We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

Download

Green transformational leadership as a foundation for implementing green strategic orientations and the development of green innovation and green performance

Author(s): Manuel Alejandro Ibarra-Cisneros,Juan Benito Vela-Reyna,Felipe Hernández-Perlines / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

Objective: The objective of the article is to examine the influence of green transformational leadership ongreen entrepreneurial and green market orientations, which, in turn, affect green innovation. Moreover, thearticle analyses the relationship between green innovation and green performance.Research Design & Methods: We used a quantitative research design. We applied a 37-item survey to a sam-ple of 398 small, medium, and large companies in the industrial and service sectors of Mexico. We analysedthe results using the partial least squares structural equation modelling approach.Findings: Green transformational leadership has a strong influence on green entrepreneurial and green mar-ket orientation. Besides, only green entrepreneurial orientation positively influences green innovation. Finally,there is a relationship between green innovation and green performance.Implications & Recommendations: Theoretical implications support most of the arguments put forth invarious studies. However, the context can modify the behaviour of the studied relationships. The resultsprovide arguments for adopting a sustainable view of activities within organisations, leading to improvedperformance and the achievement of competitive advantages.Contribution & Value Added: The main contribution of this article is that it demonstrates the importanceof green transformational leadership as an element that allows the development of green entrepreneurialorientation and green market orientation, which stimulate green innovation. Likewise, the context doesinfluence the behaviour of the observed variables.

More...

Download

Access to sources of stable, sustainable, and modern energy as a goal of sustainable development in the European Union: Are the Scandinavian countries leading the energy transition?

Author(s): Krzysztof Firlej,Chrystian Bernard Firlej,Lidia Luty / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

Objective: The objective of the article is to classify European Union (EU) member states according to sim-ilarity in the area of sustainable development goal 7 (SDG7) of the United Nations (UN) Agenda 2030 onaffordable and clean energy.Research Design & Methods: We conducted a hierarchy of EU countries using the linear ordering method dueto the level of achievement of sustainable development goal 7 based on indexes available in the Eurostatdatabase for the years 2015 and 2021. We preceded the selection of the method for ordering objects by ap-plying several procedures (Hellwig method (HELLWIG); Technique for order of preference by similarity to idealsolution (TOPSIS); standardized value Sums method (SSW); zeroed unitarization method (IUCN) proposed inthe literature. Next, we used a procedure to support the selection of the method based on the measure ofinter-ranking comparisons. Moreover, we singled out high-performing countries and countries that requireincreased attention and support to facilitate the transition to a greener energy economy.Findings: The article presents the ranking of countries by level of achievement of SDG 7 in 2021 and 2015 usingthe IUCN method. The hypotheses that proclaim the Scandinavian countries (Sweden and Denmark) as leadersin the implementation of SDG7 in the European Union and forming the cluster with the highest degree of SDG7implementation were verified positively. The results obtained for each group of countries indicate strong devel-opment disparities among member countries in the area of clean and accessible energy in its various aspects.Implications & Recommendations: The econometric optics proposed in the study and its results can help clas-sify EU member states in terms of achieving SDG7 for researchers and policymakers. Scholars may supplementthe proposed research approach with further measures of clean and accessible energy beyond the SDG7 mon-itoring indexes. Such indexes could include energy prices, which affect the scale of energy poverty, or the levelof greenhouse gas emissions on which environmental well-being depends, among others.Contribution & Value Added: The study narrowed the knowledge gap on the choice of the linear orderingmethod for objects, often used in socio-economic research. The use of an original research approach differentfrom previous work for the new timeframe supports filling the research gap in empirical studies concerningthe classification of European Union member states in terms of SDG7 implementation.

More...

Download

Green economic development and entrepreneurship transformation

Author(s): Aleksy Kwilinski,Oleksii Lyulyov,Tetyana Pimonenko / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

Objective: The article aims to analyse the role of entrepreneurship transformation in attaining green economicdevelopment among EU countries for the 2007-2022 period.Research Design & Methods: This study applied the following methods to check the hypothesis of thestudy: the Malmquist‒Luenberger productivity index for measuring green economic development; fullymodified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), systems and first-difference generalized method of moments (GMM) – to check the entrepreneurship transformation effecton green economic development.Findings: The findings of the study demonstrate a strong positive correlation between green economic devel-opment and the transformation of entrepreneurship, highlighting the crucial link between economic prosper-ity and initiatives in the green economy. The analysis confirms that historical changes in productivity relatedto green economic practices have a positive effect on future developments. Furthermore, the significant co-efficients for green economic development emphasize the enduring nature of green economic practices.Implications & Recommendations: The empirical results allowed us to outline the following suggestions: 1)government policies should focus on initial investments in green practices, incentivizing businesses throughfinancial mechanisms and robust regulations to foster economic and environmental sustainability; 2) enhanc-ing green economic development requires simplifying the process for creating new businesses, particularlygreen startups, and offering financial and procedural support to inject innovation and economic vitality intothe sector; 3) trade openness is crucial for boosting green economy productivity, necessitating policies thatlower trade barriers while incorporating environmental standards to ensure sustainable growth; 4) fosteringinnovation in environmental technologies with increased government funding and strategic partnerships be-tween academia, industry, and government needed to propel sustainable economic transformation.Contribution & Value Added: The value added by this article lies in its empirical grounding and practicalimplications, which guide policymakers regarding the importance of supporting entrepreneurial initiativesto drive green economic development. It suggests targeted government policies that incentivize the adop-tion of green practices, simplify processes for new green startups, promote trade openness, and fosterinnovation through increased funding and collaboration.

More...

Download

Екодизайн на текстилните стоки

Author(s): Radoslav Radev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

Ecodesign is a process of designing textile goods taking into account the environmental impact within the product life cycle in the modern conditions of sustainable development and circular economy. The aim of this study is to examine the main aspects and various studies related to the ecodesign of textile goods in order to outline directions for future scientific research. After the study, it was found that the studies on the ecodesign of textile goods are in various scientific directions

More...

Download

Дрехите втора употреба в България

Author(s): Radoslav Radev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

Second-hand clothing is used clothing that is of great importance for the sustainable development of the textile industry in Bulgaria. This study presents the main trends and prospects of second-hand clothing in Bulgaria. Future scientific research on second-hand clothing can be directed in different directions, related to environmental, economic and social aspects in the context of sustainable development in the textile sector in Bulgaria

More...

Download

Особености на новите икономически реалности

Author(s): Dobromir Angarov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

The challenges of the new millennium for humanity are complex and pose a threat to the survival of life on Earth and the possibility of restoring natural resources

More...

Download

Różnice między społecznościami energetycznymi a tradycyjnymi uczestnikami rynku energii

Author(s): Jakub Mikołaj Kmieć,Mirosław Pawełczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2024

The paper aims to identify the disparities between Energy Communities and traditional energy market participants operating within EU Member States. The issues analysed belong to the field of legal and economic sciences. The research was conducted using formal-legal and theoretical-legal methods. The identified disparities were divided into: first, differences of a programmatic nature (including the origins of the formation and development of the compared entities, the degree of state interference and the scope of impact of sector-specific regulation on the business activities of these entities); second, differences of a structural nature (different dominant form of operation, capital structure, scope of control and decision-making powers of members, and the extent of public participation): and third, differences of a subjective nature (different purpose, subject, territorialscope of operation). As a result of the analysis of these disparities, the conclusion was drawn that Energy Communities are new actors in the energy market.

More...

Download

Strategiczne wyzwanie ESG dla elektroenergetyki

Author(s): Dariusz Michalski,Karol Borkowski,Daniel Borkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2024

The purpose of the article is to identify necessary changes in the business strategy of powercompanies, responding to the challenges of sustainable development. This topic is extremelyimportant for filling the existing gap in research and in the literature in management science. It isalso of great relevance for the practical aspects of the operation of power companies in today’ context, where they face increasing pressure to integrate environmental, social and governance(ESG, Environment, Social, Govermance) issues into their business strategy. Hence, the articleaims to present the challenges and opportunities associated with integrating sustainability intothe strategies of power companies. In the article, ESG refers to the following three key factorsthat measure the degree of sustainability, and serve to ethically assess the impact of companieson their business environment. First, environmental factors focus on how a company interactswith the natural environment, including its impact on climate change, pollution and resource use.Second, social factors take into account how a company interacts with people, including employ-ment practices, diversity and inclusion policies, and impact to the extent normalized by humanrights. Third, governance factors assess the quality of leadership, as well as the transparency andaccountability of relevant companies in the context of sustainability. It is indicated in this articlethat the challenge created by ESG should have a significant impact on the formulation of businessstrategies of power companies.

More...

Download

Energy sharing w świetle prawa Unii Europejskiej i sprawiedliwości energetycznej

Author(s): Bartłomiej Kupiec / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

The article titled “Energy Sharing in the Light of EU Law and Energy Justice” explores theconcept of energy sharing, within the context of modern challenges associated with the energytransition and the pursuit of decarbonisation. The objective of this paper is to examine how EUlaw approaches the concept of energy sharing, and its impact on achieving energy justice amongenergy market participants. The article seeks to address whether, and how energy sharing cancontribute to the realization of citizens’ participation in the energy market within the EuropeanUnion, by analyzing current provisions and proposed changes in EU law. The structure of the articlebegins with considerations of the essence of energy sharing and energy justice. Subsequently,the article explores the interactions between energy sharing and energy justice, examining howenergy-sharing practices, as envisaged in EU law, can influence the realization of energy justice.

More...

Download

The Impact of Financial Development on Renewable Energy Consumption in Kenya

Author(s): Mercy T. Musakwa,Nicholas M. Odhiambo,Nomfundo P. Vacu / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2024

Purpose: Increasing awareness of global warming consequences, together with the call for all countries to take responsibility for reducing their carbon footprint by moving to cleaner energy use motivated this study to examine the impact of financial sector development on renewable energy for Kenya. The study aims to answer the question, ‘Can financial sector development help Kenya to increase renewable energy consumption?’ The study used annual data from 1990 to 2020 to examine the nature of the relationship between the two variables. Methodology: The study employed autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. Results: The study found financial development to have a positive impact on renewable energy consumption in the short and long run. Conclusions: The results point to the significant role that the financial sector plays in availing resources for cleaner energy projects. Recommendations: Policymakers in Kenya should harness the country’s financial sector potential to meet the Sustainable Development Goals aligned to cleaner energy consumption.

More...

Download

NEETS INTEGRATION INTO SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN A CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABILITY

Author(s): Oleksandr Dluhopolskyi,Tetiana Dluhopolska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This article examines the integration of “Not in Education, Employment, or Training” (NEETs) into social and economic activities within the context of sustainability. NEETs represent a significant challenge for societies, as their exclusion from these activities can have adverse economic, social, and environmental consequences. The article explores sustainable approaches to address this issue, considering the potential of social entrepreneurship, green jobs, and environmentally friendly initiatives in fostering the integration of NEETs in different countries. Additionally, it discusses the importance of education and training programs that align with sustainable development objectives and empower NEETs to actively participate in a sustainable economy. The factor and regression analysis were used for this research. By exploring the nexus of NEETs integration, social and economic activities, and sustainability, this article offers insights and recommendations to policymakers and stakeholders aiming to promote inclusive and sustainable societies from the perspectives of examined countries.

More...

Download

WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE CONCEPT OF GREEN RECONSTRUCTION OF ECONOMY

Author(s): Roman Zvarych,Igor Rivilis,Bohdan Kharkovskyi,Olha Masna,Yurii Shevchuk / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The article defined the concept of waste management in the environmental management system. The research analysed the problems of waste management in the environmental management system from point of view by a number of domestic and foreign scientists. As a result, authors outlined the basic components of waste management: strategic planning, prevention of environmental pollution, conservation of resources, minimization of the amount and toxicity of waste generation, choosing the best prevention option, assessment of effects and consequences, decision-making. The research described the system of green reconstruction of economy and formed the basic principles of the green post-war reconstruction that would provide sustainable economic development. The article outlined the concept of post-war green reconstruction which should focus on such areas as: sustainable construction and resource saving; implementation of renewable energy sources; sustainable development of infrastructure; implementation of a waste management system, minimization of residues. The authors grounded five main stages of waste management process under postwar reconstruction of Ukraine: prevention of waste generation, preparation for reuse, processing, other uses, disposal. Sustainable waste management solutions are essential to maintain environmental harmony but, also, they are linked with cost, public response, political constraints, and social norms. Consumers' environmental awareness influence the demand for goods and services and thus reduce the amount of waste. Research argued that local communities should developed own waste prevention strategies and attract environmentally conscious businesses to their territory. State policy should focus consumers for preferring products in packaging/container that is suitable for recycling or reuse (glass), paper bags, ecobags, used appliances.

More...

Download

Consumer Awareness and Beliefs Regarding Sustainable Products

Author(s): Jerzy Żuchowski,Aleksander Lotko,Andrzej Chochół,Magdalena Paździor,Małgorzata Lotko / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

Objective: To identify consumer awareness and beliefs regarding sustainable products accordingto a consumer profile.Research Design & Methods: A quantitative approach was used. A questionnaire containing24 variables was conducted using an online survey. 570 correctly completed records wereobtained. The analysis used the difference test between structure indicators (chi-square), Kruskal--Wallis ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U test.Findings: The best predictors of differences in consumer awareness and attitudes wererespondents’ education, gender and place of residence. Age and financial situation proved to beweak predictors.Implications / Recommendations: The results make it possible to suggest thematic areas andgroups (profiles) of respondents to which educational activities should be directed at variouslevels of education on the circular economy and sustainable development. Manufacturers seekingto promote product sustainability could also benefit from the study’s results.Contribution: The article identifies the product sustainability degree model as well as variablesthat create a consumer profile and differentiate consumers’ awareness and attitudes towardssustainable products. The differences between individuals uare also classified.Article type: original article.

More...

Download

Economic Aspects of Marine Spatial Planning: The Case of Offshore Wind Farms in Poland

Author(s): Tomasz Laskowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 97/2024

Spatial rent (annuity) makes it possible to estimate the economic value resulting from the use of space for a given type of activity. This article provides calculations of spatial rent in regard to offshore wind energy development and proposes a data-driven approach for optimizing spatial management strategies, ultimately contributing to more informed decision-making processes in marine spatial management. It analyses seven projects that could be devel- oped in the Polish part of the Baltic Sea as part of Poland’s energy transition. The article employs a robust method- ology that integrates technoeconomic analysis and financial forecasting to calculate spatial rent by discounting net cash flows. The calculations are carried out for two windiness scenarios, with the results of the weighted average annual energy production ranging from 38.02 GWh/km2 to 40.56 GWh/km2 . Such energy production could yield an annual spatial rent of 10.72 million €/km2 to 13.30 million €/km2 .

More...

Download

Ruch antywiatrakowy w Polsce w świetle koncepcji nowych ruchów społecznych

Author(s): Maria Bednarek-Szczepańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 97/2024

From the middle of the first decade of the 2000s protests by residents against the siting of wind turbines took placein all regions of Poland. The actions taken by anti-windmill groups were addressed to institutions at all levels ofgovernment and argued by the negative impact of windmills on acoustic environment, health, property values, andlandscape. The aim of this article is to identify the characteristics of the anti-windmill movement in Poland in rela-tion to the concept of new social movements. Based on analyses of the local press, a literature review, and othersources, the activity of the protesters, their impact on the image of wind energy in the local media, the motivationsof the protests, and their consequences were all discussed. The protesters took a variety of actions against thesiting of wind turbines from the typically formal to the highly informal, taking care to publicise them, thus shapinga negative image of wind energy in the local media. Locally, there were numerous groups of protesting residentswho fought for a solution to a specific problem related to the location of a wind turbine, with different motivationsfor the protests. These groups gained the support of local residents and intervened with local authorities. On thesupra-local level, there were several organisations whose aim was to establish restrictive distances of windmillsfrom residential development. Their activities were supported by conservative party politicians. They negated theEU climate policy and global warming.

More...

Download

Policies to Facilitate the Global Energy Transition

Author(s): Alexandru Petrea / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The transition to a green and sustainable economy requires a combination of well-thought-out industrial policy, significant investment and a strong commitment to social justice. Recognizing these imperatives, G7 leaders have taken on these challenges and set out an ambitious plan to ensure that no one is left behind in this crucial transition for the future of our planet. As G7 policies are implemented, emerging differences will be resolved through dialogue, cooperation, coordination and collaboration with international partners to support global decarbonization efforts. At the recent Group of Seven (G7) summit, world leaders recognized that achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement requires concrete and coordinated actions to facilitate the global energy transition. They emphasized that this process will require significant incentives and innovative industrial policies, along with substantial investments from public and private sources. Moreover, the G7 decided at this meeting that together, they will develop policies and practices that promote global trade and investment designed to maximize the use of clean energy and jobs for all states. Also, at EU level, measures such as green trade agreements and international partnerships are essential to reduce emissions and prevent carbon leakage, while ensuring a fair and sustainable transition for all parties involved.

More...

Download

EUROPEAN UNION’S ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICY – NEW DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES FOR MEMBER STATES

Author(s): Dalina Maria Andrei / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The European Union (EU)’s energy efficiency policy has seen significant development over the last 15 years. The adoption of Directive (EU) 2023/1791 in September 2023 brings major changes compared to previous directives, namely Directives (EU) 2012/27 and 2108/2022. The new legislation introduces more ambitious targets and stricter requirements for Member States in terms of energy transition. This paper will discuss the recent changes in legislation, including a review of the integrated national plans for energy and climate (NECPs) of 2023 submitted by member states last year, as well as the European Commission (EC)’s evaluation of all these (COM (2023) 796 final). It will provide a renewed perspective on challenges encountered by the EU member states when implementing these measures and the overall impact related to performing the energetic sustainability targets at the European level. Our findings will show that the last Directive (EU) 2023/1791 witnesses for the first time the “energy efficiency first” principle in the EU. Besides, the EU’s 2020 reference energy efficiency scenario for the energy consumption reduction of at least 11/7% up to 2030 sees itself finally renewed. However, despite this, only 21 EU member states succeeded in being on time with their newly updated integrated national plans for energy and climate – i.e., it is only them that have yet to comply with this given 2030 target.

More...

Download

Constructing a quantification tool of the progress towards the green economy: Aggregation perspective

Author(s): Dorina Niță,Nadia Stoicuța,Alina Nițescu,Oana Dobre-Baron ,Claudia Isac / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

Research background: The transition towards a green economy, seen as a visible alternative to climate change and the need to ensure this opportunity to future generations, is a major challenge for all of the nations of the world, regardless of their status as developed, develop- ing or emergent. In order to highlight the current state or progress towards a green economy, the reports and research of certain institutions, as well as of the academic medium, have fo- cused on identifying the most relevant influencing factors and choosing the quantification methods capable to generate complete and useful interpretations. Purpose of the article: The purpose of the paper is to construct an instrument that enables to measure the progress of countries in terms of the transition to green economy, where Romania is considered as a case study. In this respect, a composite index (green economy index — GEI) is being proposed, achieved by aggregating some indicators for measuring sustainable devel- opment. The method underlying the calculation of the value of the GEI aggregate index allows not only to determine the current state of greening of the economy, but also provides infor- mation on the contribution made by each of the three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental), as well as by each indicator individually, to this pro- gress. Methods: Constructing the aggregated index was based on an additive aggregation of three partial indicators: the economic indicator, comprised of 8 individual indicators, the social indicator, comprised of 8 individual indicators, and the social indicator, comprised of 10 individual indicators. The collected data covers the interval of 2010–2021. Findings & value added: Calculating the Green Economy Index — GEI value for each of the 12 years under analysis has permitted not only the identification of progress regarding the green transition, and the underlying of each indicator’s contribution to this evolution, but has also confirmed the results obtained by similar studies carried out by the GGGI or European Union. We consider, as a result of the selection of certain indicators considered relevant in the economic, social and environmental field, that the newly-formed aggregate index represents an effective tool that can be used to measure progress in terms of achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development goals, by easily adapting to the particularities of other states or regions.

More...

Download

Governance challenges and strategic opportunities for implementing circular economy in greenhouse horticulture: A case study from the Netherlands

Author(s): Ana Batlles-delaFuente,Maria Laura Franco-García,Francisco José Castillo-Díaz,Luis J. Belmonte-Ureña / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

Research background: Circular economy is promoted as a sustainable and efficient economicmodel in all industries. In the European agricultural sector, and particularly in greenhousehorticulture, its implementation presents both substantial opportunities and significant chal-lenges that must be addressed effectively. The European Union's Common Agricultural Policy(CAP) has the potential to act as a critical catalyst for the adoption of circular economythrough its subsidy and support mechanisms. However, progress remains constrained bya lack of comprehensive information on how governance can effectively advance circulareconomy in different countries and sectors. This gap persists due to the failure to identifyseveral key aspects, and current CAP mechanisms do not adequately address these issues,thereby limiting their effectiveness in promoting a circular economy.Purpose of the article: To identify key government actors influencing the implementation ofcircular economy in Dutch greenhouse horticulture, assess the transformative potential oftheir initiatives and evaluate factors that hinder or facilitate progress.Methods: A review of the scientific literature, application of the Governance Assessment Tool(GAT), and validation of the results by key stakeholders involved.Findings & value added: By applying the GAT, this article offers a detailed assessment of thegovernance dimensions affecting the implementation of circular economy in greenhousehorticulture in the Netherlands. The research reveals that effective governance is crucial forcoordinating and collaborating among various involved stakeholders, such as producers,cooperatives, and auxiliary industries. The challenges highlighted include the lack of consen-sus among market actors and the need for more coherent policies. Currently, strategic oppor-tunities are identified to improve implementation, such as strengthening public policies andpromoting investments in sustainable technologies. Evaluation of these governance dimen-sions allows for determining where to focus time and resources to advance the implementa-tion of circular economy, transforming current limitations into opportunities to support andenhance the transition process.

More...

Download

The model of White Supply Chain Management for sustainable performance in the food industry

Author(s): Waraporn Suksanchananun,Sebastian KOT,Wornchanok Chaiyasoonthorn,Singha Chaveesuk / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

Research background: The evolving business sector, driven by environmental factors andsocial pressure such as natural capital, global competitiveness, etc., necessitates continuousimprovement and adaptation. The study presents White Supply Chain Management (WSCM),which incorporates ethical, social, and environmental practices into supply chains to enhancecompetitiveness. WSCM expands on Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) by integrat-ing principles of ethics and social responsibility towards achieving the SDGs. The variablesinclude social pressure, ethical management and corporate social responsibility, promotingholistic sustainability across all supply chains.Purpose of the article: The study's objectives were to examine the validity components ofWSCM in the food sector, analyze the influence of WSCM on the long-term effectiveness ofthe Food Industry, and examine the WSCM model to see how it promotes long-term effective-ness in the food business.Method: The research used a quantitative survey design to elicit responses from a samplegroup of 664 respondents, selected using a lottery-based random sampling method with 2–3key informants per factory, typically occupying middle to high-level executive positions. Thetest tool was a structural equation model.Findings & value added: The results show that WSCM and sustainable performance (SUS) aremuch improved by social pressure. WSCM further improves SUS. The findings emphasize theneed for food sector stakeholders to interact with their publics (both internal and external),maintain ethical standards, and leverage supply chain analytics for transparency. Theoretical-ly, the findings show how societal pressure drives sustainability through WSCM, thereforeaddressing issues outside of conventional Green Supply Chain Management. The study focus-es on the necessity of implementing an integrated framework for managing the supply chain,comprising ethical, social, and environmental factors, and advises future research to test theWSCM framework in additional sectors and investigate its long-term effects on sustainability.

More...