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The best opportunity to anticipate which social functions of public space will still be fulfilled in physical space, and which can be successfully redirected to virtual space, is a sudden crisis situation, which forces people to reevaluate their needs, change their current behavior, and reflect on the nature of the publicness of space that they share with others. Two months of restrictions associated with COVID-19 in Poland inspired the author to attempt to verify the functions of contemporary physical and virtual public space, and to identify the directions of changes that both types of space are likely to follow in the future. The purpose of the chapter is to indicate the functions that – according to the respondents’ declarations – will permanently lose their significance in physical public space and the functions that will permanently gain importance in virtual public space. The above-mentioned functions and their changes have been analyzed in big cities, small towns, suburbs and rural villages in metropolitan areas of three Polish cities: Warsaw, Gdańsk and Wrocław. The research has shown that social function still remains the essence of public space. During lockdown, meeting friends in a physical space accessible to everyone was the most lacking activity as declared by residents of all types of settlement units. Along with meeting friends in public space, people were the least willing to permanently limit the use of local green and recreational areas (especially city dwellers). The pandemic has opened new possibilities of using the Internet, mainly as a space for working, learning and improving qualifications as well as indulging own passions. These activities, however, can, but do not necessarily impose social interactions.
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In Polish cities, one of the most important tasks performed by local governments are the tasks related to leading degraded areas out of their critical condition with revitalisation activities. However, today highly urbanised areas have to contend with new challenges – processes of adaptation of cities to climate changes. Both activities are similar to each other in spatial, economic, social and environmental aspects, which would allow their parallel initiation in municipal structures. It would contribute to facilitated implementation of solutions both in the area of revitalisation and in the field of adaptation to climate changes. It would also dramatically reduce the costs of such municipal transformations and have a positive effect both on the social and environmental transformations in the city.
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The article is a continuation of the discussion on the place of discount stores in urban space on the example of the Biedronka chain in Warsaw. The first research in this area was undertaken by the author of the article in 2015. This article presents the state as of 2020 and changes in the development of the discounting network in relation to urban space. Warsaw was used as the research field as it is the largest trade market in Poland as well as the arena of the greatest spatial changes related to the development of trade. The study focused on the location of shops, their surroundings and their architectural form.
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This article attempts to stimulate the discussion on the causes, ways and effects of implementing the idea of new architectural styles (mainly functionalism) in Bydgoszcz during the Second Republic of Poland. Bydgoszcz was one of the largest Polish cities at that time. The article’s main focus are aspects related to construction investments from the late 1920s to 1939 and an emphasis on their architectural style on the basis of non-obvious national subtext. The author lists the most important conclusions, and briefly characterizes them. Moreover, he finds and shows evidence that the new facilities, apart from their useful and necessary functions for the city’s development, also played a symbolic role in building a completely new part of identity. This combination finally creates the unique Bydgoszcz atmosphere and recalls times of hidden nationalism in architecture.
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In terms of participation, the social practices of the 21st century present transformations that are expressed in diverse forms as citizens organize themselves to face the challenges and economic, social and environmental difficulties. In this way, today’s societies have stopped being passive in the face of the decisions of the state that involve them in order to achieve spaces of participation with an impact on the management of public affairs. The participation of citizens in Colombia in decisions that affect the environment and society in their territories, despite the important advances made since the 1991 Constitution was adopted faces threats and challenges that must be overcome due to the situation of violence against social leaders.
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The objective of this study was to carry out a comprehensive diagnosis based on a systemic analysis for the Otomí Mexica Park of the State of Mexico, and on this basis design relevant and feasible conservation strategies for this protected natural area, which due to its location between two large metropolitan areas, that of Mexico City and that of Toluca City, are subject to demographic, economic and social pressures. The methodology applied is based on the integral characterization of the park territory that was carried out under the epistemological considerations of the geographical principles of location, description, comparison, causality, activity and relationship, with a systemic thinking approach, centered on the culture-nature relationship and applying geographic information systems. These foundations allowed to locate, analyze and describe from the systemic approach, the interrelations that exist between the elements that make up the biophysical subsystem and the socio-cultural subsystem of the park and thereby determine its current state. The methodological design applied for the integral diagnosis of the territory is due to a systemic structure, in which an integral analysis was carried out on the components of the environmental, socio-cultural and administrative subsystem that converge and integrate the geographical space of the park and through methodologies such as SWOT Analysis and Analysis under the Logical Framework Approach established and used by different organizations worldwide and national level. And with this support it was feasible to design strategies for the conservation of natural resources in this protected natural area.
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Objective six has as a priority “to guarantee the availability, sustainable management of water and sanitation for all”. This is an important human right, yet, there are millions of people who have difficulties in accessing basic services related to water. Such is the case of the equitable and fair distribution of volumes of liquid among the different social actors, which are found in the so-called hydrosocial territories. The concept of hydrosocial territory under the interaction between nature and society is represented by the water element and the human being. This relationship sets the standard for interrelationships marked by various sociocultural manifestations, as well as hydraulic work, regulations and agreements that make it constant, durable and dynamic. Human action encourages the formation of hydrosocial territories in which the different social actors seek access and control of water. In this sense characterizing a territory as hydrosocial concerns the investigation of the relationships between three elements; water, territory and society. The latter being the one that develops economic activities, based on water resources, through the infrastructure in the municipality of Coatepec Harinas, in the State of Mexico. The objective of the work is to present the characterization of the hydrosocial territory in which the forms of social organization presented by small entrepreneurs, producers and irrigation units that carry out agricultural and fl oricultural activities using the water resource are described and with this they have built a territoriality and the configuration of the hydrosocial territory.
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The Amazon as everyone’s ecosystem, presents a breadth of wealth of natural resources beyond simple tropical forests, and although it is pointed out that it is a world heritage site, not everyone makes decisions about its use. In fact, its industrialization from its“ colonization” is greatly affecting the entire planet as the agricultural frontier has been constantly expanding for the purposes of agribusiness, biofuels, livestock and transgenic agriculture. In antagonistic opposition there is the idea of industrializing the Amazon rainforest, reducing the great breadth and variety of ecosystems, homogenizing production systems, reducing diversity and generalizing the extractive agribusiness under a capitalist and globalizing development model, without considering the environmental importance of this great global ecosystem. This presentation aims to dialectically analyse this antagonistic model in order to determine to what extent the sustainability of this exploitative model can be guaranteed and if it is actually the model that is needed in this millennium to guarantee the socio-natural subsistence of this great world ecosystem.
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The emissions produced in forest fi res are transported through the air to different areas of the emission source causing an increase in the concentrations of different pollutants in cities. On June 20, 2020 in Verjoyansk (Russia, Eastern Siberia) the temperature reached a maximum of 38ºC (100.4°F) as a result of a heat wave caused by increased forest fires. In the same way, Bolivia had forest fires causing various direct and indirect effects in the last years. Forest fires which occurred between 2000 and 2019 in the eastern region of Bolivia could influence the maximum temperatures recorded in Oruro and as a consequence of this relationship heat waves were formed. The hypothesis tested was: “The higher the number of fire sources in the eastern region of Bolivia, the higher the maximum temperature values in Oruro”. Maximum temperature series (TM) and heat sources (FC) stored in INPE-Brazil were evaluated with descriptive statistics parameters, assumptions of the linear regression models, and Spearman’s correlation. Heat waves were detected with 90th percentile and four consecutive days of TM. In 20 years the TM series goes from 11.8 to 26.6ºC and the FC series goes from 9 to 34.574. Both series do not respond to the assumptions of the linear model, so the Spearman correlation was applied. Based on the proposed research hypothesis it is concluded that there is a correlation between the monthly maximum temperatures and the monthly heat sources in the months of April and May with a level of significance of = 0.05. In this case the daily series of TM show the formation of heat waves.
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The present work aims to make a comparative analysis of trade trends in cyberspace before and during COVID-19 for the case of Mexico, based on studies conducted by the Mexican Association of Online Vending (AMVO). 1) Study of online sales 2020, 2) Impact of COVID-19 on online sales in Mexico, carried out in January 2020 and in a period from April to October, respectively, with the aim of knowing the behavior of the online consumer in the face of this emerging phenomenon.
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The purpose of this work is to show the spatio-temporal behavior of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico, with an approach from the socio-spatial conditioning factors, from February 28th to October 31st, 2020. The socio-spatial conditioning factors considered are geographic, demographic, epidemiological, social, and cultural. The methods and techniques used are statistical, graphical and cartographic. The sources of information are official data from the Federal Government, international organizations, consultation of the Geosalud webpage in Mexico, as well as a hemerographic review. The results indicate that, eight months after the pandemic, there is a heterogeneous spatial-temporal behavior, affecting the population in a different way, according to the socio-spatial conditioning factors of each territorial context and the stages of the pandemic. The trends in the number of cases and deaths show different behaviors: a significant constant rise in infections and a slight rise in deaths. Considering the trend of new daily cases, the highest values were recorded in July, which subsequently declined. Significant ascents began in mid-October, a situation that can be affected by not taking health measures into account and both the autumn season and the coming of winter.
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This paper discusses the theoretical derivations from the foundations of the sustainability paradigm, taking into account its epistemic difficulties and the few practical advances in the world, in a situation where the speed of devastation is rapid, so there is a need to devise a new strategy which will stop environmental predator model, contributing to the battle against climate change and the extreme poverty. The concept should be updated with better practices, through the principle of compatibility and initiating new alternatives forms of life, facing incongruity and ineffectiveness of the known institutional definition.
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Brazil is well known for its biodiversity and water endowment. Due to its continental dimension, the distribution of water is quite unequal. The Brazilian National Water Authority identified different critical basins. Among them there is the Piracicaba-Capivari-Jundiaí watershed (BH-PCJ) located in the southeastern state of São Paulo. In the BH-PCJ live more than 5 million people, responsible for more than 5% of Brazilian GDP. In 2014 a severe water crisis affected the area, and strategic decisions for supply and water management were taken. Among them, a plan for building two dams to reduce the risk of a future water crisis. Although the benefits of dam construction are numerous, they have severe social and environmental impacts. From the literature review, there is evidence that environmental licensing has been weakened by different laws and constitutional amendments in Brazil. This research, based on official publications and legal documents, aims to describe the administrative process that led to the decision of dam construction and to evaluate its social and environmental consequences. This study showed that environmental licensing is an obstacle to be overcome instead of being considered an instrument for protecting environmental resources and promoting sustainable development.
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In order to build the state of the art of the Economic Valuation of Flood Control Ecosystem Service of wetlands (VESECI, as per its acronym in Spanish), a systematic review of scientific information was carried out through which a bibliometric analysis was prepared, supported by bibliographic maps of networks and density processed in the VOSviewer® software. Likewise, the information of scientific articles was arranged in an Excel® database, which allowed us to identify the generalities of the valuation studies and obtain information on the economic value of flood control worldwide. The main findings indicate that the Asian continent leads research on the matter, with China being the country with the most research in this regard, and that the dominant subject area of research is Environmental Science with 37% of the studies found. The results showed that coastal wetlands, such as swamps, mangroves, and floodplains, are preferred in VESECI’s analyzes. It was found that the Environmental Economics approaches have been the most used in this kind of studies and that the value of wetlands varies according to the valuation method used, the scale of the study and the type of wetland studied. In general terms, it is concluded that the value of flood control ecosystem service (SECI) ranges between $ 238 USD/ha/year and $ 65 billion USD/year.
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In Liquid modernity, Zygmunt Bauman explores those attributes of capitalist society which have remained and changed over time. He seeks to underscore the traits that are some-what visible in early stages of accumulation and which become central in the late stage of modernity.
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There is a broad scientific consensus that climate change has the potential to significantly transform the natural environment. If correct, this will have dire socio-economic consequences. This topic, together with the closely related issues of the rate, scale, direction, and means of achieving economic development, is studied under the rubric of sustainable development (SD). We are now confronted with having to thoroughly transform our lifestyle (Druckman, 2016; Dubois et al., 2019). In view of this fact, it seems shortsighted that primary and secondary education in Poland lacks a compulsory, separate subject dedicated to the causes, consequences, and adaptive measures required in these new circumstances. The country has yet to produce a textbook on the subject. This paper examines and compares SD education in secondary schools in Poland, France and New Zealand. These three countries are analyzed in terms of their efforts to build social awareness of the ongoing and impending environmental and socio-economic transformations through the education system. France and New Zealand have made substantial progress, Poland, however, has fallen far behind in implementing ESD.
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Equal access to education is of relevance to serving Mexico’s vulnerable population by 2020 and without a doubt, they are premises that need to be implemented to achieve sustainable development. However, the educational diagnosis is a shadow rather than the COVID-19 health crisis, which is now looming and will have great repercussions in academic training in the short, medium and long term. The objective of the work is to analyze the socioeconomic characteristics of the school-age population of basic education in Mexico and how it accesses the program “Learn at Home”, through the technological means available to continue their studies in the school year 2020-2021, supported by the digital means they have at home. The methodology for conducting the study has been built by combining the geographical, ethnographic, and phenomenological method, which helps to understand human behavior towards this new national educational normality. As a result, data and mapping on population marginalization were obtained at the national level, as well as the data related to health services in basic education, taking into account inclusion and equity under the current situation, which becomes more vulnerable due to COVID-19.
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The text aims at presenting the close affinity between the SDGs critiques and new global context’s demands described in the 2020 Human Development Report, showing the main post-pandemic SDGs challenges. In order to act as a transformative mechanism SDGs have to be reinterpreted and adapted to the new situation, undergoing radical changes.
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The dynamics of legislative changes seems to be gaining momentum over the last few years. These changes also concern the sphere of spatial planning law. The basic standards of spatial planning are set out in the Act of 27 March 2003 on spatial planning and development. This chapter is a reflection on the impact of specific regulations on the content and meaning of selected principles of spatial development law. With the current legislative policy, preferring ad hoc acts instead of stable legal norms, it is reasonable to ask about the significance of the principles of spatial planning and development provided for in the Spatial Planning and Development Act. These rules are used to determine certain directions of activities and enforce certain behaviors necessary to protect certain values, in particular spatial order and sustainable development. There is an increased activity of the legislator aimed at introducing many exceptions to the rules set out in the Act on spatial planning and development. The so-called special acts, which are intended to improve procedures and implement ad hoc goals desired by the legislator.
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