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Exploring the beginnings: a multianalytical archaeometric study of the Early Neolithic pottery production at Koprivets, Northern Bulgaria

Author(s): Tanya Dzhanfezova / Language(s): English Issue: S1/2021

This paper examines pottery production as a proxy for the introduction of major Neolithic achievements, especially in newly-settled territories. It considers potential signs of adaptation of the ceramic technology to new environments, without disregarding possible local contributions to the beginnings of the regional pottery production. The North Bulgarian areas are associated with distinctive climatic conditions, contrasting environmental settings and different raw materials when compared with the homeland of certain new-coming groups. Whereas no loessic sediments extend southwards of the Balkan mountainous range, these are namely the typical Danubian plain accumulations associated with available clays used for pottery production in the region. Taking into account various scenarios for the beginning of the Neolithic in North Bulgaria, as well as the local specifics of the lithic industry, the first pottery from the settlement at Koprivets is considered in a broader Neolithisation context. By recovering and interpreting technological parameters, the study examines the innovative adaptations to specific local conditions that the adoption of pottery production, as a new technology, must have evolved, at one of the earliest known Neolithic sites in Northern Bulgaria

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Bird remains from the Starčevo and Lengyel culture settlements of the site Alsónyék-Bátaszék (South-western Hungary)

Author(s): Erika Gál,Anna Zsófia Biller,Éva Ágnes Nyerges,Anett Osztás / Language(s): English Issue: S1/2021

In this paper, the first Starčevo (Early Neolithic) and Lengyel culture (Late Neolithic) avian assemblages from Hungary are presented. The abundance of remains and identified wetland species in the Starčevo period sample of Alsónyék-Bátaszék located in south-western Hungary fits into the stereotype of the Körös culture localities from the eastern part of country indicating the frequent exploitation of aquatic resources by fowling, fishing and gathering. Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is first identified for the Neolithic avifauna of Hungary. Its presence in both the Starčevo and Lengyel period samples suggest that this species may have nested in the Mecsek or Villány Mountains during the 6th– 5th millennia BC. Interest in fowling at Alsónyék-Bátaszék seems to have declined towards the Late Neolithic according to the drop both in the quantity and diversity of birds. Nevertheless, wings, feathers and bones of diurnal birds of prey and owls proved to have been selected both for raw material and ornaments, and ritual purposes during the Lengyel Period

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The Neolithic bone industry from the site of Slatina–Paraćin (excavations of 1962–1985)

Author(s): Selena Vitezović / Language(s): English Issue: S1/2021

The site of Slatina in the vicinity of the town of Paraćin (Serbia), in the valley of Velika Morava River, was a large Neolithic settlement, with substantial remains attributed to the Late Neolithic Vinča culture. Rescue excavations were carried out between 1962 and 1964 and 1984– 1985, and among other rich and diverse remains of structures and portable finds, approximately 80 artefacts from osseous raw materials were recovered. The typological repertoire included awls, heavy points, burnishing tools and used astragals, produced from bone and antler. The bone tool assemblage shares common traits with other assemblages from the Vinča culture, but also displays some of the local characteristics, in particular regarding the raw material management.

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CRONOLOGIA EN EOLITICULUI FINAL DIN ZONA SUBCARPATICĂ A MOLDOVEI

Author(s): Ştefancu Coş / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XVIII-XIX/1987

L'article pose la question de la chronologie relative et absolue de la phase Cucuteni B dans Ia lumiere des dernières dates de la recherche. On souligne les synchronismes de la phase Cucuteni B et de la phase Tripolice C/1...

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PROFESSOR MARIJA GIMBUTAS’ ADVENTURE WITH PREHISTORIC AMBER AND THE RESULTS FOR US

Author(s): Janusz Czebreszuk,Agnė Čivilytė / Language(s): English Issue: 47/2021

This article is dedicated to Gimbutas’ approach to prehistoric amber and the results of her hypothesis for 21st-century archaeology. Amber is one of the constant threads in her research but hypotheses about amber have yet to be summarized. It is our aim to discuss the assessment of Gimbutas’ studies of amber in a non-exhaustive format, which can help to understand the focal points of her research, especially the chronological changes of amber utilisation from the Mesolithic to the Bronze Age. We w will discuss Gimbutas’ proposals in respect to the amber routes and interpret her ideas from the perspective of recent research. We will also discuss the question of the possible utilisation of amber from western Ukraine’s Klesov deposit, which is very similar to succinite. This article focuses especially on the question of how we can understand the meaning of amber in the Bronze Age and suggests the idea that amber had a symbolic rather than economic value in the local Eastern Baltic societies.

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CONSIDERAŢII ASUPRA RESTURILOR DE MAMIFERE DIN STAŢIUNEA GRAVETIANA DE LA LESPEZI - LUTĂRIE (JUD. BACĂU)

Author(s): Alexandra Bolomey / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XX/1989

La station gravettienne de Lespezi se trouve sur un promontoire terrassiforme stlr la rive droite de Ia Bistriţa, flanquée par Ies Souscarpathes Orientaux...

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Studiul resturilor animaliere găsite în situl precucutenian de la Isaiia (Campania 2002)

Author(s): Felix-Adrian Tencariu,Sergiu Haimovici / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XXXIII/2004

Les restes fauniques proviennent de quatre habitations et quatre fosses; ils sant en nombre de 1115 determines; les restes appartiennent a trois groupes zoologiques: mollusques, oiseaux, mammiferes (tableau I). Pour les mammaliens on a calcule la frequence par especes (tableau II) et leurs repartition en domestiques et sauvages (tableau III).

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Studiul unor resturi animaliere provenite din situl cucutenian - faza B - de la Mihoveni

Author(s): Sergiu Haimovici / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XXXIII/2004

On a etudie les restes osseux provenant des mammiferes trouves en deux complexes: le habitation 8 et la fosse 5 (voir les tableaux 1 et 2). On a fait aussi un etude morphoscopique et biometrique (tableau 3) et on a calcule la frequence des especes (tableau 4).

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Un pumnal de tip răsăritean de la Cut (jud. Alba)

Author(s): Cristian Ioan Popa / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XXVIII/1999

Dans les collections du Masuse Urbain de Sebeş on garde à câté d’autres objéts de métal un poignard de bronze de type oriental ayant indiqué comme lieu de decouverte la localité de Cut (dep. Alba).

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Tăbliţa ceramică de la Alexandria ‘Limonagiul’ (V.V. 07), jud. Teleorman

Author(s): Ion Torcică / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 12/2020

The site of Alexandria ‘Limonagiul’ (V.V. 07) is located near the modern town of Alexandria (Teleorman County), on the eastern high terrace, on the left side of the Vedea River. It was discovered in 2008, and since 2019 a rescue excavation has been carried out on the site. Several Eneolithic (Gumelniţa culture, A1 phase) and Bronze Age pits, a hut from 5th-7th century AD and another from 20th century were excavated. The large Eneolithic complexes are filled by successive layers of sediment, 0.20-0.30 m thick, consisting of large amounts of archaeological material, mainly pottery and animal bones. A ceramic tablet was discovered in 2019 in a pit (C. 3). The tablet is of medium size, and has a rectangular shape with convex sides, and a flattened base. At the lower corners there are two lateral, conical endings, and at the upper corner protuberances similar to the consecration horns. Both sides and edges are decorated by incisions but not the base. The decorative motifs on the sides consist of lines and stripes vertically and obliquely disposed. On the frontal side, on the middle of the upper part, is a decoration showing concentric lines, similar to the motifs found around the neck of some Gumelniţa anthropomorphic statuettes. About 30 ceramic tablets have been discovered in Bulgaria, but only two have been discovered north of the Danube, one at Alexandria ‘Limonagiul’ (V.V. 07) and the other at Pietrele tell settlement (Giurgiu County). Interpreted by certain scholars as altar-tablets, they are considered stylized models of houses or sanctuary pediments, or facades of houses on pillars, decorated with various symbols. Based on the morphological and decorative features, the tablet form Alexandria can be considered a schematic representation of a house or sanctuary structure, raised on pillars, with anthropomorphic attributes or even representing a schematic female figure.

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Depozitele de silex din aşezarea aparţinând culturii Gumelniţa de la Urlaţi (jud. Prahova). Între import şi producţia locală

Author(s): Ion Torcică,Alin Frînculeasa,Tudor Hila / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 12/2020

At Urlaţi (Prahova County), six flint caches were discovered on a Gumelniţa flat settlement (4500-4300 BC) during the 2015-2020 excavation seasons. They were found in L.1 and L.2dwellings and in the surrounding area, as well near L.2. Their composition is quite heterogeneous:caches consisting of blades, mixed assemblages composed of blades and scrapers, a cache containing only scrapers and a mixed cache containing whole and fragmentary blades, scrapers and flakes. There are three large blades in caches number 2 and 4, produced by lever pressure technique. Although they are well known at Gumelniţa tell settlements, there are few in the flat settlements to the north of the Danube. Their presence together with other large blades produced by indirect percussion, as well the existence at Urlaţi of raw materials from the northeast area of Bulgaria, proves the existence in the second part of the 5th millennium BC of very active long-distance exchange networks. Domestic production, possibly at small scale, using the local flint is suggested by the presence at Urlaţi of the raw materials and flint chipping debris.

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Un topor de tip Vidra descoperit pe valea Buzăului

Author(s): Roxana Munteanu,Daniel Garvăn,Daniela Cristea-Stan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 12/2020

This short note introduces a shaft-hole axe discovered at the beginning of 2020in the hilly area of Buzău valley. Made of copper, this light and graceful artifact displays the morphometrical features of a Vidra hammer axe. While no direct associations could be established with other artifacts, the existence of a Chalcolithic settlement upstream, about 8 km away, suggests the assignment of the hammer axe within the geographic limits of the Gumelniţa culture. The new discovery adds to a short list of metal artifacts discovered in the Carpathians Curvature, in the contact zone of three cultural areas: Gumelniţa, Cucuteni and Ariuşd.

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Notă arheologică asupra unui fragment de armă preistorică descoperit pe raza localităţii Urlaţi (jud. Prahova)

Author(s): Alin Frînculeasa,Daniela Cristea-Stan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 12/2020

This paper presents information about a fragment of a prehistoric weapon made of bronze, discovered at Urlaţi (Prahova County), the context of this discovery and the main characteristics of the object (shape, dimensions, raw material). The artefact was analysed within the context of similar objects discovered in Romania and the rarity of this type of weapon in the Lower Danube is emphasized. The paper is intended to be a contribution regarding this type of artefact, and additionally to the archaeological recording of the area.

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Omoplaţi crestaţi din colecţiile Muzeului Dunării de Jos

Author(s): Anișoara Topârceanu,Adrian Bălășescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 12/2020

This article presents seven crested scapulas which are part of the Lower Danube Museum collections. The objects date to the Bronze Age Coslogeni culture and they were discovered at Lupşanu, Gâldău ‘Cheson’ and Vâlcelele, Călăraşi County. The anatomy of the crested scapulas has been analysed, as well as the anthropological modifications of these unique artifacts.

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НЕОЛИТСКА РЕВОЛУЦИЈА И ПОДРЕЂЕН ПОЛОЖАЈ ЖЕНЕ

Author(s): Jacques-Henri Michel / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/1989

The topic of this article is a frequently discussed one — the roots of inferior position of woman in the early history. By using anthropology and linguistics new elements are searched for the causes of deterioration of that position in course of the Neolithic. Even in societies without exchange of goods and differences in property status, the position of woman may have specific characteristics, as is the case of Aborigènes in Australia where woman participates in some cults together with men, but is excluded from others with a tendency of widening that exclusion. Woman is given as a pledge for solidarity and peace and a kind of guarantee for adhering to peace. While comparing the relationship between sexes in Euro-Asian societies and those in the New World (North and South Americas), one can see that the position of woman is considerably better with the „Indians", which is witnessed by the case of Cherokees where women enjoy relative sexual and social freedoms. One of the causes is related to early economy and domestication of cattle, especially the large-size one, which in Roman law falls under the res mancipi regime. Americas did not have such kind of cattle, except lama, while horse, donkey and mule were very useful in economy and war at Euro-Asian peoples. Since such animals require strong masculine hand, the reputation of men was based on this fact, too. This explains the conspicuous difference in the position of woman at the two groups of peoples. Before domestication of cattle, primitive societies knew of high level of equality and democracy which inlcudes relations between men and women. Consequently, it is necessary to provide in contemporary societies, too, in order to achieve democracy and equality between the sexes, the right for everyone to speak freely, equal property rights for women, admitting them to political decision-making, etc. However, this is going to be rather difficult in contemporary oppressive and masculine civilization. The article is full of valuable information concerning original democracy, relationship between sexes, mentality of American Indians, especially Cheyennes. Literature referred to is also rich, such as works by A.P. Elkin, Claude Levy-Strauss, Marcel Mauss, and Germaine Tillion.

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C.S. NICOLĂESCU‐PLOPȘOR – DE LA PASIUNE LA PROFESIONALISM ÎN CERCETAREA ARHEOLOGICĂ A PERIOADEI PALEOLITICULUI DIN ROMÂNIA

Author(s): Ionel Geambașu,Florin Danciu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 24/2021

C.S. Nicolăescu‐Plopșor is, undoubtedly, the archaeological figure connected to the research of the Paleolithic in Romania. He was born in 1900 in a village in Oltenia, love and deeply tied to his homeland, he did his best to learn about the history of the places since the very first beginning, the Paleolithic. Hispassion for history and archaeology dates back in his childhood and comes together with several other interests related to history and archeology. Being monitored by the Security for his descend and also for his political activity during the interwar period, he continued with his scientific interests and, due to them, he wasn`t considered a „danger” to the communism regim. Endowed with a phenomenal intuition in judging times and people, he knows how to achieve his goals and become known as ʺthe man of all regimesʺ. The same intuition, put in the service of archeology, will lead to the discovery in the Musterian Gallery of the Woman's Cave of Pleistocene human fossil remains (fragments of skull, a mandible, a tibia and a scapula) together with lithic material, in August 1952.The name Plopșor is related to the formation of a generation of archaeologists specialized in the Paleolithic period, formed during the excavation campaigns at Baia de Fier between 1951‐1955. He is also connected to the discovery from Bugiulești, important for understanding the process of anthropogenesis on continental Europe.

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CERCETĂRILE ARHEOLOGICE DIN SITUL DE LA COȚATCU – CETĂȚUIA (CAMPANIA 2019)

Author(s): Laurențiu Grigoraș,Daniel Garvăn,Cătălin Dinu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 24/2021

The site is located in the hilly area, at about 2 km North-West from the edge of Coţatcu village (Podgoria Commune, Buzău County), at the base of the terrace near to the valley of the brook with the same name. Coţatcu - Cetăţuia site was discovered in 1971 when the land slides affected this area. First archaeological excavations were carried on between 1973-1974, led by Vasile Drâmbocianu. In 2006 new investigations started and continued until 2010. The trenches (P1-P3) investigated during these five campaigns had as main objective to establish the tell stratigraphy and its cultural evolution. The maximum thickness of the cultural settlement, measured on section P1, is about 3.20 m. The preliminary observations indicated the existence of five main sequences: the first (placed at the tell base) belonging to Starčevo-Criş culture and the last four to Stoicani-Aldeni cultural group. This is one of the rare tell settlement, researched so far, which has at its base such an early habitation level.This kind of tell, with such a consistent anthropic layer, is rarelly found within the Stoicani-Aldeni cultural group area. Most likely as a consequence of being placed in the interference area between Gumelniţa and Cucuteni cultures, Coţatcu site distinguishes itself by some “synthesis” ceramic materials which are clearly different from the mentioned cultures artifacts.The research of Coţatcu site was resumed in 2019, the main objective being the off tell investigation. To this end, the trench carried out in this campaign (S1), was partially traced to cover the terrace area near the tell. Starčevo-Criş ceramic sherds were discovered here, indicating that the neolithic settlement occupied a larger area than the eneolithic tell.Along with the identification of the Starčevo-Criş ceramic sherds in the off tell area (not only at its base), another novelty related to the S1 research is the finding of a few ceramic fragments belonging to the Bronze Age (Monteoru culture, phases Ic3 – Ic2). Although the discovery of such materials had been mentioned in the area of Coţatcu village, it is for the first time when Monteoru ceramic sherds are identified in the site of Coţatcu - Cetăţuia.

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MATERIALELE ARHEOLOGICE DESCOPERITE ÎN NIVELURILE ENEOLITICE TÂRZII DIN SITUL DE LA PIETROASA MICĂ - GRUIU DĂRII (CAMPANIILE 2019-2020)

Author(s): Laurențiu Grigoraș / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 24/2021

During the campaigns from 2019-2020, the research of the Eneolithic layers took place in trench 11 (S11), located in the North-West part (with the most consistent anthropic remains) of the site from Pietroasa Mică – Gruiu Dării. Ten Eneolithic archeological features were identified and investigated: C113 and C295 (remains of burnt wattle and daub structures); C295a (cluster of archaeological materials); C298 (group of stones laid out in circular pattern); C296-297 and C299-302 (pits and/or depressions). During these two campaigns, the research of some pre- and protohistoric features which sectioned some of the mentioned Eneolithic contexts was continued and completed: C293 (pit identified in square C), C275 (foundation ditch observed along the entire length of S11 and entering into the NE and SW profiles) - both attributed to the Bronze Age; C204 (square D) and C229 (square B) - pits attributed to the Iron Age.Within the Eneolithic depositions in S11, two layers can be distinguished (N.1 and N.2), differentiated by the anthropic content, but also by the color and morphological characteristics of the soil. The total thickness of the two layers is approx. 35-45 cm.Numerous archaeological materials have been discovered in the Eneolithic layers, diversified in terms of morphological, typological and functional characteristics. Predominant are the pottery sherds, most of them in a state of accentuated fragmentation. Like all the Eneolithic depositions researched, so far, at Gruiu Dării, also in the case of the features and layers researched in S11 appear “associated” pottery sherds Cucuteni B2 (painted and unpainted) and Cernavoda Ic (both those with crushed shell and/or pebbles in paste and decorated with notches and/or alveoles applied on the rim, as well as fine black, grayish or reddish-brown ceramics).Numerous and varied archaeological materials were discovered in the Eneolithic layers from S11: pottery sherds (Cucuteni B2 and alike Cernavoda Ic); whole or wholly refitting vessels; zoomorphic and anthropomorphic plastic art; loom weights; tools made of hard materials (stone, bone and antler); adornments and/or pendants; various items with uncertain functionalities. The Eneolithic layers also contained, mixed with the mentioned artifacts, faunal osteological remains, scattered or agglomerations of stones and a very large amount of burnt adobe.

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UN TOPOR DE TIP CELT DESCOPERIT LA COCORĂȘTII MISLI (JUD. PRAHOVA)

Author(s): Bianca Preda-Bălănică / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 24/2021

This short note aims to introduce into the scholarly literature a bronze socketed axe that recently entered the collection of the Prahova County Museum of History and Archaeology. The artefact is a single find from Cocorăștii Misli locality in Prahova County and was discovered using a metal detector. It can be assigned to the Râșești type, dated to the end of the Bronze Age and beginning of the Iron Age.

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FIBULAE CLAMABUNT

Author(s): Daniel Spânu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 24/2021

In Romanian historiography it has been considered that some pre-Roman settlements in Wallachia were abandoned in particular historical circumstances according to certain ancient sources. The settlement from Cârlomăneşti would have been destroyed by Burebista, and those from Popeşti and Zimnicea would have been abandoned in the context of the relocation of the Getae at the orders of Aelius Catus in the 1st decade AD (Strabo VII. 3. 10-11). By their specific chronological framing, three fibulae indicate a later human presence in the settlements from Cârlomăneşti, Popeşti and Zimnicea after the beginning of the 1st century AD. The three fibulae were introduced with great reluctance into the scientific lietrature, several decades after their discovery. In this way, the enshrined historiographical dogmas have benefited from a increased longevity.

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