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Schattenwirtschaft in Ungarn. Geschöpf der alten oder Hoffnung der neuen Ökonomie

Author(s): István Gábor / Language(s): German Issue: 03/1992

Wahrscheinlich ist das wichtigste Ergebnis der Forschungsarbeiten, die sich in den letzten fünfzehn Jahren der Schattenwirtschaft in Ungarn widmeten, die Widerlegung der vorher verbreiteten Annahme, diese sekundäre Wirtschaftsform sei eine dem Sozialismus fremde und damit vorübergehende Erscheinung, sei es als Überrest der kapitalistischen Vergangenheit oder als Folge technischer Unvollkommenheiten der Wirtschaftsplanung. Untersuchungen, die seit dem Ende der 70er Jahre angestellt wurden, erbrachten den Nachweis des systembedingten Charakters der Schattenwirtschaft und enthüllten zugleich auch einige systembedingte Eigenschaften der Staatswirtschaft.

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Effect of Labour Code Reform on Unemployment Duration in the Course of Crisis: Evidence from Slovakia

Author(s): Pavol Baboš,Martina Lubyova / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2016

This paper investigates the pattern of exiting unemployment in Slovakia during the period 2005 – 2009 using an alternative concept of unemployment represented by the self-perceived labour market status as measured by the EU-SILC dataset. In particular, we examine the effects on unemployment duration of the changes in labour regulations as captured by a major Labour Code reform in 2007. Applying standard statistical techniques to several inflow samples we find that after the new Labour Code came into effect in September 2007 the un¬employed have, ceteris paribus, lower probability of exiting unemployment by almost 40%.

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Absorpcja RPO WP przez jednostki samorządu terytorialnego regionu Podkarpacia

Author(s): Monika Gajdowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2011

The article shows the level of the absorption of European centres through individual communes in the podkarpackie province, with one of poorest regions the EU, is an important component enabling panes and the sustainable development and reducing developmental disproportions between individual regions. Unfortunately many elements affect the level of this absorption from nearer and further surrounding self-government units in it above all administrative and financial possibilities of individual communes and cities.

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Strategiczne priorytety rozwoju Województwa Małopolskiego

Author(s): Paweł Ptaszek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2011

The goal of the article is presenting strategic regional development priorities of Malopolska Voivodeship. The outcomes of research are based on research conducted in local communes with use of AHP questionnaire. The research procedure consists of two steps: in first weights of main criteria and subcriteria were estimated. Subsequently, significance of subcirteria were determined with relevance to previously defined strategic alternatives. The research outcomes indicated preferred strategic scenario and determined key factors of development in frame of each strategic scenario.

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Ocena poziomu rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego miast w Regionie Wschodnim

Author(s): Ewa Kubejko-Polańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2011

The article presents an assessment of the level of social and economic development of all 153 towns and cities of the Eastern Region in the years 2005 and 2009. It also determines the changes in ranking of the towns and cities within the researched area according to classes of social and economic development. The research took into account 42 variables, analysed as a whole and within three research areas: social resources, economic potential and living conditions. The analysis allows for conclusions concerning diversity of the levels of development among the towns and cities from the spatial perspective and enables planning of development of the towns and cities both within each province and for the entire Eastern Region.

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Gospodarka polska wobec wyzwań rozwoju innowacyjności

Author(s): Witold Kasperkiewicz,Wiesław, Jan Rogalski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

Dynamic development of the world economy, globalization processes as well as increasing competitiveness pose new challenges to majority of countries. Advancement of new technologies, new methods of production, knowledge development are forcing developing countries to follow highly developed countries. Innovations are the main source of competitive advantage for the leading companies in the economy. They are directly translated into growing and modern economy of a given country. In respect to this discussion, actions supporting innovations and leading Polish companies are a necessity. Due to the fact that Polish economy is facing serious challenges, the strategic goal of a government is to improve its innovation performance. Emphasis should be put on efforts to develop innovativeness and effectiveness, support research and development and realize innovation strategy. A comprehensive innovation policy and appropriately functioning NIS are a high issue.

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Rynek pracy wobec globalizacji, transgraniczności procesów biznesowych i kryzysu ekonomicznego

Author(s): Stanisław Szukalski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 102/2017

In the global economy there are significant transitions in the structure of labour market, which in the nearest future will deepen. The article describes particular problems concerning this aspect and consists of 3 meritorical parts. The first one describes determinants of changes in the global labour market as a result of mega-trends. The second part concerns changes on the labour market, which result from financial crisis of 2007–2008. The third part describes effects of changes on labour market as a result of mentioned factors.

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Koncepcje metodologii ogólnej a ekonomia

Author(s): Przemysław Włodarczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 102/2017

Despite the fact that methodology and its subdiscipline – methodology of economic sciences – look for answers to the questions which are fundamental for scientific cognition of economic systems, over the years they enjoyed dim popularity among economists. Only recently this situation has started to change, leading to an increasing interest in the methodological issues in economics. Therefore, the aim of this article is to present the main theories of general methodology and their implementation in economics. Presented article undertakes an attempt to characterise traditional methodological approaches ranging from inductivism, through the views of the Vienna Circle and justificationism, until Popper’s falsificationism and its modifications within the theories of Kuhn and Lakatos. The paper also reviews the positions of contemporary methodology, taking into account the concept of Feyerabend’s methodological anarchism, McCloskey’s rhetorical approach, neo-pragmatism and Lawson’s critical realism.

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Tax forecasting as part of a macro financial controlling system – the case of Ukraine

Author(s): Tatiana Paientko,Kateryna Proskura / Language(s): English Issue: 93/2017

The current system of forecasting and tax planning in Ukraine is oriented to the needs of the government, its goal being to calculate the desired amounts of tax revenue. Fiscal authorities apply administrative pressure on businesses to implement tax plans. In Ukraine, tax forecasting is a process that is focused on achieving short-term goals without taking into account the impact of such actions on the future economic environment, therefore negatively affecting the quality of forecasts. The aim of this article is to justify the directions of tax forecasting improvement in the macro financial controlling system. Elements of tax forecasting and the planning system are examined. The main methods of tax forecasting that are applied by the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine are analyzed. The need to improve the methodology for tax fore-casting, taking into account the expectations of economic agents, is proved. Tools and criteria for effec-tive tax planning and forecasting in Ukraine for controlling bases are developed

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Леонтјевљев метод и Оцићева анализа југословенске привреде

Author(s): Milan Petrović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 146/2014

Часлав Оцић, Структурна анализа југословенске привреде: 1952–1962–1968, Службени гласник, Београд 2013

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Lessons from the experience of fiscal reform in Poland

Author(s): Michał Gabriel Woźniak / Language(s): English Issue: 51/2017

The article presents fiscal reforms in Poland since 1990. The author describes the reforms ofdirect and indirect taxes, analyzes their inconsistencies and advocates changes that are aligned withsocio-economic cohesion policy. In order to eliminate pathologies in the tax system, it recommendsthe elimination of social advantages in the tax system, consideration of pro-family preferences, thelinkage of progression and tax relief to stimulate professional activity and propensity to invest, simplifyingtax collection procedures, streamlining the tax system and sealing taxes.

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Banking system and international trade in Ukraine during the financial crisis

Author(s): Bogdan Adamyk,Andriy Skirka / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

Deposit insurance schemes are primarily intended to reduce the risk of systemic failure of banks and, hence, to stabilize the payments and financial system. This paper focuses on present analysis of some problematic aspects of the banking system and deposit guarantee system in 2014-2016.There is a problem of effective functioning of the banking and deposit insurance system under the current economic circumstances. The article presents an information about the number of households’ deposits in the banks-members of the Deposit Guarantee Fund. It has been emphasized a decreasing influence of banks’ deposit base on the Ukrainian economy and the negative trend on savings. We have also analyzed a ratio of savings to the Gross Domestic Product. Our paper pointed to an importance of overseas money transfers. The paper is concerned with a level of dollarization of deposits and the structure of deposits in banks. It has been outlined the existence of a correlation between fluctuations in foreign currency and total amount of deposits.The paper further indicates on the dynamics and structure of liabilities in banks-members of the Deposit Guarantee Fund. The percentage of the households’ deposits has been significantly reduced. We have also analyzed the dynamics of crediting and total non-performing loans in the Ukrainian banking system. Submitted TOP 10 banks by the National Bank of Ukraine’s refinancing loans. The results of our study present some recommendations how to improve the performance of the Deposit Guarantee Fund. We also indicated the importance to improve the deposit guarantee system in Ukraine.

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Indirect taxes in the mechanism of state regulation

Author(s): Iryna Moyseyenko,Nataliya Ryvak / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

This article is focused on the role of indirect taxes in the tax regulation mechanism of the micro processes. We offered the definition of the tax regulation mechanism, described the tasks and structure of indirect taxation, analytical support for its realization.We proved the expediency of establishment an effective state fiscal monitoring system in Ukraine to increase the incentive function of indirect taxes. Not only the traditional tax calculations factors and their impact on macroparameters are necessary for analysis, but also consideration of dependency of the sustainable development parameters on the tax burden is important for minimizing the social and economic deformation.

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Investment Level and Structure in the Region of Central and Eastern Europe and Barriers for Investment Growth Reported by Entrepreneurs in the Light of Findings of Own Survey Research

Author(s): Adam Oleksiuk / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The purpose of the paper was to conduct the author’s own survey research on barriers reported by entrepreneurs in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. It should be pointed out that in this article the notion of Central and Eastern Europe was “limited” and covers 10 countries: Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Romania, and Croatia. As a result of the selection from among 1000 enterprises, a group of 600 was selected, including the survey covered 129 enterprises. The method of indirect survey was adopted (surveys were sent to enterprises by e-mail). The surveyed sample was selected in such a way that the surveyed enterprises were arranged evenly across particular countries and were characterized by different range and profile of activities. Service enterprises were a dominant group (96 enterprises, i.e. 74.4% of surveyed enterprises), others were production enterprises (33 enterprises, i.e. 25.6% of the surveyed enterprises). Among the surveyed enterprises, 98% were small and medium-sized enterprises. During the survey, eight investment barriers in particular countries of the region, were most often indicated by the surveyed enterprises. The conducted survey research on investment barriers for enterprises in the region of Central and Eastern Europe indicates serious problems associated with complexity and instability of the tax system and with excessive bureaucracy, high labour costs, volatility and low quality of law, and high taxes.

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Analiza kondycji finansowej towarzystw ubezpieczeniowych PZU i Warta

Author(s): Paweł Trippner / Language(s): Polish Issue: 331/2017

The insurance system is a very important element of the financial system of a state. As in¬stitutions of public trust, insurance companies play an important role in the process of transforming savings into investments, which directly affects the country’s economic development. Maintaining the insurance sector in a good financial condition guarantees stability of the financial system and economic development of Poland. The purpose of the paper is to present the essence of operations of insurance companies as financial institutions, present their role in the economy, and describe various methods of appraising their financial condition, presented in professional literature. In order to achieve this purpose, the research hypothesis was formulated, according to which the analysis of the financial condition (profitability) of insurance companies PZU and Warta gives the same results, using tradition¬al (financial ratios), as well as alternative methods (the concept of Economic Value Added), and that smaller company (Warta) achieves higher level of operational efficiency than the larger company. The analysis conducted using both traditional (profitability ratios), as well as method of EVA confirmed the hypothesis, according to which PZU company is in better financial condition than one of the biggest competitors in insurance sector. / System ubezpieczeniowy jest istotnym elementem systemu finansowego państwa. Funkcjonowanie podmiotów tego systemu jest ściśle regulowane oraz monitorowane przez specjal¬nie powołaną do tego instytucję, czyli Komisję Nadzoru Finansowego. Podmioty rynku ubezpiecze¬niowego mają obowiązek zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa powierzonych im przez klientów środków. Poziom składek musi być kalkulowany w taki sposób, aby zapewniał płynność finansową towarzystwa oraz pozwalał na osiągnięcie oczekiwanego poziomu rentowności. W artykule zaprezentowana zosta¬ła analiza kondycji finansowej dwóch podmiotów rynku ubezpieczeniowego w Polsce: największego ubezpieczyciela, czyli PZU oraz firmy Warta. Wykorzystane zostały metody klasyczne, czyli wskaźniki finansowe oraz metoda alternatywna, w tym wypadku jest to Ekonomiczna Wartość Dodana. Dzię¬ki wykorzystaniu dwóch metod analizy możliwa będzie odpowiedź na pytanie, czy zastosowanie dwóch różnych metod oceny kondycji finansowej przyniesie podobne rezultaty w zakresie sytuacji finansowej badanych podmiotów. Analizy przeprowadzone metodą tradycyjną (wskaźniki rentowno¬ści) i jednocześnie metodą EVA potwierdziły hipotezę, iż spółka PZU jest w lepszej kondycji finansowej niż jeden z jej największych konkurentów z branży ubezpieczeniowej.

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Is real depreciation and expansionary fiscal policy effective? The case of Serbia

Author(s): Yu Hsing,Yun-Chen Morgan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Applying the IS-MP-IA model to study the impacts of exchange rate movements, expansionary fiscal policy and other relevant variables in Serbia, we find that real appreciation of the dinar, a higher government deficit-to-GDP ratio, a lower real lending rate in the euro area, a lower lagged real oil price, a higher Germany’s real GDP and a lower expected inflation rate would promote economic growth.

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Rethinking Public Organizations as Knowledge-Oriented and Technology-Driven Organization

Author(s): Mauro Romanelli / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

Public organizations should rediscover the role of knowledge as a source for designing and implementing internal processes and adopt a knowledge management approach by using and managing technology as means and enabler for building a citizen-centered public management, sustaining democratic and civic values by promoting openness and fostering participation in order to encourage collaboration with citizens for co-producing public services and co-creating public value. Information and communication technologies are driving public organizations as responsive institutions in front of the citizens to proceed towards sustainability as a principle of governance for promoting the public interest and sustaining active citizenship, enhancing both collaboration and interaction between citizens and public administration. Introducing and actively implementing technology in government helps rethink public organizations as knowledge oriented and information based organizations seeking sustainability by involving citizens, businesses and other stakeholders for public value creation, enabling access to information, sustaining openness, transparency and accountability in order to engage citizens and encourage them to be included and actively participate in democratic public life, involving citizens to assume the responsibility for co-production of public services and fostering citizen participation in public policy choices. Technology opens up new opportunities for public organizations seeking sustainability by rediscovering knowledge as source and strategic asset following a knowledge management approach for designing and implementing democratic and administrative processes, redesigning the relationship with citizens, building public trust, encouraging citizen participation and sustaining co-production of public services.

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Innovation capabilities of the Baltic Sea region: Meeting Europe 2020 innovation targets?

Author(s): Jan Wedemeier / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The paper analyses the innovation capabilities and development of the Baltic Sea region within the framework of the Europe 2020 strategy. The ongoing structural change towards service andknowledge societies, innovations, and the increasing integration of markets will have considerableinfluence on the European Union. In March 2010, the European Commission presented theEurope 2020 strategy, which is supposed to push the EU to become the smartest and most competitiveregion in the world. Among the EU member states, the Baltic Sea countries are effective inbringing up innovative solutions and establishing cooperation between science and business.However, the Europe 2020 strategy sets ambitious goals and some of the Baltic Sea countries willpresumably fail to meet them. The enormous disparities between the countries and between centraland peripheral regions within a country can thus be observed in selected indicators. These findingsneed to be recognised to intensify the efforts to transform the region into an innovation leader.

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New developments in world trade in the first quarter of the 21st century

Author(s): Hans H. Bass / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

This paper aims at presenting an overview of the six most important trends in the world trade ofour times: (1) a continuing expansion of world trade volume – but with declining dynamism,(2) new relations between the old and the new world-trade powers, and (3) further shifts in thesectoral composition of trade flows (commodities, manufactures, and services). In addition, thereis the influence of (4) new players in the commodity trade (i.e., the ‘financialisation’ of commoditytrade), (5) new forms of enterprise cooperation in manufacturing (production networks, strategicalliances, global value chains), and (6) new tradables in the service sector.

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Państwowe fundusze celowe jako źródło wsparcia finansowego spółdzielni socjalnych w Polsce

Author(s): Adriana Politaj / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1 (30)/2017

Social cooperatives are a specific type of entrepreneurs, whose economic goals are combined with the implementation of social functions. The dynamic development of this sector of social enterprises indicates a strong interest in this form of employment and reintegration. The specific formulation of these entities, based on the work of cooperative marginalized and often lacking business skills requires wide support from the state, especially in the initial period of their existence and not just financial. Financial support from public funds − mainly from the Labour Fund and the State Fund for Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons turns out to be an insufficient form of help for many of these entities. Nearly half of them do not actually starts activity or receive any income. The purpose of this paper is to identify the financial support of social cooperatives in Poland granted annually by the state funds and to determine the role of this sector of social economy enterprises in the process of employment support and counter social marginalization of the unemployed.

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