests that Nigeria should employ artificial intelligence to combat the threat to the nation's status as a sovereign republic, which is being posed by groups that have taken over the numerous ungoverned spaces that dot the country's territory. Nigeria should also invest in digital learning methods and coordinate its numerous security agencies. The political order, authority, law, and structures must all be rebuilt because they have all fallen apart.

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Stop Mass Exodus: Guidelines by the Reform Part of the Croatian State-Party Leadership for the Policy Regarding Labour Migrants from the Socialist Republic of Croatia in Western Europe

Author(s): Wollfy Krašić / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2022

The paper presents the fundamental guidelines issued by the reform part of the Croatian state-party leadership in the early 1970s regarding the issue of the increasing number of labour migrants from the Socialist Republic of Croatia in Western Europe. In this context, an analysis of the aforementioned trend within the Communist Party of Croatia was made, which was oriented towards spreading the autonomy of the Socialist Republic of Croatia within Yugoslavia. It limited the introduction of market mechanisms in the Yugoslav economy, and abolished the patterns of operation and behaviour of state-party officials, the roots of which lied in the Yugoslav unitarism or the idea of Greater Serbia. Since the reform movement had been ended in Croatia by force, it was not even attempted to implement a part of the planned policies. Although several policies continued to be advocated, there was no genuine wish or possibility for the implementation. For the purposes of comparison, the paper illustrates – using selected documents from the second half of the 1970s and the 1980s – the relationship of the Yugoslav communist regime to labour migrants, in particular the ones from the Socialist Republic of Croatia, and the main characteristics of the return-emigrant trends in the labour migrant population on the relation Yugoslavia – Western Europe. Nevertheless, in this period, further mass exodus was halted, and even a part of labour migrants returned. This was what the reform part of the Croatian state-party leadership strived to achieve, yet the principal reason lied in the suppressing factors in Western Europe. On the other hand, however, those labour migrants, who managed to keep/get employment in Western Europe in the midst of crisis, were joined by their family members. This radically reduced their chance of return. The Yugoslav authorities claimed in public, and their officials in many closed meetings, how very dedicated they were to the return of labour migrants, although the regime suffered from major difficulties in the context of employment, even of the persons who were forced to return. During the 1960s and in the early 1970s, the Yugoslav diplomatic, consular and other officials abroad continued to maltreat, humiliate and deprive labour migrants of the Croatian nationality of the recognition of their national identity.

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SERVUS VILICUS AS INSTITOR

Author(s): Mirjana Miškić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Servus vilicus was slave placed at the head of a Roman villa rustica. The main sources in which we learn about the content of the duties and the powers of the vilicus are provided by Columella, De re rustica, I.8, XI.1, and XII.1, Varro, De re rustica, I. and the Cato, De agri cultura, CXLII–CXLIII. Having in mind that legal framework of his occupation is pretty unknown, it is justified to ask a question: was he (or maybe she) the institor? In the Digest, we find only the incidental remark that anyone appointed to cultivate the land may be considered as an institor (D.14.3.5.2). In addition, the institor was primarily engaged in trade, while the vilicus performed a wide range of the work. Beside that fact, vilicus was not exclusively engaged in agriculture, but also in some state services, which makes this notion even more complex and contradictory. However, the main question remains to be answered, whether the servus vilicus was a person who also legally obliged his master or his job was reduced to the actual management of the property?

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LA CONFERMA DELLA CONSUETUDINE DELLA PROVINCIA NEI GIUDIZI RESI IN CONTRADDITTORIO

Author(s): Petruţ-George Bran / Language(s): Italian Issue: 2/2022

Starting from a fragment from Ulpian (D. 1.3.34), the present paper aims at presenting other ancient sources and explore if provincial custom was accepted as / considered a self-standing source of law or if it was necessary for it to be confirmed in contentious proceedings. The research also presents the relations between custom and law.

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IL CULTO DI AUGUSTO- QUIRINUS NELLE PROVINCE

Author(s): Sara Lucrezzi / Language(s): Italian Issue: 2/2022

After the military victory and the conquest of the whole Empire, Augustus renforced his power through a large religious programm, to show that not only men, but also the gods were now in peace and all together engaged to ensure the glory of Rome. He presented himself as the new conditor, after Romulus, and had the idea to call himself Romulus or Quirinus (the divine transfiguration of the first king). An official cult of the emperor did not rise, for political caution, and in the several provinces, the consideration of the princeps took different forms. In some of the Eastern provinces people were allowed to look at him as a god, but generally, he had a different role: he was more powerful than a simple god.

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Ethics and Solidarity as Hope in the Philosophy of Józef Tischner

Author(s): Pavol Dancák / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2022

In this paper, the concept of solidarity will be introduced as voluntary cohesion, mutual help and support not only within a loose group, but, above all, within the whole human race. Tischner wants to help contemporary man because he is aware that contemporary man has entered a period of profound crisis of his hope. The reflection on solidarity and hope in the philosophy of Tischner represents a neuralgic point which has its justification in Christian thought. Hope is the prospect of something better which, together with mutual support, removes both fear and isolation, and brings about the development of both the individual and the community. The deepest solidarity is solidarity of conscience. The community of solidarity differs from many other communities precisely because it is “for him” that is fundamental. It is only on this foundation that the community of “we” grows.

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INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND WORK-RELATED SECURITY. A CASE STUDY FROM THE ALBANIAN CONTEXT

Author(s): Brunilda Zenelaga / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The concept of work-related security is associated with seven forms of security, as described in ILO’s Socio-Economic Security Program . This paper aims to analyze how the lack of seven forms of work-related security influences the decision to migrate, focusing on the case of Albanian citizens who have migrated to different Western European countries. The migration of people in work active age from the Republic of Albania to Western countries, associated with a frenetic population decline, is the biggest concern nowadays in Albanian society. The present paper shows the results of a qualitative study. The study highlighted that the lack of one or more forms of work-related security plays a very important role in motivating people to emigrate. The present study results can orient other quantitative studies that lead to measuring the impact of work-related security forms in the decision to emigrate. This study also sheds light on the way policies should consider work-related security to normalize the phenomenon of migration from Albania to Western countries.

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Научно-образователен анализ на правния режим на достъпа до пазара на труда на граждани на трети държави

Author(s): Emine Ilyaz / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4s/2024

Attracting qualified workers from a third country is an important element for maintaining the economic development and competitiveness of the Republic of Bulgaria. In Bulgaria, as in other member states of the European Union, the access of third-country nationals to the labor market is regulated in order to ensure controlled migration and protect jobs for the local population. The purpose of this presentation is to make a general scientific and educational analysis of the legal regime of the right to access the labor market and to present to the reader in a systematized form only those provisions of the law that refer to the types of legal regime of access to the labor market of third country nationals.

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