Marriage and Divorce in the Context of Gender and Social Capital: The Case of Turkish Migrants in Germany

Author(s): Sevim Atilla Demir,Pinar Yazgan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The immigration phenomenon has been recently analysed as a complex process in the context of globalisation and dynamism (e.g. Cohen and Sirkeci: 2011; Sirkeci, 2009; Yazgan, 2016). There are various hypotheses which have been employed to explain the immigration phenomenon, which describes mobility from one location to another. It is observed that these immigration hypotheses have become pluralistic and socio-cultural in nature as opposed to individualistic and economy-centred and that the individual’s choice has come to the forefront. The choice here is a preference made by individuals to increase their income. Immigration is based on a cost-benefit analysis, and it is assumed that it occurs voluntarily and with the free will of the immigrant, based on their own economic concerns. In this new economic hypothesis, it is claimed that massive social units rather than individuals decide to immigrate, not to increase their incomes, but to decrease or mitigate their risks. This hypothesis widens both the subject and purpose of immigration and portrays the immigration decision not as an individual act of the immigrant, but as the common decision of social units or institutions.

Západný Balkán – pokrok i stagnácia

Author(s): Július Lőrincz / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Západný Balkán ako dlhodobá strategická priorita slovenskej zahraničnej politiky sa v súvislosti s rokom 2012 dostal do osobitne pozitívneho kontextu. Tri nám veľmi blízke krajiny z regiónu dosiahli významné úspechy na svojej ceste s konečným cieľom plne sa integrovať do Európskej únie. Začal sa proces ratifikácie prístupového dohovoru Chorvátska s Úniou, Srbsko získalo štatút kandidátskej krajiny na členstvo (1. marca 2012) a Čierna Hora otvorila s Úniou prístupové rokovania (29. júna 2012). Samozrejme, je to predovšetkým úspech týchto krajín, ich občanov a politických reprezentantov, ale vo všetkých troch prípadoch je nepochybná spoluúčasť Slovenska. Naša republika, jej politická reprezentácia, diplomacia a mimovládny sektor sa v predchádzajúcich rokoch veľmi intenzívne angažovali na dvojstrannej i mnohostrannej úrovni, aby sa perspektíva euroatlantickej integrácie, jej rozšírenie i na región západného Balkánu stali optimálnou alternatívou rozvoja tamojších štátov a napokon aby aj medzinárodné spoločenstvo čoraz výraznejšie nachádzalo v tejto oblasti stabilitu a obrysy budúcej prosperity.

Západný Balkán – úspechy i stagnácia

Author(s): Július Lőrincz / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The Western Balkans belongs to the long-term regional priorities of Slovakia’s foreign policy. Without any doubts, Slovakia has gained a certain degree of authority and respected political positions in this issue, appreciated by our allies in NATO as well as the EU. Throughout 2010, continuity in this respect was obvious both in Slovakia’s political and diplomatic activities at the governmental level as well as in the activities of the non-governmental sector.

Zahraničná politika Slovenska v roku 2009 optikou ministra zahraničných vecí

Author(s): Miroslav Lajčák / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The year 2009 could be, without much exaggeration, labeled a year of extraordinary challenges and important issues. On January 1, 2009 Slovakia joined the Euro Zone, but since immediately afterwards we faced an unprecedented energy crisis, there was hardly any time left to celebrate this economically and politically significant step. Three organizations we regard as exceptionally important decided to substantially change their way of operating or to prepare such changes. Although it was not easy, the European Union finally completed the process of ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon successfully. The North Atlantic Alliance came to terms regarding the elaboration of a new Strategic Concept. Discussion on the future of European security within the framework of the Corfu Process was also launched by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

Zahraničná politika Slovenska v roku 2008 optikou ministra zahraničných vecí

Author(s): Miroslav Lajčák / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

For Slovak foreign policy, the year 2008 was both a year of continuity in terms of fundamental priorities and goals and a year which marked the beginning of significant change within the external environment in which Slovak diplomacy operated. On the international scene, Slovakia backed solutions based on effective multilateralism and adherence to international law. Slovakia was able to fulfill its main foreign policy objectives and the external conduct of the country strengthened its international position. Slovak diplomacy clearly, and with a certain amount of foresight, included the main strategic priorities and objectives of foreign policy in the strategy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA); the structure of which was also used in drafting the Report on the Fulfillment of Slovak Foreign Policy Tasks in 2008 and Foreign Policy Orientation for the Year 2009. Strengthening diplomatic activities in support of Slovakia’s prosperity, issues of energy security, and the overall stability of Europe proved to be key agendas within the strategy. Protecting the interests of Slovak citizens abroad also received greater focus in foreign policy. We also perceive 2008 to have been a year of increased uncertainty in international relations and international law. It was the year of the Russian-Georgian conflict, the unilateral declarations of the independence of Kosovo, South Ossetia and Abkhazia, and the year of the beginning of the global financial and economic crisis.

Slovensko a rozvojová pomoc v roku 2006

Author(s): Marián Čaučík,Zuzana Krátka,Ľudmila Pastorová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The co-shared responsibility of developed countries for global development makes countries like Slovakia consider the Official Development Assistance (ODA), an official component of its foreign policy. The issue of fulfilling the Millennium Development Goals became the agenda of the international community once again after the September 2005 UN summit in New York. The highest officials of Slovakia expressed their commitment to these goals at the summit. Thus as a member of the donor community, Slovakia is willing to contribute to solving the global issues i.e. to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, to achieve the universal primary education, to promote gender equality and empower women, to reduce child mortality, to improve maternal health, to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, to ensure environmental sustainability and to develop a global partnership for development. Moreover, the development assistance is also declared the EU’s external relations priority. The EU committed itself to reach the collective level of ODA expenses at 0.51% GNI and made clear that individual member states of the EU15 would reach the level of 0.58% GNI by 2010 and 0.7% by 2017. Having in mind the limited resources of the new member states, Commission set the individual goals for them – 0.17% ODA/GNI by 2010 and 0.33% by 2015.

TÜRKİYE’YE YÖNELİK SURİYELİ GÖÇÜNÜN ÇOK YÖNLÜ DOĞASINA GİRİŞ

Author(s): Bilhan Kartal / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

This is an introduction to the edited volume highlighting main features and the outline of chapters.

Legal Aspects of Eco-Villages

Author(s): Orsolya Bányai / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this paper, I am going to analyse how much the current legal environment impedes or supports the establishment and maintenance of eco-villages in a Central European country, specifically Hungary. Although my analysis builds mostly upon Hungarian law, its main statements and consequences can be useful on an international level as well. It should be noted that according to the opinions of Hungarian social theorists (András Takács Sánta, Béla Borsos), who are deeply concerned with this topic, the Hungarian legal regulation does not relieve the situation of ecological communities at all. However, jurisprudence has not dealt – not even in a consciousness-raising way – with this problem until now. By this short paper, I would like to contribute to clearing up this debt (Fodor et al. 2016. 19–39). Below, I will firstly define the term eco-village. After that, I will make a short review of the situation regarding eco-villages in Hungary, and finally I will turn to their legal aspects.

Promising Solutions from the Environment Protection Practices of Three Municipalities

Author(s): Attila Barta / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study focuses on the environment protection practices of three Hungarian municipalities: Biharkeresztes, Dorog, and Debrecen. The reason why it does so is because the research this paper presents strove from the beginning to provide a more nuanced picture on local environment protection policies by gathering as much empirical (that is: local, first-hand) experience as possible, besides representative questionnaire-based surveys and written sources. To achieve this, members of our research team visited pre-selected settlements (municipalities), where they conducted focus-group interviews and collected sources available via fieldwork only.

Cinema and Migration: The Representation of Illegal Immigration of First and Third Generation Turkish Worker to European Countries in Turkish Cinema: A Comperative Analysis of the Films “The Bus” (1977) and “The Island of Hope” (2007)

Author(s): Levent Yaylagül,Nilüfer Korkmaz-Yaylagül / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Labour migration from Turkey to European Countries has started with bilateral international agreements signed between Turkey and European Countries around the 1960's. The oil crisis at 1973 decreased the demand for migrant worker resulting with an illegal migration wave to European countries. Those emergent social developments have influenced the Turkish cinema and some films about illegal immigration were shooted at that period. The film "the Bus" directed by Tunç Okan is one of the first examples of this category about first generation illegal immigrants. Another film "the Island of Hope", shooted after 30 years, at 2007 by Mustafa Kara subjected about illegal immigration concerning third generation illegal immigrants. Those two films were evaluated using qualitative content analysis technic in the context of the question of how first and third generation illegal immigrants are represented in Turkish cinema. Graphic image and dialogues were used as analysis unit. The contents of the two films were analysed within the framework of questions such; personal details, expectations, the country of immigration, the ways of immigration, the problems faced by immigrants, the realisation of the expectations, and the final status. First generation immigrants represented in the film "the Bus" are male with rural backgrounds, muslims with sunni sect, unskilled agricultural worker and their immigration incentive is economic. At the film "the Island of Hope" not only men, instead women, couples and even pregnant women were among the illegal immigrants. The main incentive of immigration is also economic, but the immigrants are not only the illiterate and the unskilled worker. For the first-generation immigrants, the image of Europe is expressed negatively such as; death, unemployement, deportation, being victims of sexual abuse, nostalgia and fear. For the third-generation immigrants however, even they experience similar problems and disappointment, Europe is represented such a home for the survivors, who could find a job and could realize their dreams. In both films, the loser was facing endings such death, alcohol, drug addiction and prostitution. To be deported to Turkey was one of the most prevalent options for the illegal immigrants.

Economic and Financial Aspects of Forced Migration from Bulgaria in 1989

Author(s): Mustafa Miynat,Öznur Akyol,Deniz Alçin Şahintürk / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The pressures that started with the name changes of Turkish villages in the 1930s began to rise even further with the “one nation” decision of the communist regime in 1956. By the year 1984, the Turks whose names were changed perforce due to the assimilation policy in Bulgaria and whose languages were banned started a resistance campaign, which was widely supported by the Turks in the resistance zone. The Bulgarian government has forced the Turks to migrate in 1989 in order to avert Turkish people from gaining further power in the region. The then Prime Minister Turgut Ozal has offered the introduction of a migration law which the Bulgarian government rejected, declaring a forceful expulsion within twenty-four hours. The 1989 Bulgarian immigration went down in history as the largest migration movement in Europe after the Word War II. In our study, the economic and financial impacts of the tragedy that the Turks went through in Bulgaria are discussed.

ROZWÓJ I POZYCJA NAUK ŚCISŁYCH W 30-LECIU

Author(s): Andrzej Białas / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The consequences of the 1989 political transformation for science in Poland arepresented on the example of research in the area of high-energy physics.

TRANSFORMACJA W POLSCE: FAKTY I MITY DOTYCZĄCE LAT 1990–2020 ORAZ SZANSE GOSPODARCZEGO DOGONIENIA USA I NIEMIEC PO ROKU 2020

Author(s): Stanisław Gomułka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This article studies path-breaking economic developments in Poland followingthe start of the systemic transformation in 1989. Three groups of countries are usedfor comparative analysis: those economically most advanced, those less developedbut striving to catch up during the last 30–40 years, and as a subgroup of the latter,the transition economies. The article has three objectives. The fi rst is to show that manyopinions regarding major aspects of the Polish transformation are at variance with plainstatistical facts. The second is to evaluate the pace and the extent of progress so farin the eff ort to narrow the income and wealth gaps between Poland and most developedcountries, particularly the pre-2004 members of the European Union. The third consistsin a discussion of factors which are likely to impede the pace of Poland’s economicdevelopment in the years to come.

KALENDARIUM WYDARZEŃ 2019

Author(s): Piotr Śledź / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Реалност 5.0 – ЕС и България в търсене на подходи за ефективна регионална политика

Author(s): Kristina Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The deepening socio-economic imbalances and the negative trends in the development of the EU and our country determine the need to justify a new approach to managing the processes in the complex territorial systems. Of particular importance is the underlying understanding of the objectively existing regionality and the factors contributing to the growth of development imbalances. For this purpose, it is necessary to develop a new methodology for analyzing and evaluating the complex organization and structure of socio-economic and cultural-ecological processes and systems, based on the interpretation and measurement of geospatial inequalities.

Пространствена конфигурация на обектите на недвижимото културно-историческо наследство (НКИН) на България

Author(s): Maria Grozeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Anthropogenic cultural and historical values are an important resource for the development of cultural tourism. In our country they are found and continue to find a variety of valuable items from different cultures and civilizations left their traces in the Bulgarian lands. The total number of these in varying degrees preserved remains over 40 000 sites, of which only about 8000 are socialized, i.e. are suitable for tourist visits. In the proposed article, some of the major groups of objects in this category are classified according to their territorial forms in the space and configurations they shape.

ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EU MARITIME DIRECTIVES IN UKRAINE

Author(s): Natalia Fedoronchuk,Oleg Rubel,Tamara Kukovska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The main regulatory document establishing the basis for EU action in the field of environmental policy in relation to the marine environment is Directive 2008/56/EC (MSFD). The use of the marine environment, taking into account the ecosystem approach and the principle of integrated management, improves the environment, biodiversity, development of maritime industry. The Government of Ukraine has approved the Marine Environmental Strategy in order to implement the provisions of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive in Ukrainian legislation. This is provided by the environmental block of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU.

PREREQUISITES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CONCEPT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE BLACK SEA REGION

Author(s): Yanica Dimitrova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The report examines the theoretical connection between innovation and CSR and their opportunities for development in the Northeastern and Southeastern regions of the Republic of Bulgaria. Based on the results of an empirical study among 300 SMEs implementing innovations in our country, opportunities for the development and implementation of innovations in CSR are outlined, which will increase the competitive performance of the Black Sea region.

Nüfus Coğrafyası Dersi Uygulamalarının Öğrencilerin Demografik Veri Araştırma Becerisine Etkisi: Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Verileri

Author(s): Vedat Şahin / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Population geography analyses the geographical distribution of population and explains the causal links related to this distribution. It is important to obtain accurate and reliable demographic data in terms of population geography. These data can be collected by many institutions and organisations. In Turkey, the largest and most comprehensive collection of primary data on population is the Turkish Statistical Institute. Population geography education is one of the important issues of the academic world today. While giving this education, it is beneficial for learning to realise some subjects as practical. As a matter of fact, studies have shown that teaching by doing approach in geography teaching increases learning. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of university students to research and apply demographic data in the context of Turkish Statistical Institute data. Descriptive survey model was used in the study. The study was applied to students taking population geography course. In this sense, the affinity sampling method was used in the sample selection in the study. In order to obtain the data, a questionnaire containing 5-point Likert-type statements developed by the researcher was used. According to the results of the research, geography department students think that the studies on demographic data research and application in population geography teaching improve their skills.

Regeneracja miasta przemysłowego – nowe wyzwania dla polityki przestrzennej i urbanistycznej w świetle zmieniających się strategicznych strumieni zasobów. Kontekst łódzki

Author(s): Tadeusz Markowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The chapter addresses the issue of a broader view of the regeneration of an industrial city in the light of dynamically occurring multidimensional technological, social, political and, above all, environmental changes. Regeneration consists in discovering the usefulness of each component of the production potential in new conditions and properly incorporating it into the productive and developmental circulation. It is a process in which a new “grammar” of management emerges on the one hand (new concepts, a new language, a new conceptualization of the functioning and development of the city), and on the other hand, management shifts to a new development trajectory. It is impossible to start this process without modifying the socio-economic imaginary and building a new paradigm in the approach to further processes of urbanization and urban development. The reallocation of industry towards Third World Countries by global corporations over the past 50 years has shown how sensitive – politically, socially and ecologically – we have created the modern world. The scale of the problem is revealed to us at an accelerated pace by extreme climatic events, epidemiological threats, political and war conflicts. Supply chains are being disrupted, basic principles of social and economic security are being violated. These are, among other things, the main reasons for the need for a different view – scientific and political – of the geography of the world’s production processes and the need to take into account – in the further development of civilization – “commonly” ignored global external costs. We now know that we are in the phase of a civilizational and climatic geopolitical and demographic breakthrough, which requires a different view of the productive functions of cities, their future functional and spatial structure, the degree of preservation of material cultural heritage. Perhaps the delayed changes that are taking place in Łódź are a new opportunity that will be used in a new historical moment of changes in the geography of the world’s industry, moving away from energy based on coal and other fossil fuels, and to re-reallocate the generation sphere to the global level towards the return of “industry” to the cities of the Western World and the EU. However, the reindustrialisation of the cities of the EU, Europe and the Western World will have a different trajectory resulting from the clearly visible features of a new type of digital and low-emission economy, as well as the possibility for cities to generate “new” strategic generation resources on their own. These new “economic resources” are produced in complex territorial urban socio-economic systems. As a consequence of these objective trends, we can conclude that the new wave of development and transformation of cities will be determined by “new” resources and development factors already inherent in urban systems as a result of the historical process of accumulation with minerals, raw materials and also the accumulation of knowledge and skills of city dwellers. Especially large cities have a “hidden” critical mass, the liberation of which will allow the transition to a new trajectory of development based, in a strategic sense, on intangible intellectual resources. Such a new resource of industrial development becomes “territorial capital”. Without going into a deeper analysis of contemporary development processes, widely described in the literature on the subject, it is worth pointing out the permanent trends that will determine further development processes and what may result from them for global, national and local activities of public institutions towards cities and urbanization processes. These include:• Accelerating digitization of all spheres of economic, social, political and military life. • Increase in demand for stable electricity. • Building a global consensus on action to protect the climate and restore the regenerative functions of the natural environment. • Political and economic pressure on the development of renewable energy sources as new resources for building sustainable competitive advantages on territorial scales. • The depletion of cheap sources of mineral resources and the strengthening of market innovations and motivation to use secondary raw materials. • Economic polarization of the world and conflicts over access to water.