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SYMBOLISM AND FUNCTIONS OF THE FIREPLACE IN TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES. CASE STUDY: THE ROMANIAN SPACE

Author(s): Simona Lazăr,Anca Ceauşescu / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

The fireplace is the centre of the traditional house, a sacred space that relates numerous beliefs, practices and customs to it. From Prehistory, it has been perceived as a symbol, and even a pillar of steadfastness, a domestic shrine, a convergent point of the internal space, specific to the dwelling. The fireplace has always constituted the centre of the family life, being the place where the food is prepared, a sacred place in which there is still preserved the connection with the ancestors, with divinity, the protective gods of the house. Along the time, the form and the dimension of the fireplace has varied, tightly connected to the traditions and the customs of the communities. Thus, there have been found fixed round and rectangular fireplaces, positioned in the floor of the houses or on a higher base (20 – 30 cm). There have also been identified portable fireplaces, with similar functions.

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ПРЕНОС НА САКРАЛНОСТ ОТ ЕЗИЧЕСКА ДРЕВНОСТ ДО ХРИСТИЯНСКОТО СРЕДНОВЕКОВИЕ И СЪВРЕМЕННОСТТА: ПРИМЕР

Author(s): Lubomir Conev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

The period V–VIII cent. AD is particularly dramatic in the history of Bulgarian lands. Cardinal changes occur on the Balkan Peninsula, but up to this day it is lively debated whether and to what extent these changes are accompanied by cultural and ethnic continuity. The present study offers a number of facts expressing such continuity.

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Recenzii

Author(s): Lăcrămioara-Elena Istina,Ioan Mitrea,Anton Coşa,Elena Artimon / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XXX/2001

Reviews: CULTURA COSTIŞA ÎN CONTEXTUL EPOCII BRONZULUI DIN ROMÂNIA, COORD. VALERIU CAVRUC ŞI GHEORGHE DUMITROAIA, PIATRA NEAMŢ, EDITURA "CONSTANTIN MATASĂ", 2001, 138 P. + 82 PLANŞE (Lăcrămioara Elena lstina) PETRE GHERGHE, REPERTORIUL INFORMAŢIILOR ŞI DESCOPERIRILOR ARHEOLOGICE DIN OLTENIA. EPOCA LATÈNE, CRAIOVA, EDITURA UNIVERSITARIA, 2001, 145 P. (Lăcrămioara Elena lstina) LULIAN ANTONESCU, LIBERŢII ÎN SOCIETATEA ROMANĂ A SECOLELOR I-II, CONSTANŢA, EDITURA EX PONTO, 2000, 80 P. (Ioan Mitrea) D. PROTASE, AUTOHTONII ÎN DACIA, VOLUMUL II. DACIA POSTROMANĂ PÂNĂ LA SLAVI, CLUJ-NAPOCA, EDITURA RISOPRINT, 2000, 388 P. (Ioan Mitrea) IOAN MURARIU, ISTORIA SATELOR CRISTINEŞTI, DĂMILENI ŞI DRAGALINA (JUDEŢUL BOTOŞANI), BACĂU, EDITURA PLUMB, 2001, 220 P. TEXT + 23 P. ILUSTRAŢll (Ioan Mitrea) MOLDVAI MAGYAROK- CSANGO MAGYAROK, ÎNGRIJIT DE FARKAS TIBOR, KECSKÉS JOSEF, DR. POZSONY FERENC, DR. KOLTA DORA, BUDAPEST, EDITURA GODOLO, 2000, 68 P. (Anton Coşa) NICOLAE MISCHIE, VASILE LASCĂR REFORMATOR ÎN ADMINISTRAŢIA DE STAT, CLUJ-NAPOCA, EDITURA "CLUSIUM", 2000, 264 P. (Elena Artimon)

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Geološki vodič kroz Bosnu i Hercegovinu

Author(s): Hazim Hrvatović / Language(s): Bosnian

Prvo izdanje “Geološkog vodiča kroz Bosnu i Hercegovinu” je objavljeno na bosanskom jeziku 1999. godine (Hrvatović, 1999). Drugo izdanje vodiča je proizašlo iz potrebe da se prikažu novi podaci o rezultatima istraživanja brojnih geologa koji su, nakon prvog izdanja, objavljeni u naučnim radovima, monografijama, disertacijama i udžbenicima. Ovo izdanje vodiča sadrži 97 slika koje prikazuju geološke karte, stubove, profile i fotografije koje se odnose na prikaz tektonostratigrafskih jedinica i stijena Dinarida Bosne i Hercegovine. Vodič sadrži sljedeće: – samostalna poglavlja o tektonostratigrafskim jedinicama koja omogućavaju istraživačima i studentima da razumiju distribuciju i stratigrafiju geoloških formacija, grupe formacija, supergrupe formacija i mineralnih sirovina, – poglavlje o glavnim tektonskim strukturama i – poglavlje o geološkoj evoluciji Dinarida Bosne i Hercegovine. U ovom izdanju vodiča, treći dio prvog izdanja “Geološkog vodiča kroz Bosnu i Hercegovinu” koji opisuje trasu-profila koji presijeca Dinaride od Brčkog na sjeveru do Neuma na jugu je uključen u detaljniji opis tektonostratigrafskih jedinica Dinarida Bosne i Hercegovine.

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ЧУТО-ВИДЯНО

Author(s): Ivan Marazov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 26/2022

The article aims to compare the creative principles of the epic and that of archaic art. The standard repeatable vocabulary of folklore and art is determined by the use of object and action formulas and themes, as well as rhythm and symmetry in the composition. In this way content is condensed and the whole myth can be read / remembered. For the initiates in the language of mythological thinking, figurative hints are sufficient to reproduce a mythological situation. As in myth and ritual, cosmogony is realized through naming, so in art the world is created through obtaining an image. The article draws analogies with Balkan folklore, as well as Greek, Vedic and Celtic mythology.

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A Tainted Place in Central Anatolia: Kırkdilim Road (Çorum-Turkey)

Author(s): Bekir Derınöz / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2022

Building roads has been indispensable for civilizations from past to present. The geographies and civilizations where the roads were built played an important role in the construction of the road, ensuring its continuity and gaining an identity. The aim of this study is to reveal the construction process of the Kırkdilim road, which has been under construction for more than half a century, how it turned into a tainted road in the historical process, and the reflections of the political decisions taken in the field. For this purpose, field studies were carried out at intervals between 2018-2022. During these studies, interviews consisting of open-ended questions were conducted with the local people. The results of the research revealed that the effect of the geological and geomorphological structure in the area, technical inadequacies and political decisions are among the biggest reasons why the Kırkdilim road could not be completed for more than half a century in the historical process. Due to the slope conditions of the Mesozoic limestones and conglomerate formations in the area, their mobility is high. Tunnels and roads built in the area in previous years have become unusable due to landslides and rockfalls, and many fatal accidents have occurred. The historical process, especially the reflections of the political decisions taken, has made the Kırkdilim road a tainted place. The experiences, narratives and stories of the people who use this tainted area have been passed down from generation to generation. Today, the area is a tainted place both in terms of local people, drivers and passengers using the area, aesthetically and archaeologically, geographically and politically. The issue of how to manage this taintining is the most basic problem that needs to be addressed.

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The Passive Resistance of the Securitate’s Informers. A Foucauldian Perspective on the Case of the Archaeologist Nubar Hamparțumian

Author(s): Liviu Mihail Iancu / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

The inefficiency of the Securitate, the secret political police of the Romanian communist regime, has recently emerged as an interesting hypothesis based on files of the people it targeted and testimonies of its informers. This research conducted on the file of the archaeologist Nubar Hamparțumian, a researcher at the Institute of Archaeology of Bucharest between 1956 and 1975, when he emigrated to the United Kingdom, and informer under constraint of the Securitate between 1960 and 1983, aims to bring new insights on this issue. The passive resistance mounted by Hamparțumian mainly through providing inoffensive information on the targeted people and ignoring instructions to develop closer ties with them, while pretending to be loyal and disciplined, falls into the Foucauldian category of micro crimes of activity and time against the disciplinary institution, which was the Securitate. Whereas this kind of resistance, coupled with the poor planning and excessive bureaucracy of the Securitate, certainly made the secret police inefficient, it did not turn it into an ineffective institution, too.

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Prikazi i osvrti: Iznimno vrijedna i iscrpna monografija - Povijest Daruvara: prapovijest – rimski temelji – naseljavanje – moderni grad

Author(s): Vlatka Dugački / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 16/2022

Review of: Vjenceslav Herout, Željko Karaula, Mirjana Jakčin Ivančić, Goran Jakovljević, Zdravko Palavra: Povijest Daruvara: prapovijest – rimski temelji – naseljavanje – moderni grad. Zavod za znanstvenoistraživački i umjetnički rad Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti u Bjelovaru, Grad Daruvar i Ogranak Matice hrvatske Daruvar, Zagreb – Bjelovar – Daruvar, 2021., 514 str. Reviewed by Vlatka Dugački

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Archeologický antropolog odkrývá historii lidské kultury. Mě zajímá zemědělský pravěk a počátek domestikace zvířat

Author(s): Marie Prachařová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Interview with Marie Prachařová.

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LEGAL REGIME OF PROPERTY OF LAND IN ROMAN PROVINCES

Author(s): Stoyan P. Ivanov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The paper considers the specific problem of the land property outside Italy in the Roman provinces during the period of the late Roman Republic and the early Principate. The author studies how the Roman government faced the new problems that the conquest created and what Rome actually did when first met the Hellenistic concepts of the land property in the conquered territories and how they were applied or modified according to the traditional Roman law principles and regulations. It is emphasized that the need to organize the territory and to define the property of the people who lived on that territory or the rights which they had to the land for a very first time occurred in Sicily which the Romans organized as the first Roman provincia. The article examines the organization of Sicily according to Lex Hieronica, it considers the exemptions and immunities of some cities from the general legal regime of the province, and studies the collection of public revenues and the payments for the taxes for the exploitation of the land – vectigal et vectigalia publica. Key notions and terms like possessio, dominium, mancipatio, vectigal, vectigalia, tributum, stipendium are cleared and special attention is paid to the correct use of the Latin legal terminology. Some of the most important fragments from the Institutes of Gaius about the provincial property are examined and is made a carefully study of his language and the legal aspects of his consideration of the rights that the individuals had over the provincial lands. The research presents in details the organization of other provinces in the late Roman Republic and the early Principate and deals with the richest Roman province – Asia, which brings huge revenues to the Roman budget. Central part of the study is dedicated to the legal regime of the provincial land and the author considers the main opinions on this topic in the recent Roman legal doctrine and translates and analyzes the relevant classical Latin texts in the sources and provides an important bibliography on the problem, he tries also to define the Roman concept for „provincial property“ which for sure was not identical with the dominium ex iure Quiritium in Italy.

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ОТРАЖЕНИЕ НА САКРАЛНОТО ПРОСТРАНСТВО-ВРЕМЕ В ЕДИН ДРЕВЕН МЕНХИР

Author(s): Nikolay Sivkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 22/2023

Space and Time are parameters of the universe. They are also the basis of the ideas of ancient societies about the world, which are reflected in the archaeological monuments. The article presents an anthropomorphic menhir from Midwestern Bulgaria, which contains information about an anthropo-cosmological model of the world from the age of megalithic cultures.

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ТРАКИЙСКИТЕ ОЛТАРИ – ЗНАЧИМОСТ, ТЕРЕННА РЕСТАВРАЦИЯ, ОПАЗВАНЕ

Author(s): Dimcho Radev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 22/2023

The article is focused on a specific type of artifacts, made on the terrain from clay and then roasted. In most cases they have been created in Thrace in the period III-I cent. BC. In our archaeological literature they are denoted by the Greek word “eskhara” (platform for sacrifices), but we shall use here the term “altar”. In the process of the archaeological excavations many factors directly affect the stability and integrity of the altar and determine the appropriate restoration methodology. In the Bulgarian archaeological practice over the past decade restorers are usually not included in the terrain work. This approach brought to extremely negative results and irreversible loss of valuable information. Incompetent treatment and storage of the altars makes the archeological study senseless, hinders the identification and scientific interpretation of the altars. The author insists that a change in the treatment of the Thracian altars has to be done.

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Krijimet e artit prehistorik-kapital intelektual i njerëzimit

Author(s): Muzafer Korkuti / Language(s): Albanian Publication Year: 0

Gjatë dyzet viteve (1966-2006) të kërkimeve në tërë territorin e Shqipërisë kam mundur të zbuloj dhe të grumbulloj të dhëna e dokumentacion grafik e fotografik të bollshëm për pikturën e Lepenicës (Vlorë), të Rubikut, të Reçit (Dibër), të Xibrit (Mat), të Bovillës (Tiranë) dhe Trenit (Korçë). Gjithashtu kam grumbulluar të dhëna edhe për pikturën e Vlashnjës që ndodhet në afërsi të Prizrenit (Kosovë), të cilat së toku më japin mun-dësinë të bëj disa vlerësime e përgjithësime. Pikturat dhe gdhendjet shkëmbore ruajnë kujtimet e shoqërive prehistorike, ashtu si katedralet dhe muzetë arkeologjikë ruajnë dëshmitë për shoqëritë urbane. Arti prehistorik na ndihmon të kuptojmë evolucionin e shoqërisë njerëzore, na dëshmon për mitet e lashta, për besimet, për veprimtaritë parësore në jetën e banorëve të lashtë, për veçoritë individuale të kuptimit e perceptimit të botës reale e imagjinare, të mendjes dhe të ndjenjave të krijuesve të këtyre veprave. (Fig.1)

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ДРЕВНОТО ЕВРАЗИЙСКО ЕТНИЧЕСКО ПРОСТРАНСТВО И ДОЛЕН ДЕСЕН ДУНАВ КАТО ЕТНОГЕНЕТИЧНА ЗОНА

Author(s): Petar Petrov,Boris Kazakov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 11/2015

The article represents an attempt to outline thе areas in Eurasia, where the landscape and environment conditions supposedly were the most optimal for the development of ancient human communities of different ranks, including ancient human civilizations. By analyzing the contemporary natural and climatic conditions, as well as through paleo-landscapei reconstructions of the region of the Danube Valley (Lower Right Danube), a hypothesis of the existence of optimal living conditions for growth of the human population in this part of the Balkans and Europe is proposed, which area therefore is referred to as "ethnogenetic zone”.

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МЕНХИРИ В БЪЛГАРИЯ И НА БАЛКАНИТЕ – ПРОБЛЕМИ И НАЛИЧНОСТ

Author(s): Lyubomir Tsonev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 14/2017

The present study deals with a specific type of megalithic monuments – with menhirs in Bulgaria and on the Balkan Peninsula. At the beginning, some important methodological issues are discussed: definitions of megalithic sites in general and menhirs in particular – individual as well as grouped in various sets. Then information about menhirs on Bulgarian territory from the end of XIX till the beginning of XXI century is collected and presented in detail. Individual menhirs, menhir rows and cromlechs from North-East and South-East Bulgaria are described. They are compared with similar sites on Crimea Peninsula and in South Ireland. In this sense, Bulgarian megalithic area represents a significant transition region from West European and Mediterranean megalithic world in east direction towards the big Black sea megalithic arc: Balkan Peninsula – Crimea – Caucasus – Armenian Mountains Zangezur. The main methodological problem discussed here is the formal resemblance between prehistoric menhirs and medieval Islamic tombstones. Turkish researchers assert that nearly 2,000 orthostats registered in the area between Edirne and Lalapasha are menhirs and significantly differ from Islamic tombstones. Within the limits of Europe, this problem occurs only on the Balkan Peninsula and – if neglected – it can distort the overall picture of megalitism in the whole region. After a critical review of a number of similar sites in northeastern Bulgaria and Rhodope Mountains, this report comes to the opposite conclusion: The Edirne orthostats are most probably abandoned medieval Muslim gravestones and not prehistoric megaliths – menhirs.

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ДЕВТАШЛАРИТЕ КРАЙ ПЛИСКА – ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ ЗА РЕИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЯ

Author(s): Lyubomir Tsonev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 14/2017

The devtashlari are numerous objects of megalithic character. The official opinion interprets them as proto-Bulgarian monuments which are created in VII–VIII cent. AD. The author examines the devtashlari in two contexts. Compared with the early Christian architectural monuments of Byzantine 122 origin in Bulgarian lands (IV–VI cent. AD) as well as with the temples in the old Bulgarian capitals Pliska and Preslav (built in IX–X cent. AD) the devtashlari appear as extremely primitive objects. The official interpretation is shown to be impossible from the point of view of a normal architectural evolution. On the contrary, the devtashlari find their adequate place among the numerous monuments of rock-cut and megalithic character in Bulgaria originating from III–II millenium BC. So the present analysis gives a more convincing dating and interpretation of the devtashlari. The devtashlari are in fact classic menhirs. Some of them are grouped in rectangular grids exactly like the famous menhirs in Menec, Brittany, France. Such specific grouping happens very rarely in the megalithic world. The mechanical treatment of the devtashlari and the state of their surface are also identical with the Menec menhirs.

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АРХЕОАСТРОНОМИЯ И АРХЕОУРБАНИСТИКА – ОБЩ ПОГЛЕД И НЯКОИ ПРОБЛЕМИ

Author(s): Lyubomir Tsonev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 14/2017

This study aims to clarify numerous interdisciplinary problems that arise at the interface between arhаeo-astronomy and ancient Roman Urbanism. The general scheme of a Roman city as well as its concrete implementation in the new cities built during the territorial expansion of Ancient Rome is described. The author discusses in detail various situations where it is possible to make mistakes in interpreting the street system orientation of the Roman cities. Referred to are those weaknesses in the description and publication of archaeological sites that do not allow adequate and reliable archaeoastronomical analysis. All the published data about the street orientation in Roman cities in Bulgaria are collected and presented here for the first time. Several classical Roman cities in Bulgaria are commented that have inherited earlier Thracian or Roman settlements (Ulpia Escus, Serdica, Philipopol, Seuthopolis).

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АНТИЧНИЯТ АНСАМБЪЛ СТЪЛПИЩЕ, РУСЕНСКО – ЕЛЕМЕНТ ОТ ТРАКО-ФРИГИЙСКАТА КОНТАКТНА ЗОНА

Author(s): Lyubomir Tsonev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 14/2017

The locality Stalpishte / Dikili-tash (Russe) presents a combination of natural and historical objects which have a noticeable cultural and touristic potential. The present study collects all the data concerning the historical monuments from the Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages including photographs and original descriptions. An interpretative analysis is proposed of two monuments in the locality Stalpishte / Dikili-tash: (1) a rock reflief of a horseman and (2) a cave sanctuary crowned with a rock-graved pediment. The figure of the horseman has a Thracian origin, but its rock-cut representations have been spread over the whole Thracian-Phrygian region in Roman times. The Thracian horseman is depicted on the reliefs in various compositions (the hunter-god Heros, the war-god Ares, the local king possessing a god-dignity etc.) but always in the frames of the thracian mythology infiltrated into Phrygia. The cave sanctuary with a rock-cut pediment is a more complicated object. Rock temples and graves are created in Thracia as well as in Phrygia. Pediments are also widely used in both regions. Pediments graved over rock (or cave) temples or over rock facades are a typically Phrygian phenomenon. In this sense the rock sanctuary in Stalpishte / Dikili-tash is unique on the Balkan peninsula, i.e. for the Thracian area, and it has been built possibly in Roman times under the influence of the Phrygian architecture. However, the pediment over the cave sanctuary in Stalpishte / Dikili-tash contains a typical Thracian element – four graved trapezoidal niches which are known in the East Rhodope Mountain (i.e. in Thrace) only. We can conclude that the monuments in Stalpishte / Dikili-tash (Russe) demonstrate in an very impressing and convincing way the cultural interactions between Thracia and Phrygia in Roman times.

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