Cu privire la înmormântările din cuprinsul aşezărilor Latène
The latest discovery in Popeşti - where the most important Getic settlement from the Rumanian Plain resides -, has again risen the problem of the Geto-Dacian rites and rituals.
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The latest discovery in Popeşti - where the most important Getic settlement from the Rumanian Plain resides -, has again risen the problem of the Geto-Dacian rites and rituals.
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Cercetarea spaţiilor cu destinaţie de cult specifice civilizaţiei geto-dacice constituie un element important al culturii geto-dace de tip Latène asupra căruia încă nu dispunem de studii exhaustive care să-i pună în evindenţă ponderea şi semnificaţia
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Dans cette étude on propose de trater des cultes et des réligions des sarmattes, on parti des sources littéraires et analysant des découvertes archéologiques qui appartient au Ie siècle a.Chr.- IIIe siècle p.Chr. Ces découvertes sont de l’espace de sud-est de l’Europe et qu’ils est publiés dans la littérature de spécialité.
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Le sel c'est un minerai qui est très répandu sous Ia terre, dans I'atmosphere et hydrosphere, l'Europe en étant le continent le plus riche dans Ies gisements de sel.
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Besides its contribution to understanding the formation process of large settlements and complex social organization in the late period of Cucuteni-Trypillia, the site of Stolniceni (Republic of Moldova) provided new data on the construction and spatial distribution within the site of pottery kilns. The extensive magnetic surveys revealed a large settlement, with more than 350 burnt dwellings, hundreds of pits, ditches, paths, and 19 kilns. Of the latter, four were excavated during the 2016-2018 campaigns. Three kilns were more or less similar in terms of sizes and construction, belonging to the “simple”, dual chambered, up draught type. The best-preserved of them already served as model for a published experiment conducted in 2017 near the Stolniceni archaeological base. The fourth provided several surprising building features, like six additional holes arranged around the fire channels and communicating with them, and two small clay arches above the channels’ ends. A plausible hypothesis of the researchers is that these elements were meant to improve the draught, by increasing and uniformizing the circulation of hot air throughout the upper chamber. Thus, in order to test how this technological innovation acts on the firing efficiency, we conducted a new experiment (August-September 2020, Băiceni-Romania). The firing process and temperatures reached in this type of kiln proved the concern of prehistoric potters for continuous improvement of their craft, raising questions about the emergence and socio-economic implications of such innovations.
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This paper examines the formal prehistory of the cardinal numerals above “ten” from Proto-Iranian to Ossetic. Despite the widespread adoption in Ossetic of a vigesimal system of counting and semantic shift of “thousand” and “ten thousand” to generalized terms for large amounts, the evolution of these numerals may be reconstructed in detail. Noteworthy features are the general conservatism of the teens; retention of rtin ‘thirty’ (cf. Vedicj ‘twenty’, the nasal from Proto-Indo-Iranian in Digor ins ppors*, Iron cyppurs ‘Christmas’viṁśatí-, triṁśát-); survival of an older variant of ‘forty’ in Digor c < ‘(festival) of forty (days)’; and extension of Proto-Iranian *-āti from ‘many, much; very’, Iron bir‘seventy’ and ‘eighty’ to ‘fifty’ and ‘sixty’. Digor be(u)r continues a thematized plural *baiwar-ai of Proto-Iranian *baiwar/n- ‘ten thousand’; ) ‘countless number, myriad’rʒ (rz ‘hundred’ and dif s < ‘thousand’ also go back to preforms in *-ai, they were either remodeled after *baiwar-ai or generalized from duals, e.g. *duwai ćatai ‘two hundred’. The limited evidence for earlier stages of the language is given full consideration, including Sarmatian onomastics, word lists in early modern European sources, and the testimony of loanwords.
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The Cavnic Depression (fig. 1-2) is a well-delimited quadrilateral geographical unit in northern Transylvania, extending north from the Preluca Massif to the Northern Volcanic Mountains. To the south and the south-west, it is bordered by the Lăpușului Depression, while in the east, by Măgura Șatrei and the Pietriș-Ineu Hilltops. The depression has a hill-like character (400 m) of flat interfluvial crests and with a north south elongation, separated by the three wide valleys: Bloaja, Cavnic and Valea Mare (or Valea Berinței). They have terraces with various altitudes (the higher get to 100 m on Cavnic, 50-70 m on Bloaja and 35-50 m on Valea Mare). In this relatively small territory, systematic research or fortuitous finds have revealed the existence of four settlements, a bronze hoard and an isolated bronze item. Their summary presentation and their succinct analysis represent the subject of this study. Among the settlements – all those situated in the Copalnic-Mănăștur commune (fig. 8) – we have investigated three (Copalnic-Mănăștur-Poiana, Vad-Poduri and Vad-Știurdina), through excavations, but their research is not exhaustive. The excavations carried out in the Vad-Poduri settlement provided the highest and most varied amount of archaeological material: pottery, burnt clay items, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic representations, as well as a possible stone mouldform (pl. 1-18). In the Vad Știurdina (pl. 19-23) and Copalnic-Mănăștur-Poiana settlements (pl. 24-35), we have also found relatively large amounts of pottery and several burnt clay items (in the first one), and a small stone item. The two settlements of Vad may be ascribed, undoubtedly, to the communities of Suciu de Sus. In the settlement of Copalnic-Mănăștur, we found (besides the majority Suciu de Sus component) relatively high amounts of pottery, different from the local one. It did not emerge in the Copalnic Depression settlement due to exchanges, but to the actual presence here of a group of population that manufactured and used such a pottery. This group with eastern origins (specific to Noua-Sabatinovka) arrived to Northern Transylvania either from Moldavia or, more likely, from the Someșul Mare area, where numerous Noua culture sites are located. Concerning the bronze item of Rușor (emerged in the 19th century), József Hampel published an ampler description in Hungarian. The shape-related details indicated, in the lack of illustration, do not enable us to categorise it definitely. Judging only by the mentioned length of the item, namely 14.6 cm, we attributed it most likely to Schaftlochaxt. The hoard of Lăschia (pl. 36-43), which comprises 17 Nackenscheibenäxte, is part of the group of bronze finds pertaining to Late Bronze Age (disseminated mostly in the Upper Tisa region), comprising exclusively Nackenscheibenäxte. It is the only one that includes only B4 axes, the Uioara variant.
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Interview with Professor Eszter Bánffy, German Archaeological Institute, Frankfurt am Main.
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An Interview With Professor Nikolaus G.O. Boroffka from German Archaeological Institute.
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This article inserts the history of treasures or the multitude of tumul, mound sof antiquity and prehistory, legacies of the Scythians, Geth, Greeks, mounds scattered every where: tumul from Constanța, around Mangalia. In Bessarabia there are tumul in the Balti area; Saharna Nuoa, Tiglau; on a high plateau on the right bank of the Dniester River; near Iezarenii Vechi, Sangerei district. The author highlights their presence and location, the forms, the territorial arrangement that is still preserved, the opinions of the specialists.
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The article discusses the model of the spread of cremation in the East Lithuanian barrow culture based on the data of radiocarbon dating. It proposes a review of the model established in literature that a wave of cremation spread from the south of the region to the north between the late 4th century AD and of the early 6th century AD. The stage of the earliest cremations can be dated to 248–335 cal AD, and the stage of the latest inhumations to 420–556 cal AD. This suggests that both inhumation and cremation were practised in Eastern Lithuania for about two centuries from the Late Roman period to the Late Migration period. The hypothesis that the practice of cremation spread from south to north is being corrected rather than refuted. While this process was quite sudden, it was due to the spread of a new tradition alongside the old rather than a wave of change regarding burial rites. Cremation spread early (c. 250–400 cal AD) in the northern part of the region and was an established practice alongside inhumation. The practice of cremation probably became prevalent earlier in Southeastern Lithuania. These processes are synchronous with the emergence of the horizon of the burials of chieftains and warriors in Eastern Lithuania, but the determination of an earlier date for this horizon provides grounds for new discussions about its historical, cultural, and social background.
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Although the jewelry preferences of people from the first ages to the present have changed according to the conditions of the period and the cultures of the communities, the phenomenon of jewelry design is one of the rare crafts and arts that keeps up with the time and embraces it. According to the technological possibilities of the period learned through archaeological findings, jewelery and jewelry design applications, from simple hand embroidery tools to today's modern embroidery machines, are ancient handicrafts of all times. In addition to jewelery application and decoration techniques, precious and semi-precious gemstones, which are the only indispensable decoration material of jewelery design, have always preserved their place. Gift of jewelry; It has continued to exist in every period for the purpose of belief, adornment and status, and it will continue to exist by adding new ones to these basic reasons. The adventure of the gemstone started with primitive processing techniques (lapideri) in ancient times; For jewelery stones used in jewelery produced with precious metals, besides processing and ornamentation due to the changing technological conditions in our recent history; There was also a need to distinguish between real, imitation and synthetic. This requirement has led to the emergence of non-destructive gemological analysis applications for gemstones alongside lapidary. In this study, the place and importance of gemstone processing and examination methods and techniques in jewelry and jewelry design, from the geological formation of the gemstone to the ancient civilizations and up to the present, and in recent history. Lapida of precious and semi-precious gemstones and non-destructive gemological analysis applications; his past, present and near future adventures are revealed.
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The impulse that has shaped the image since cave times is ideological domination as well as artistic anxiety. The sovereign power, which diversifies from religious thinking to political regime and gathers around a certain ideal, is a formative that integrates abstract thinking with vital practices. Therefore, while reading the phenomena that have been revealed throughout history, not referring to the dominant formative vocabulary of the sovereign will make it impossible to analyze the work. The image of the ' sacrifice repeated in art', examined within the scope of the research, has a psychological formation as well as theological in terms of both the source of the image and the concept of sacrifice; therefore, when discussing the works produced around this theme, it will inevitably be necessary to look at the 'community culture' created by the dominant ideology. The primitive ancestors' questioning of reality corresponds to their examination of the world in order to make sense of the apparent reality and what lies behind this reality. Cave wall paintings, which are supposed to be the first examples of artistic performance today, are a visual representation of this effort. The sacrifice as an image that has been told and repeated since the times when art replaced literacy, draws a picture of an intellectually common understanding and criticism around concepts such as purification, gratitude, wish and punishment, although it contains qualitative differences due to geographical-religious factors. Despite its separation in practice and method, this image, which points to the same source as an internal impulse, focuses on the metaphor of living sacrifice and sacrifice, from polytheistic religions to monotheistic religions, from human to animal, on an east-west axis. The framework is limited to the visual art dialogue of religious culture and psychological attitude. In the research, in which works belonging to different times from the history of art will be used, the metaphor of sacrifice will be handled as a concrete phenomenon of intellectual heritage as it has been transferred to the present day in terms of form and content; artistic examples will be included in order to reveal the thematic bases of the subject rather than analytical description.
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Salt has been mined continuously at Turda, most likely since the Neolithic. The first information about the exploitation of salt in Turda originates from a geographical note in 1177 on the estate of the chapter (of the monastery of St. Martin) in Arad the hill of the mine, Aknahege was mentioned. Walloon miners (guests) were brought from Western Europe for the exploitation of salt in the north-east of Turda (at Băile Sărate [Sósfürdő] and Durgău–Valea Sărată [Dörgő-SósVölgye]). After the devastation of the Mongols in the north of Turda (1285), the guests (hospes) were relocated to Thorda Akna (in the Durgău–Valea Sărată area). According to documents from 1291, the miners were renewed the early privileges lost in the sacking of the burned fortress of Mykud of Kökényes-Radnót. The Turda Salt Administration (Salt Chamber) had in its heritage the two salt mines, the Salt Storehouse, agricultural lands and various other properties. Through the branch from Vurpăr (magh., Borberek; ger., Burgh-berg), and then through the storage from Decea, the salt was distributed on the Mureș River to the city of Szeged. After the liberalization of the salt trade by Louis II (1506–1526) on February 17, 1521, private individuals also got involved in the carriage of salt to Partium and inner Hungary (the tax still remaining with the monopoly on Mureș river). The monetary circulation on the territory of the city of Turda in the Arpadian and post-Arpadian period was closely related to exploitations and salt transactions.
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New research on early Holocene settlement and burial practices in the Southern Dongola Reach focused on the key areas of the Letti region, Argi (adjacent to Affad) and the outlets of Wadi el-Melik and Wadi Howar. The project follows up on ten years of investigations by the PalaeoAffad Project in the Affad region (Northern Province, Sudan). Unique data collected in the course of the first season of fieldwork reopens the debate on cattle domestication and early pottery production in the region (previously classified as the Tergis Group). The new finds, concerning Neolithic and Kerma settlement in the region, enables changes in the currently accepted absolute chronology of prehistoric settlement in the area.
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The fort located on Stražbenica hill in the village of Bukovača in Bosanski Petrovac completes the picture of the Roman presence in western Bosnia. It has long been known as potentially very promising for systematic archaeological investigations, as suggested by the quantity of chance finds at the site, and the visible remains of architectural structures. Thus far unpublished finds also suggest that the site is worth studying, and that it could very likely yield not only mainly Roman material, but also remains of earlier periods. Pottery found there points to cultural strata that can probably be dated to the metal ages, but also to the early mediaeval period (Plate 2, figs, 3 and 5). Stronge evidence of the Roman presence from as early as the 2nd century is provided by Probus coins (Plate 1, figs. 1 and 2), and strikingly moulded fibulae (Plate 2, fig. 2), which were made in particular at Siscia, to which Stražbenica is relatively close. Monetary circulation is also evidenced by a very fine silver Antoninus Pius imperial coin (Plate 1, figs. 3 and 4). A milestone that has stood in situ in Stražbenica for centuries suggests that this was a much frequented route (Plate 1, fig. 5). Furthermore, finds of pieces of horseshoe provide evidence that the route was used by pack animals, mainly horses, to carry both people and goods, particularly in late Antiquity (Plate 2, fig. 1). A crossbow fibula (Plate 1, fig. 6) probably also dates from that period, and, along with a prismatic arrow (Plate 2, fig. 4), attests to some form of life in the unsettled, uncertain times of late Antiquity. Analysis of the chance finds from the site points to a human presence there from the metal ages to late Antiquity and into the early mediaeval period. The fort at Stražbenica hill in the village of Bukovača in Bosanski Petrovac is just one of a series of hillfort-type settlements dating from pre-Roman times and remaining in use for centuries thereafter. Pre-Roman castella and oppida such as Kolunić, Gradić at Žuta glavica, Kadinjač, and the settlements in Krnjeuša and the village of Bare provide further evidence of this.
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The article presents materials of the late Eneolithic cemetery related to the Cernavodă I culture. The cemetery is part of a very extensive archaeological complex with the name Kartal located in the vicinity of the village of Orlovka (the Reni district, the Odessa county) on the Lower Danube. About 40 late Eneolithic graves were uncovered in the cemetery for several years of excavations. The graves are represented by inhumations in oval and rectangular pits. The deceased are buried in a crouched position on the left side or on the back. Grave goods are quite rare and usually include single vessels. Burial rite in the cemetery has clear parallels in mortuary traditions of the Cernavodă I culture in the Balkans and steppe Eneolithic graves in the North-West Pontic region.
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This article presents a reconstruction of a subsistence strategy at the Middle Bronze Age settlement Rykan-3. The settlement is located in the centre of the Don forest-steppe and dates to 26th–24th century BC; it was mostly excavated in 2009–2014. Rykan-3 is of particular interest because, unlike many other Bronze Age settlements in the South of Eastern Europe, it yielded only a single cultural layer, which was deposited during the existence of the settlement of the Middle Don Catacomb culture. Mainly for this reason, Evgenii Gak chose to conduct a systematic excavation, and to combine it with zooarchaeological, archaeobotanical, and pedological investigations. Additionally, radiocarbon dating was provided. Various proxy data were obtained during the excavation from various laboratories. Pottery fragments and animal bones formed the bulk of the finds. The assessment of the animal bones, the archaeobotanical and pedological information, and the interpretation of particular settlement features make it possible to create a model of a temporary settlement inhabited mainly in winter. Its inhabitants were mainly engaged in animal husbandry with special attention to cattle. The archaeobotanical survey could not reveal any evidence of agriculture during the period of occupation in the Middle Bronze Age. Radiocarbon dating proved that the isolated plant macro remains were clearly recent intrusions. Interdisciplinary research of the settlement Rykan-3 and the inclusion of various information from accompanying scientific investigations have made it possible, for the first time, to reconstruct a seasonal cattle breeding settlement, inhabited in winter, of the Catacomb Cultural Community in Eastern Europe.
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During the final stages of the Late Bronze Age (9th–8th century BC) the territory of northern Bosnia was characterised by remarkable cultural dynamics, visible primarily in the distribution of metal finds: weapons, tools, jewellery, and functional costume objects. A new type of funeral practice – inhumation – emerged here, with this perhaps being an important factor in the formation and social stratification of communities living in this area at the end of the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of the Early Iron Age. In this paper, a group of remarkable objects is presented for the first time. The collection of chance finds from Lipac, near Doboj, consists of a group of metal functional-decorative objects of high craftsmanship, and a smaller group of ceramic vessels, most likely found as part of a burial inventory dated to the early 8th century BC. In addition to basic information on the distribution and chronological framework of certain pieces of ornaments themselves, the grave finds from Lipac provide us with exceptional insight into possible local technological innovations and adaptations based on local traditions, models and aesthetic criteria established among communities from this period. Objects in the grave can be divided into two groups: objects related to food and drink, and bronze ornaments related to personal attire.
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This study focuses on the relationship between the struggle for maintain¬ing the privileges and rights of the free municipalities of the Spiš (Szepes, Zips) county, particularly the Province of 16 Spiš towns, in the first third of the 19th century on one hand and the literary activities of local intelligentsia on the other. As part of a deliberate strategy to eliminate the threat of losing their autonomy and becoming subject to the jurisdiction of the county administration, they constructed an image of Spiš as an exceptional region. The fact that the German-speaking population of Spiš was able to adapt to severe climatic and natural conditions and secure prosperity, education, and cultural dominance was explained in the contemporary intellectual discourse as stemming both from the privileges and rights they had preserved since the Middle Ages and their distinctive national character. In addition to traditional “German” virtues such as industriousness, diligence, a sense of order, and cleanliness, the character of the Spiš Germans was allegedly shaped by newly acquired qualities attributed to their Protestant heritage and adaptation to the environment. The stereotype of Germans as “Kulturträger” was strongly present and from the Enlightenment discourse of the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries it was translated into the historiography and ethnography of German settlement in Eastern Europe in the second half of the 19th century.
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