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The article researches the development state of transport and transport infrastructure in Ukraine over last years. The research findings specify the topicality of the issue solution concerning the enhancement of transport and transport infrastructure in the conditions of structural, energy and financial crises, as well as considering a destructive influence of COVID-19 pandemic, occupation of Crimea, an anti-terrorist operation in East of Ukraine and a full-scale intervention of the Russian Federation started on February 24, 2022.Such methods of improving transport and transport infrastructure development in Ukraine have been offered under the research findings: the increase of public administration level with regard to all aspects of transport infrastructure; the use of proactive management; activation of searches and implementation of investment projects; introduction of an institute of public- private partnership on transport; partial and temporary decrease of tax burden; the development of complex solutions for transport services consumers under the infrastructure areas; optimization of transport pricing, etc.
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The accessibility of regional centers by public transport in a defined area is a very specific problem. Depending on the organization of public transport, there is a potentially related phenomenon – social transport exclusion. The aim of the study is to express the existence of a relationship between public transport and regional development in the rural self-governing region Trnava. At the same time, we identify municipalities – more precisely areas – with reduced transport accessibility in relation to their regional development and we determine the most advantageous means of public transport for the population who does not have the possibility to use a car. The procedure was to use an electronic database of train and bus timetables to obtain information about the studied characteristics for the return journey during the 24 hours of working days (Tuesday). We found that rail and combined transport have better quality in about half of the region’s municipalities. The Pearson correlation coefficient of product of moments indicated that the value of the correlation between the number of points for public transport and points for regional development is only 0.36, and therefore there is no strong connection between them. However, the individual extreme and average values of these indicators and especially their sub-components have shown us that there is a certain dependence between these values. The results show that despite a lower impact on public transport on regional development, it has a more decisive influence, leading to the strengthening of public transport.
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The analysis presented herein is aimed at indicating disparities in accessibility to some selected travel destinations by means of private and public transport in the city of Szczecin. Accessibility is a simple measure of potential interactions between two points in space. For the purpose of the study, an original model of an individual transportation system has been developed using Google Maps API data. In order to do so, some GTFS and pedestrian-related data have been downloaded. To calculate source-destination travel times at certain times of the day for four different parameters of pedestrian motion speed, ArcGIS Network Analyst software has been used. Five research methods have been applied: the proximity measure, the population percentage measure, the cumulative accessibility measure, the potential accessibility index and the potential accessibility quotient. In order to develop an ultimate accessibility rating for housing estates in Szczecin, a synthetic accessibility measure has been developed. The synthetic accessibility measure consists of 9 standardised components/values for both public and private (car) transport. The potential accessibility to the population is part of the synthetic accessibility sub-measure. The isochrones have been drawn in order to analyse the workplaces and secondary schools. Moreover, data concerning accessibility to the nearest kindergarten, primary school, hospital, cinema, shopping centre and indoor swimming pool have also been taken into consideration when calculating the synthetic measure. In the case of potential accessibility measures, it is usually the highest in the city centre. Obviously, the nearer a particular facility, the higher its accessibility measure is. The only disparities between the measures for public and private transport are observed in areas which are not covered by the public transportation network.
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One of the main transportation problems of biggest modern cities is the excessively high load on ground transport, which is why the development of subway networks is of particular importance. This article analyzes the development of the spatial structure of subway networks in China. Currently China shows an intensive growth of existing networks and massive openings of new networks, which makes it the most suitable object for studying the evolution of subway networks. The methodology developed by K. Kansky and S. A. Tarkhov was used as the theoretical basis of this study. The study was conducted by analyzing the dynamics of the main quantitative and topomorphological indicators of subway networks during their passage through the stages of spatial evolution. The following indicators were used: the number of subways, the total length of the network, the number of cycles in the network, the number of topological layers and the number of cycles in each of them, the number of branching tiers, the area of topological layers and their share in the cyclic core of the network, the distribution of the length between the elements of the network structure, average cycle size, topological limit, cyclization index and circuity index. We identified the patterns for passing the stages of evolutionary development by the networks of Chinese subways; also, we found common features that define the “Chinese” type of subway, we identified a new subtype of networks.
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The aim of this study is to investigate how the daily electricity demand from road transport related to the implementation of an electric road system on the eight roads with the highest traffic flow connecting the seven largest cities in Turkey varies according to time and location. Intercity highway route O-7, O-5, O-21, D715, D687, E96, and E87 in Western Turkey was used as a case study. The daily electricity demand on the eight roads working on the full electrification of the existing traffic flow can be increased by 3.7% in the case of the reference point. However, if all roads in Turkey are converted to an electric road system and all land vehicles use this system, the corresponding peak power increase will be 100%. The daily electricity demand along the roads is derived from the available measuring points for the daily road traffic volumes. The study also compares the CO₂ reduction potentials and energy demands of the electrified road system with the use of fossil fuels to achieve the same transportation volume. The results show that an electric road system application on eight Turkish roads with considerable traffic flow can reduce 18.8 million tons of CO₂ emissions from the road transport sector. The research can find practical application in assessing the validity of developing a strategy for the development of electromobility on highways in Turkey.
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Collective public transport is the most important public service and its organization is the main focus of cooperation in functional urban areas. So far, research on its development in Poland concerned mainly the largest cities, excluding smaller centers and their complexes. The conducted analysis is to partially fill this cognitive gap. The aim of the research was to determine the range and assessment of the level of development of local collective transport systems in settlement complexes unrelated to voivodeship centers in Poland. The answer to the question about the scope of inter-municipal cooperation in this respect in comparison to the designated FUAs and ITIes was also interesting. The 23 settlement complexes were identified outside voivodship centers in Poland, where urban transport served intercity connections. Urban transport in these complexes was serviced by a total of 141 communes, including 76 cities. They were inhabited by a total of 3,3 million people. There were a total of 28 public transport operators operating in their area, running 656 communication lines. These communes were covered with a network of connections to a different extent.
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In recent years, there has been a revival associated with an increase in the number of modernised and renovated station facilities. Their great value as multifunctional facilities is also being rediscovered. Therefore the aim of the research was to determine the transformations of stations in public space based on the examples of such facilities located in Kielce. Main attention was placed on architectural, spatial and functional transformations. The study covered the bus station modernised in 2020, as well as the railway station which is currently under modernisation. As shown in these examples, the main role of the stations – despite the use of modern refurbishment concepts – has been retained. The bus station is integrated into the city landscape by preserving the original and unique spatial composition and silhouette of the building. The resulting spatial arrangement strengthens the importance and potential of public functions, as well as utility values for travelers and city residents. The modernisation of the Kielce railway station is heading in a similar direction.
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Public collective transport and cycling are seen as sustainable alternatives to urban car travel. A tool to increase the popularity of these forms of transport is their integration in the bike-and-ride model, consisting in combining cycling and public transport within the same journey. One important aspect of this model is the option to carry a bicycle on a public transport vehicle. Such a combination not only increases the range of journeys, but is also an important solution in an emergency situation when the cyclist is unable to continue cycling for various reasons. The transport rules applied by local public transport operators are crucial for the transfer of bikes on other vehicles. The aim of the study was to analyse the provisions of the public transport regulations concerning the possibility of carrying bikes on board the vehicles (buses, trolleybuses, trams, or underground). The article analysed the transport policies of 55 cities, making comparisons between Western European countries (Denmark and the Netherlands) and Central and Eastern European countries (Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia). The study showed a wide variation in the completeness and restrictiveness of provisions allowing for the carriage of bicycles on public transport vehicles. However, it was assessed that in some cases, the carriage rules are stricter in Western Europe than in Central and Eastern Europe, which may be due to the higher cycling traffic in the cities in this part of the continent and the need for relevant restrictions.
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The study deals with the subject of cycling in the regional centre located in Pomerania – Słupsk – in a multifaceted approach. This article is a comprehensive case study. The research was based on the organizational and infrastructural component, i.e. the current state and the process of development of the bicycle path network in Słupsk, taking into account their course in the urban structure and the city space. A topological analysis of the bicycle path network in the city was also performed. The author also referred to the activity of the city bike system and cargo bikes rental in 2021. In addition, a number of examples of interesting places from the perspective of mobility practices in cycling and in interaction with other road users were indicated by the author. The research was carried out on the basis of literature studies, statistical data analysis and field inventory. In the final part, synthetic recommendations for the further development of Słupsk cycling system are presented. They are based on the postulates taken from the literature and experts, official city plans and the author’s own observations.
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This paper presents a method for calculating greenhouse gas emissions from passenger transport in Warsaw based on the results of the systematically conducted Warsaw Barometer survey. The results obtained for 2015 were compared to two other available estimates for this period. The total emissions in the presented method are very similar to previous studies and amount to just over 1.4 million kg CO2eq. However, significant differences emerge at the level of the breakdown by mode of transport – individual transport appears to be significantly overestimated, while collective transport appears to be underestimated. The article discusses the possible sources of the differences and makes recommendations that could lead to an increase in the reliability of the method presented.
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Nowadays, technical and technological development is subject to many new concepts and challenges, such as sustainable development, smart city and electromobility. In order to improve the flow of people through cities, it is necessary to skillfully implement various types of solutions and tools. The article presents the essence and importance of information in urban transport. The considerations focus mainly on selected mobile applications, which are designed to provide travelers with information about traveling by public transport in Poland. Various classifications distinguishing information mobile applications in urban transport have been presented. The empirical part of the article presents the division into two groups of these tools, namely applications whose main functionality is the possibility of purchasing a ticket and planning the route. In the comparative analysis of mobile information applications in urban transport, parameters such as geographical coverage, payment, the need to log in and additional functionalities were taken into account.
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Urban transport in countries of East-Central Europe, including the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia, played an important role in the residents’ daily mobility. The underdevelopment of individual motorisation contributed to the lasting significant role of public transport. Due to the operating characteristics of electric vehicles, as well as emerging fuel crises, electric public transport played a key role, especially in large cities. Differences in the development of economies in the electrotechnical segment influenced the structure of public transport in the analysed countries. The higher level of development of the Czechoslovak transport sector contributed to a greater share of trams and trolleybuses in total transport. Despite many development plans in Poland, the process of developing traditional means of electric transport slowed down with the political change in 1989. The situation was slightly different in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, where, despite financial difficulties, the development of tramway and trolleybus networks continued. Modernisation of public transport began after joining the European Union. Technological development has led to the emergence of a new means of transport –electric buses. The apparent ease of putting them into service revolutionised the situation in Poland, thus popularising electric transport. The situation was different in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, where the main focus was on the development of tramway and trolleybus transport. The article reconstructs the development of urban electric transport after 1989 in the analysed countries and identifies factors that differentiate contemporary transport development policies in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia.
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In spatial accessibility studies based on market areas, such as floating catchment area (FCA) family methods, it is crucial to identify the point to which weights are assigned, both on the demand and supply side. Bearing in mind that it is not always possible to work on disaggregated data, the aim of this paper was to investigate which method of determining a point, minimises bias in the estimation of walking accessibility. The research used the G2SFCA method, introduced by Dai, which has been employed several times to model walking accessibility. Results clearly show that point location methods for area units, based on disaggregating data to buildings, perform better at the scale of statistical districts or cadastral precincts, compared to those based on the centrally weighted mean. They also show that positional measures such as the Euclidean centrally weighted median can improve the results of analyses in units that are heterogeneous in terms of settlement network pattern.
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The article contains the results of the analysis on the distribution of economic activities in modern Łódź conducted with the use of space syntax tools. The study encompassed selected street sections in the broadly-understood city centre (in total, approx. 30 km of streets, with more than 1300 recorded business locations). The analysis conducted has shown that the observed density of business activities in Łódź is connected to the spatial arrangement of the global street network integration. The configuration of the Łódź plan is a statistically important factor that influences the spatial patterns of economic activities. Depending on the location within the layout, individual street sections provide various conditions for the development of business activities, therefore they have varying significance to the shaping of the internal, economic image of the city area.
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The authors have suggested analytical tools to evaluate levels of internal social responsibility by developing an aggregate set of indicators. The reference indicators values were substantiated on the basis of average industry ones, which provided an opportunity to determine the multiple coefficients. The suggested tools provide the opportunity to define enterprises’ tendency for change in the level of responsibility level by years. This research can have important practical impacts due to its quantitative assessment having been based on published financial statements. The study creates additional opportunities for stakeholders to evaluate current internal corporate social responsibility levels and predict their own development direction.
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The authors have suggested analytical tools to evaluate levels of internal social responsibility by developing an aggregate set of indicators. The reference indicators values were substantiated on the basis of average industry ones, which provided an opportunity to determine the multiple coefficients. The suggested tools provide the opportunity to define enterprises’ tendency for change in the level of responsibility level by years. This research can have important practical impacts due to its quantitative assessment having been based on published financial statements. The study creates additional opportunities for stakeholders to evaluate current internal corporate social responsibility levels and predict their own development direction.
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This paper examines the role of educational support in social entrepreneurship development in Poland and Ukraine based on comparative case studies and a computer-assisted web interviewing method. The research investigates cross-country and cross-institutional differences in education concerning social entrepreneurship. The paper considers the different levels of social entrepreneurship education in primary and secondary school, university, and non-formal education. It is established that students at all levels of education should have an entrepreneurial mindset, which is a prerequisite for sustainable development. The key directions for developing education regarding social entrepreneurship in Ukraine are identified.
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