Италианските архитекти и инженери и строителното дело в България от Освобождението до Първата световна война

Author(s): Aleksandar Kostov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The author chose to write this article because of the two parallel problems that took place in the end of the Nineteenth century and the beginning of the Twentieth. One of the problems was related with the migration of labor from Italy to Bulgaria and the other problem was concerned with foundation of state system in Bulgaria and the modernization of the country. This thematic is concerned with the mass migration and the individual one as well. The purpose of this article is to give the count of the Italians specialists that were working in the construction sphere in Bulgaria and whether they were with Italian origin or their origin had been lost in the generations of their families.

Организация и финансиране на османската куриерска служба през XVII и XVIII век

Author(s): Alexandra Antonova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper studies the appearance and development of the menzil organization on the main roads of the Empire in Rumelia. The author explores the financing of the currier service. Its development in 17th and 18th century is presented as a complex process which depends on the decisions of the central authorities, but is strongly affected by the interests of the provincial elite and no less by the practices of the ulkas. The constant efforts of the state to bring order to the financing of the menzils can be seen in some fermans from 17th and 18th century. They, as well as the inamat defters, show that the system was difficult to reform due to the difference in the interests of the central authorities and those of the locals ayans in 18th century. Thhe menzils were a solid source of enrichment. They sucked in money from the state and the horses were used mostly for personal needs. This situation continued till 19th century when Mustafa Reshid Pasha established the postahane on the model of the European postal services.

Magyar hozzájárulás a Habsburg állam költségvetéséhez

Author(s): Ferenc Szávai / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

Znaczenie członkostwa Polski w Unii Europejskiej dla mobilności edukacyjnej i zawodowej na przykładzie sytuacji ludzi młodych

Author(s): Katarzyna Czech,Mateusz Czech / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Celem artykułu jest próba oceny znaczenia uczestnictwa Polski w jednolitym rynku europejskim dla wybranych uwarunkowań mobilności edukacyjnej i zawodowej młodych Polaków. Zasadniczą tezą jest natomiast stwierdzenie, że udział Polski we wspólnotowych programach edukacyjnych zwiększa szanse młodych ludzi na rynku pracy.

Ocena polityki Unii Europejskiej w zakresie sankcji - przykład Islamskiej Republiki Iranu

Author(s): Katarzyna Radwan / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

W ramach wspólnej polityki zagranicznej i bezpieczeństwa Unia Europejska stosuje sankcje mające wspomóc egzekwowanie jej celów, a zwłaszcza przestrzegania praw człowieka, demokracji i praworządności. Celem artykułu jest analiza skuteczności polityki sankcji Unii Europejskiej wobec Islamskiej Republiki Iranu. Zastosowaną metodą badawczą jest analiza porównawcza. Pierwsza część artykułu została poświęcona teoretycznemu ujęciu sankcji oraz czynnikom mającym wpływ na ich skuteczność. W następnym opisano podstawy systemowe wspólnej polityki zagranicznej i bezpieczeństwa Unii Europejskiej oraz zastosowanie sankcji jako jej elementu. W trzeciej części przedstawiono próbę oceny efektywności unijnej polityki sankcji wobec Iranu.

Wpływ traktatowych rozwiązań Unii Europejskiej na organizację procesów gospodarczych w Polsce (w kontekście zasady społecznej gospodarki rynkowej)

Author(s): Katarzyna Kokocińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Podejmując problem granic polityczno-gospodarczej działalności państwa rozumianej jako dopuszczalny zakres publiczno-prawnej ingerencji w stosunki gospodarcze, podkreślić należy konieczność analizy uwarunkowań ustrojowych. W przypadku Polski wynikają one z krajowych regulacji konstytucyjnych i z praw podstawowych oraz zasad ustroju gospodarczego Unii Europejskiej. Wpływ na organizację gospodarki unijnej i krajowej mają również pozaprawne regulacje zachowań gospodarczych, czyli polityka gospodarczo-społeczna prowadzona przez instytucje unijne oraz krajowe organy władzy publicznej. Autorka prezentuje szczególnie formułę społecznej gospodarki rynkowej, a także aksjologiczne podstawy publicznoprawnej ingerencji w gospodarkę w obszarze rozwoju i spójności.

Odpowiedzialność za naruszenie dyscypliny finansów publicznych w Polsce na tle rozwiązań przyjętych we Francji, w Niemczech i Wielkiej Brytanii

Author(s): Wojciech Bożek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Celem niniejszego opracowania jest porównanie przyjętych w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej rozwiązań prawnych, które mają na celu ochronę ładu i bezpieczeństwa finansów publicznych, a dotyczą systemu odpowiedzialności za naruszenie dyscypliny finansów publicznych, z rozwiązaniami prawnymi wybranych państw Unii Europejskiej oraz ukazanie znaczenia kryteriów 3E oraz value for money w ocenie sprawnego funkcjonowania jednostek sektora finansów publicznych. W każdym z omawianych państw utworzono instytucje publiczne wyposażone w instrumenty prawnofinansowe, które mają na celu zapewnienie przestrzegania przepisów regulujących procesy gromadzenia i rozdysponowania środków publicznych. Omówienie francuskich, niemieckich i brytyjskich rozwiązań prawnych na tle tych, które funkcjonują w RP, umożliwi wykazanie unikatowości polskiego systemu odpowiedzialności za naruszenie dyscypliny finansów publicznych. W opracowaniu uwzględniono stan prawny obowiązujący na 18 lutego 2015 r.

Sposoby i formy lobbingu w zakresie porozumień handlowych Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Maciej Waligóra / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

Lobbing jako forma wywierania nacisku na podejmowanie decyzji w różnych systemach politycznych występuje już od momentu zawiązania się pierwszej instytucji państwa. Wraz z rozwojem systemów gospodarczych nie tylko nabrał on charakteru globalnego, ale również zinstytucjonalizowanego i co za tym idzie, bardziej transparentnego. Proces ten implikuje wobec tego nową rzeczywistość również dla Unii Europejskiej, w której to lobbing odgrywa obecnie kluczową rolę przy zawieraniu umów gospodarczych z krajami trzecimi. W artykule przedstawiono sposób funkcjonowania grup interesu oraz ich powiązania i relacje z organami Unii Europejskiej. Zostało to zobrazowane na przykładach procesów pertraktacji umów o wolnym handlu pomiędzy Unią a Japonią, Kanadą (Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement – CETA) oraz Stanami Zjednoczonymi (Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership – TTIP).

Konsekwencje umowy handlowej Unia Europejska-Republika Korei dla wymiany handlowej w sektorze high-tech

Author(s): Bartosz Michalski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Współczesny regionalizm przestaje być procesem, w który zaangażowane są głównie kraje rozwijające się. Coraz częściej pojawiają się w jego ramach gospodarki wysoko rozwinięte (np. Stany Zjednoczone, Kanada, Unia Europejska, Japonia, Korea Południowa, Australia), dla których takie działanie stanowi możliwość określenia priorytetowych dziedzin (tzw. narzucenia agendy, agenda setting) na drodze ku liberalizacji handlu i tym samym wskazania dróg jego dalszej ewolucji podporządkowanej narodowym lub wspólnie podzielanym interesom. Na tym tle umowa handlowa zawarta między Unią Europejską a Republiką Korei (Koreą Południową) stanowi porozumienie nowej generacji warte bliższej analizy. Rozważania obejmują syntetyczny przegląd głównych motywów jej zawarcia wraz z odniesieniem do wybranych badań, określenie celu oraz hipotez roboczych oraz prezentację wyników analizy w odniesieniu do zmian, jakie miały miejsce w trakcie pierwszych kilku lat jej obowiązywania w obrębie handlu towarowego, w tym w szczególności dóbr zaawansowanych technologicznie (high-tech).

Boom and (deep) crisis in the Spanish economy: the role of the EU in its evolution

Author(s): Miren Etxezarreta,Francisco Navarro,Ramón Ribera-Fumaz,Victòria Soldevila / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this chapter the focus is on the specific influence of the crisis on the Spanish economy. Authors examine the transformation of Spain's development from 'economic miracle' to chronic depression and catastrophic unemployment levels. They analyse the endogenous factors which compounded the crisis and, in particular, the effects of policy failure at EU level.

The financial crisis and the restructuring of the EU social model

Author(s): Mahmood Messkoub / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Author examines the particular effects of the financial crisis on the systems of social welfare within Europe. He identifies clear signs of a recommodification of welfare and the erosion of 'long cherished principles of reducing inequality, building and consolidating solidarity through a progressive social policy'. He highlights the particular threat to the 'solidarity model of asymmetrical mutuality' represented by destructive processes of austerity and the limited and contradictory ambitions of the Europe 2020 programme.

The need for a radical 'growth policy' agenda for Europe at a time of crisis

Author(s): Peter Herrmann,Marica Frangakis / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Authors focus on the urgent need for a radical growth policy agenda within the EU and its member states. They develop a concept of growth which is distinct from 'capitalist growth' and from the simple expansion of the output of exchange values; they thereby seek to address the issues of ecological and economic sustainability as well as the development of global human society under the conditions of solidarity and justice.

The future of capitalism will be decided in the cities

Author(s): Mikael Stigendal / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Author considers the problematic of growth in a study of the potential for local solutions (in cities in particular) for overcoming the contradictions of financialised capitalism and the dominance of exchange value. This would include, apart from new methods of measuring 'growth', recognizing an strengthening needs-driven growth and production outside the market with particular reference to the relationship between 'growth' and welfare. Author sees the particular potential for reshaping the EU's Structural Funds and more specific funds like URBAN and URBACT for promoting locally legitimated innovative projects which prioritise use values.

The preconditions for reducing social inequality in Europe

Author(s): Jeremy Leaman / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Author, building on the contributions of Messkoub and others, assesses the particular challenges of reversing the trend within European societies towards greater inequalities of income and wealth. Beyond the intellectual challenge of weakening the grip of disciplinary neoliberalism on both policy elites and many elements of European political culture, the trust of a progressive social agenda has to address the widening disparities of 'market incomes' as an issue of public policy, as well as the fiscal implications of a system of asymmetrical mutuality (Messkoub). Recent taxation policy has tolerated divergence among member state tax systems, encouraging both inter-state tax competition and weakening the fiscal potential for neutralising chronic social disparities. Reversing this trend and establishing sustainable and progressive systems of public goods and public finance is a critical precondition for the survival of the European project.

PANDEMIJA COVID-19 KAO „BURNING PLATFORM” – PRAVI MOMENTUM ZA DIGITALNU TRANSFORMACIJU

Author(s): Anđelko S. Lojpur,Ivan Radević,Nikola Martinović,Anja Lojpur / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The current COVID-19 pandemic, as a powerful information weapon, is well on its way, if not already, to take the character of a religion. According to us, it is a false religion, because everything has become very pragmatic and prosaic. If the matter ended like that, it would be a kind of “biblical flood”. It is possible that the “supreme” has decided to exterminate a part of the world’s population by flood, certainly not all, but the question is, why is it so complicated and why does everything take so long. Has any “new” Noah already prepared the raft, and how much space is there on it! The objective question is, for how long, where,and to whom does this “rotten” humanism, which manifests itself in a couple of free “needle”stings, work? State donation!On the other hand, the uncertainty that comes with the time of an increasingly intense digital future produces different interpretations of where we are and what will happen. And while usually only a small number in an organization can clearly recognize a “burning platform”,for others it is, at best, just a little bit of smoke on the horizon.In this paper, given the many unknowns related to the corona crisis, we discuss more than we actually offer solutions on how to start the development spiral of the economies of less developed countries. As can be seen from the title of the paper, our starting position indicates that it is possible, but on a new paradigmatic basis, to trigger the momentum of digital transformation.The initial question is whether there is any hope that these economies, squeezed by the “yoke” of globalization, will turn the accumulated crisis into a real opportunity for their own economic revival that will deliberately, continuously and realistically increase GDP, living and working standards. For now, apparently, we have not predicted that the old Chinese curse “may we live in interesting times” will reach us.

Принцип на добро финансово управление

Author(s): Ginka Simeonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article examines the general situation related to the principle of sound financial management with a view to its regulation at the European and national level. Particular attention is paid to the cumulative presence of the three components of the principle, in particular the principle of economy, effectiveness and efficiency. The need for a correct interpretation and specific analysis of the content of these principles in the presence of a legal dispute is presented, so that by means of their lawful application the protection of the financial interests of the European Union can be ensured to the maximum extent.

The Role of Banks in Bulgaria in Increasing Financial Literacy

Author(s): Irina Kazandzhieva-Yordanova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper investigates the implementation of a national strategy for increasing financial literacy in Bulgaria and the types of activities performed by the financial sector contributing to financial literacy. Some key elements of the financial literacy strategy are discussed in the paper as well as the role of the financial sector for the realization of the goals of the national strategy. The paper stresses on the role of the banking sector and the types of activities it performs for increasing the financial literacy. The paper argues that despite the number of activities performed by the financial sector the necessity of creating a national strategy is inevitable as it guarantees the involvement of the different social groups, coverage of large scope of topics and sustainability on a long-term basis.

Russia’s Role in the Provision of Sustainable Energy Security in South Eastern Europe

Author(s): Igor Tomberg,Pavel K. Baev,András Deák,Konstantin Michajlovič Simonov,Milan Simurdić,Zorana Z. Mihajlović Milanović,Anatoly Pomorcev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

2009 – the crisis year – brought about crucial changes in the established and seemingly successful picture of the oil market. The New Year “gas war” between Russia and Ukraine consolidated bad tradition, demonstrating the vulnerability of the present structure of the oil and gas market once again. There were no winners, everyone suffered: the supplier, the transporter and the consumers. Conclusions and assessments of the conflict, and its consequences, are, generally, diametrically opposed. This was reflected in the subsequent actions and statements of the players in the market. It seems generally considered that on the ‘gas front’ Russia is leading a war “against all”. This confrontation is not new; but if earlier it could be considered as “debatable”, now resentment towards the actions and positions of Moscow are reaching a kind of hysteria. Such a political context, alongside some recent events, certainly has an influence on the future of the energy security in Europe, especially considering dramatic changes in the oil and gas markets.

The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in Accelerating Bulgaria's Economic Development

Author(s): Mehmed Rasim / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

One of the biggest challenges in developing countries is the shortage of accumulated capital, which must provide the necessary investment for economic growth. Developing countries are increasingly implementing policies targeting FDI to improve their international competitiveness and secure capital for economic development.

Should State-Owned Enterprises Pay Dividends?

Author(s): Spartak Keremidchiev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The dividend puzzle for private corporations has a long-lasting history. Six theories provide to certain extent explanations of this puzzle. However, the dividend puzzle has not yet been discussed as an economic problem for state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Thе article addresses this issue. All well-known six theoretical concepts of the dividend puzzle are presented and their strengths and weaknesses are analysed. After that, the specific features of SOEs are brought out and the dividend puzzle for them is formulated. After presenting the experience of the dividend policy of SOEs, a confrontation with the theories is made. It is proved that only the theory of dividend payment preference is relevant to SOEs.