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4.50 €

Gender Mainstreaming and International Organizations: NATO Example 25

Author(s): Suat Dönmez / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Gender mainstreaming has become necessary for the success of all military peace support operations. This requirement was first felt as the number of military interventions increased by the international community after the Cold War. This increase helped develop gender mainstreaming in global organizations and alliances like the United Nations and NATO. NATO has been an active actor in military operations recently, and lessons learned from these practices have demonstrated the need to develop a concept emphasizing gender mainstreaming in military organizations. This is also essential in the post-conflict resettlement and peacebuilding phases because the participation of all genders in this phase increases the success and sustainability of the settlement. This paper examines the development of gender mainstreaming in NATO and its subsequent impacts within the organization. This development has led to a change in mindset in planning and conducting military operations and organizational structures.

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Gender Mainstreaming in Türkiye within The Framework of The “European Charter for Equality of Women and Men in Local Life”

Author(s): Zeynep Banu Dalaman / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Although there is no article in the national legislation in Türkiye that restricts women’s political rights, it is seen that the participation of women in decision-making mechanisms in the public sphere, both at the national and local level, is quite limited. According to the 2022 data from the World Economic Forum (WEF), Türkiye ranks 124th among 146 countries in the Gender Equality Ranking and 112th in the political empowerment ranking. “The European Charter for Equality of Women and Men in Local Life” was prepared in 2006 by the European Council of Municipalities and Regions (CEMR). This document is among the activities carried out under governance, democracy, and citizenship. It encourages local and regional governments to make a public commitment to achieving gender equality and implement the principles in the Charter. This specification, supported by the Union of Municipalities of Türkiye, has been signed by 31 municipalities in Turkey. Later, when the Istanbul Convention was withdrawn, the activities were slowed down, and the applications of the municipalities that signed and wanted to sign later were suspended. With a project carried out by the Association for Supporting Women Candidates, 17 new municipalities have signed terms, and then training has been given to promote gender equality. The organized capacity-building activities were evaluated under three main headings: relevance, effectiveness and sustainability. The most important commitment of the 17 signatories in terms of ensuring sustainability is to prepare the Local Action Equality Plan within two years. This study evaluates the steps taken by the pilot municipalities involved in the project to prepare the Local Equality Action Plan due to the capacity-building training that lasted for one year. A survey study and interviews with municipalities were carried out as a method. The participation of municipalities from different regions in the research revealed the importance of regional differences in promoting gender mainstreaming.

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The Development of Civil Society and The Women’s Rights Movements in Türkiye

Author(s): Ahmet Görgen / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper is based on the research related to the role of women’s rights movements for the development of civil society in Türkiye. Recent analyses reveal that the civil society has been in the development process since the late Ottoman Empire. Moreover, the post-1980s liberalization process of the public sphere has been in relation to the empowering civil society that has been also a scene of the women’s rights movements. Indeed, this was visible in parallel with the reform process in the 2000s under the Justice and Development Party (JDP) governments. In this regard, research shows that the development of civil society and the empowerment of the women’s rights movements has been in parallel that shows the strong role of women’s rights movements for the development of civil society in Türkiye. Preliminary research reveals that early struggle for women’s rights had been in the magazines and newspapers during the late Ottoman Empire. In 1914, Women’s University (Inas Darülfunun) was founded in Istanbul. With the foundation of the Republic of Türkiye in 1923 more freedom was provided for women in terms of lifestyle. The global wave of feminism influenced the women in Türkiye in the 1960s. In the post-1980s, first of all the magazines on the struggle of women emerged. In the 1990s, the research institutions on the gender and women’s studies started to emerge. Later, the organizations from various ideological positioning of women emerged for the struggle for women’s rights. Also, the development of internet technology contributed to the women’s movements’ being a part of the virtual public sphere. This paper presents the role of women’s rights movements for the development of civil society in Türkiye.

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Colonial Prejudice Hunting The African Woman: The Case of Southern/West Cameroon (1916-2022)

Author(s): Charles Nda Agbor / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Colonialism lived a negative indelible scar that pursues the rights of the African girl and woman till date. After the defeat of the Germans in Cameroon in 1916, the British and the French partitioned Cameroon. Britain later further divided its portion into British Southern and British Northern Cameroons and administered them as parts of Nigeria. From then on, women in this territory were marginalized by the British colonial administration. One would have expected a change after independence in 1961. Yet, that was not the case. This paper seeks to uncover some of the injustices perpetrated on the woman in West Cameroon during the British rule (1916-1961) and thereafter (1961-2022) despite her sacrifices. With the use of qualitative method, drown from a combination of primary (oral and archival) and secondary sources, it was observed that colonial tasks assigned to the woman and her treatment by the colonial authorities was not din. Their rights to social security were usurped. Even the breakdown of this territory into many slices sowed the seed of the Anglophone crisis that has lived the woman and the girl child perplex between the gun of government militia and that of secessionists. Today, many of them live with precarious situations as refugees in neighbouring countries or as internally displaced within Cameroon. This paper however recommends an effective decentralization in the absence of a federation as a long lasting solution to the problems of the girl child and mother in West Cameroon.

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The Relationship Between The Girl Child Marriage Problem and Gender Inequality: The Case of Türkiye

Author(s): Ayşe Nur Çiftçi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Everyone under the age of eighteen is considered a child by the United Nations. This requires those who marry before the age of eighteen to be expressed as a child marriage. Gender refers to gender roles in society, which include the rights and responsibilities that society provides to the individual, according to biological sex. The disadvantage between the genders is predominant in women compared to men. For this reason, when thinking about gender, it is directly perceived gender inequality practices such as the disadvantages of women in the work-life balance, their power reduction against men, their employment in low positions with low wages, and their exposure to the glass-ceiling syndrome. The study aims to assess whether the child marriage problem has the ability to be an important indicator of interregional gender inequalities. For this purpose, the relationship between the rank of gender inequality and the weight of women who had their first marriage under the age of eighteen was analyzed in this study. As a result of that, it can be concluded that the weight of the child marriage is acceptable as an indicator of gender inequality against women.

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Chinese Women in Transnational Marriage Migration 79 in Two British Cities

Author(s): Lan Lo,Dr Xia LIN / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper presents a joint research study involving ten couples in two British cities: Nottingham and London in UK that were interviewed to explore their transnational relationships, families, and experiences of marriage migration. This paper explores the following research questions in the context of Chinese women’s transnational relationship and marriage migration to the UK: 1. What are the culturally situated understandings and experiences of intimate citizenship between Chinese women and their partners? 2. How do Chinese women negotiate perceived cultural, national, and ethnic differences within their relationships? 3. How does transnational migration shape their experiences of intimacy, and vice versa? In terms of methodology the paper uses a qualitative interview-based approach. Thus, ten couples in two British cities were interviewed pre-pandemic who met the following criteria: 1) currently or previously in a committed relationship; 2) the Chinese woman was born in the mainland China; 3) the western partner was born in the UK. The interviews lasted approximately 90 minutes and took place at a time and place of the participant’s choice. The participation was entirely confidential, and their responses were anonymized, as per the British Sociological Association’s code of ethical research. The paper will set out the main findings from the data in areas of such as cultural differences, maintaining spousal relationships, transnational family ties, and employment issues. We will also define the future direction of travel of the research which will explore the extent to which these findings remain constant or have changed in the post-pandemic world. To this end, the original participants will be reinterviewed using the same methods as during the pre-pandemic phase. Our working assumptions are that the main difference will be in the area of employment issues and possibility in terms of maintaining spousal relationships. We predict at this stage that there will be fewer changes in relation to transnational family ties and cultural differences. This paper is original in three main ways: firstly, its focus on Chinese migrant women; secondly, its methodology and thirdly, its pre and post-pandemic comparative focus.

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Gendered Perceptions of Sexual Harassment in The Workplace in India

Author(s): Naureen Bhullar,Chryslynn D’Costa,Ishani Roy / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The objective of this study was to investigate the perceptions about sexual harassment among employees in the workplace in Indian companies and also examine gender differences in their responses. Prior research in the Indian context has shown that women have not reported incidences of sexual harassment at work. The main question is whether people in the workplace understand what is included in sexual harassment. Earlier research in educational institutions and workplace show that there are large gaps in the understanding of sexual harassment and what it entails and what it doesn’t. It is vital to investigate the perceptions about sexual harassment because if the individuals are not aware about it, there is a less chance of reporting related incidents. The current study surveyed employees (N = 1222; 71% men; 25% women; 4% unknown) anonymously from 12 Indian companies before a mandatory awareness and prevention of sexual harassment training session. Male employees reported a greater understanding of sexual harassment than females. However, more female employees reported greater accuracy for some of the questions related to false complaints and friendly flirting and consent. Nearly 50% of men either think that sexual harassment complaints are usually false or unjustified or they are not sure about it, compared to 26% of women. This is alarming and calls for better education with provision of statistics of complaints and false cases. It also seems that the women are more aware of the boundaries between flirting and sexual harassment than the men.

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Female Educational Leadership Between A Rock and A Hard Place

Author(s): Latifa Belfakir,Imane Zeryouh / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Most positions of leadership in education and other domains are still held by men. Although there has been a renaissance in the debate regarding the inclusion of female leadership, the underlying gender-power dynamics and stereotypes are still valid and exerted worldwide. Women’s contribution in general, and their representation in leadership positions in Morocco will remain insignificant without major changes, efforts and support. The aim of this phenomenological study is to explore the gender gap in female educational leadership; as well as addressing the biases and barriers contributing to it. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors and challenges that keep women away from educational leadership through the lens of experienced Moroccan women educationalists. The ultimate goal is not only to unveil the reality of this exclusion, but also to help support any woman apt to occupy an educational leadership position in Morocco.

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The Continuation of Gender Stereotyping and Patriarchal Mentality in The Post-Communist Albania

Author(s): Enkelejda Cenaj / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Albanian society continues to be characterized by patriarchal elements and gender-based prejudices, which, despite all the progress made, are still strong. During the period of the communist regime, there appears to have been an attempt by communist policies to include women in various fields to convey the idea of equal opportunities between women and men. Meanwhile, after the regime ended, the fragility of the state structures, the transition state of the society and the social events that society faced were strong. On their way, not all these events spared to bring down whatever progress that could have been achieved in the improvement of the status and role of women. Through this article, it is intended to investigate the impact of social and economic developments after the fall of the regime in the strengthening of patriarchal society and gender stereotypes, which constitute strong obstacles for the progress of girls and women, both in the personal and social spheres. The main research question developed in this article is: How did social developments in the first decade after the regime collapsed affected the strengthening of gender stereotypes? Relevant literature, studies, reports, and statistics were explored in depth for the conduction of this article, through which the impact of social changes in women roles and status is analyzed. The study concludes that the social economic developments after the fall of the regime served as a nutrient to further strengthen the patriarchal and stereotypical mentality especially gender stereotypes, significantly affecting the reduction of opportunities for girls and women for education, work, career development, etc., which further affected the fragile status and roles of girls and women within family and public sphere.

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The Effects of Gender Discrimination on Women’s Health

Author(s): Şükran Başgör / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Women are more impacted by gender inequality than men are, despite the fact that it has a detrimental impact on both men’s and women’s lives in numerous areas. The purpose of this study is to explore the negative consequences of gender discrimination on women’s health and to offer plausible remedies. Women’s lives are constrained by socially acceptable norms and standards that are expected to be upheld throughout their lives. These restrictions prevent women from engaging in activities that would help them develop as people and prevent them from fully realizing their potential. At the same time, considering women only on the basis of gender and being exposed to discrimination cause physiological and psychological health problems, especially negative perception of women’s body image, reproductive health problems, and violence. Gender discrimination, which is one of the obstacles to the protection and development of women’s health, is not only an individual issue that concerns the private but also a social problem covering the whole. In this direction, priority should be given to care services with the idea of positive discrimination against women. Midwives and nurses, who have a closer relationship with women in the provision of health care services, should identify and evaluate gender discrimination in the individuals they encounter. It should adopt a holistic approach by including not only women but also their spouses in the training and information meetings it plans to implement. With the understanding of interprofessional cooperation, policymakers should be given opinions on updating laws and policies regarding inequality and the problems experienced as a result.

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Utopian Works By Two Feminist Writers: Herland and Yeni Turan

Author(s): Senem Üstün Kaya / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Utopian novelists have provided alternative worlds for readers while criticizing the vices of current systems in their societies. Women writers, particularly, have tended to use utopias as vehicles to represent female struggle for emancipation in patriarchal societies. Notable feminist utopian writers, thus, have depicted a better life for women who are reduced to the secondary status and othered. The American author Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Turkish writer Halide Edip Adıvar are distinguished examples of the female utopian novelists in world literature. In Herland (1915), Gilman both eliminated and criticized the American concepts of inequality, sexism, rivalry and capitalism by creating a land which is governed by women. Similarly, Adıvar created a utopian political party, Yeni Turan, to express her ideals about the new Turkish women in Yeni Turan (1913). Therefore, this study aims at presenting how Gilman and Adıvar similarly depicted utopian visions in their novels to convey their social reform ideals and advocate women’s rights in patriarchal societies. Within this scope, based on the comparative analysis of Herland and Yeni Turan, in this study, it is concluded that Adıvar and Gilman similarly conveyed their ideals about women, who could educate new generations for prosperous nations within utopian visions.

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Women Claim Agency and Subjectivity: Assia Djebar’s Fantasia: An Algerian Cavalcade

Author(s): Ferma Lekesizalin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Francophone Algerian novelist, translator, filmmaker, and politician Assia Djebar’s semi-autobiographical novel, Fantasia: An Algerian Cavalcade, reflects the efforts of the narrator for retrieving her identity as a Maghrebi and Algerian woman. Bringing women, who claim their roles in the Algerian Independence, to focus, the narrator reconstructs history from women’s viewpoint which enables her to negotiate her own past and identity. In Fantasia, language and culture emerge as the fundamental medium in which the narrator’s ambivalence is constructed. Firmly rooted in the narrator’s experience of colonial domination, the narrative of estrangement and ambivalence is intertwined with her experiences of colonial and patriarchal oppression as a female in Algeria. Oppression, therefore, takes the form of multiple impositions in Djebar’s novel. Algerian women are doubly oppressed as colonial subjects and as subjects who struggle for gaining agency in a coercively patriarchal society and culture. A Francophone educated in the colonizer’s schools, the narrator’s identity dilemmas and ambivalence are directly related with the colonial occupation of Algeria. Yet, the reason why Djebar’s work occupies an iconic position in the postcolonial field and women’s literature is that it both depicts the traumas of being a colonial subject who is bereft of her identity and language and the dilemma of being a woman suppressed by Islamic patriarchy. Djebar’s novel deals with these traumas and dilemmas by situating itself within écriture feminine—women’s writing—which allows the writer to experiment with the narrative form in her quest for a purely female medium of expression. To depict the traumas of colonial occupation and patriarchy, Djebar employs a fragmented narrative which juxtaposes diversified and multiple forms ranging from historical accounts of decolonization to Algerian women’s voices. In this paper, I argue that as a mixture of autobiography, reconstruction of history, postcolonial narrative, and women’s writing, Assia Djebar’s Fantasia: An Algerian Cavalcade occupies a cutting-edge position owing to the way it confronts with the double oppression of colonization and patriarchy and shows resistance to the mainstream narratives of history and culture constructed from the male viewpoint.

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Reconfigurations of Female Gender Performance and Proto-Radicalism in Rachel Crothers’ A Man’s World

Author(s): Furkan Tozan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The intersection of first-wave feminism and literature has been a well-trodden path in academic scholarship, especially after the hectic and generative political climate of the 1950s and 1960s which saw the first discursively replete emergence of identity politics. Despite electoral and legal gains being the primary goals of first-wave feminist movements in the West, an underlying subtler current co-existed that aimed beyond the explicit agenda of these movements, imagined a fuller realization of gender equality, and in so doing anticipated the radicality of second-wave feminism. Situated in the transitory period before the First World War, Rachel Crothers, one of the earliest female American playwrights of the twentieth century, wrote extensively on the theme of gender and tackled systemic social issues facing women from all walks of life. Her A Man’s World, first produced in 1909, centers upon the female protagonist Frank Ware who has adopted an orphan boy named Kiddie as an act of solidarity with his biological mother Alice Ellery. Alice was disgraced, suffered and died as a result of the embarrassment and abandonment by her then lover, Malcolm Gaskell whom Frank has been inadvertently involved with as a romantic partner. The play follows Frank’s struggles in the turn-of-the-century New York as a single mother and a prototypical modern independent woman. Reaching beyond the general feminist discourse of the period, the unembellished portrayal of a woman who has internalized equality as a core governing value functions to starkly contrast with the traditional modes of gender performance of the pre-war United States. This study argues that A Man’s World conceives—ahead of its time—a unique socio-cultural radicality by offering a defiantly variant woman of principle who refuses to negotiate for anything short of the structural change her convictions envision in the world while heralding the concepts of feminist sisterhood, ethics, and pedagogy that would gain ground decades later.

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ROLUL INSTALAȚIEI DE STINGERE AUTOMATĂ A INCENDIILOR PENTRU SECURITATEA DEPOZITELOR

Author(s): Emanuil-Petru Ovadiuc,Manuel Șerban / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The article describes a simulation of a fire in a plastic and polypropylene storage warehouse using Pyrosim software. The warehouse has a 40 cm thick concrete floor and is 34.02 m long, 23.73 m wide, and 8.38 m high. Temperature distribution during the fire was monitored using vertical and horizontal temperature plans. The highest temperature of 1020°C was recorded in the vertical plan passing through the fire, and at a height of 1.7 meters, the temperature reached 120°C, making it difficult for firefighters to enter the storage area. Finally, the article highlights the importance of an automatic sprinkler extinguishing system to prevent explosions and rapid fire spread throughout the warehouse.

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UTILIZAREA PROGRAMULUI ALOHA ÎN GESTIONAREA RISCULUI CHIMIC

Author(s): Irinel-Ionuț Găman,Emanuil-Petru Ovadiuc,Manuel Șerban / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The paper presents the ALOHA software ( Area Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres ), which is part of the CAMEO software developed by OEM ( Office of Emergency Management ) and Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) -SUA. This software allows the simulation of various scenarios and events, such as the dispersion of clouds of toxic chemicals that escape from tanks, pipes, liquid tank fires and BLEVE explosions. The evolution of the scenario can be translated into graph and can be viewed with Marplot and Google Earth programs, which locate the affected area.

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Comportarea termică a unor materiale de construcții

Author(s): Ioana-Emilia Șofran,Dana-Maria Preda,Ion Anghel / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Researcher have used the microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC) in order to test thermal properties of common materials used in construction [such as the cardboard found in the componence of the plasterboard (PBD), expanded polystyrene (EPS) used for seiling decorations, wallpaper made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and wood particleboard (PB)] having masses between 3 and 20 milligrams. All four commercial materials have a long history in construction field with over 100 years of being used for design or insulation and they have different fire behaviours performances. The analysis were conducted under controled conditions which suppose a gradual increase of the temperature in the pyrolyzer with a heating speed equal to 1,5 ⁰C/s up to 750 ⁰C in a nitrogen atmosphere at an 80 cm3/min flow and a constant temperature value in the combustion chamber equal to 900 ⁰C in a nitrogen (80 %) and oxygen (20 %) atmosphere at a 20 cm3/min flow.

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Optimizarea intervențiilor de descarcerare și prim-ajutor calificat în situații de urgență

Author(s): Aurel Trofin,Manuel Șerban,Ionel-Alin Mocioi / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The general principles and rules for extrication interventions and providing emergency first aid, regarding: appropriate equipment, securing the intervention site, identifying dangers and adopting extrication procedures, must be considered for any type of intervention, because the success of an intervention it is provided with competent personnel, having an appropriate endowment and following well-defined rules.In the protocols for the provision of emergency first aid, some dysfunctions were identified that must be evaluated through scientific methods of analysis, in order to identify the optimal solutions, so that appropriate operational solutions specific to the mission and the maneuvers performed are adopted.Organization and development of workshops to whom will by attended experienced specialists from the General Inspectorate for Emergency Situations, will ensure the creation of a bonds between the theoretical problems specific to the topics covered and the real problems faced by specialists for emergency situations in the interventions to which they are requested, and the final result will consist in the identification of reliable solutions for solving the currently existing dysfunctions, respecting the specific intervention procedures and the legislation in force.Identifying the dysfunctions faced by professionals for emergency situations at the specific interventions, establishing optimal measures and tasks based on legislation, procedures and protocols and even results from scientific and experimental research, disseminating them within operative structures, but also at the level of institutions of initial and continuous training, constitutes a real professional success, so that the success of the interventions is guaranteed, and the civil society benefits from full support from the emergency services.

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A Rebirth of Spirit

Author(s): Edip Sönmez / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

I am a sportsperson, she thought, trying to express her very thoughts on a platform she had never hoped to appear on; I fight to be better, for myself, for my team, for my country, which I have represented in dozens of international tournaments. We work with team spirit, friendships, and perseverance. This is what I was trained for, day and night, strict as military drills… although I stand for peace and understanding. I want to show what we, the women, neither repressed nor privileged, can achieve when we set our minds and hearts! I wish to inspire youth to be steadfast and independent! Otherwise, what’s the point of this much sweat… and blood… and tears? It means so much that we cannot lose them! I’ll no longer pretend to simulate this passion for machines!

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Space Diplomacy as A Global Security Measure in Weaponization of Outer Space

Author(s): Tolga Erdem / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Unprecedented advances in science and technology directly affect the structure of contemporary international relations and reshape the balance of power. The technological rivalry between the two great powers in the international relations of the Cold War has gained extraordinary momentum with the inclusion of more actors in the post-Cold War world. In light of changes in the twenty-first century, the conventional three-dimensional – land, air, and sea – framework of sovereignty and power struggle in international relations has been expanded to five dimensions by including outer space and cyberspace. Considering the impact and decisiveness of outer space and cyber technologies on conventional domains, it is clearly seen that the structure and balance of twenty-first century international relations will be realized mainly through these two domains. Because of the unique character of outer space, the obscurities, and limitations it contains, constitute the primary focus of national and international security concerns of contemporary international relations actors. The intense interdependence of the artificial and anonymous structure of cyberspace with outer space technologies reveals the necessity of dominating cyberspace for dominating outer space. In such a complex environment, attempts to securitize outer space by international relations actors are naturally on the rise. Not only governments but also non-governmental actors appear to be directly and increasingly involved in the militarization and weaponization of outer space. The securitization of outer space through increasing militarization and weaponization initiatives has alarming implications for international security. Compared to conventional domains of sovereignty, possible destruction in outer space or cyberspace could have harsh and irreversible consequences on the entire world. Therefore, any diplomatic and legal initiative that strengthens cooperation and communication in outer space is of great importance for the establishment of international security. In this context, evaluating the status and impacts of space diplomacy is deemed crucial in order to better comprehend the future of international space politics in line with current scientific and technological breakthroughs.

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Satellite Pollution Around The World

Author(s): Hüseyin Çelik / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As a result of the development of space technologies, the number of satellites deployed around the world is increasing. These satellites are used for both military and civilian purposes. In the production process of satellites, costs have decreased and their sizes have decreased. The capabilities and variety of satellites have also increased. The increase in satellites deployed around the world can cause various problems. Satellites that are obsolete or out of use deviate from their course. Thus, the increase in votes brings with it the potential for danger. In this section, it is claimed that the potential risks will increase as the number of satellites deployed around the world increases. Today, the increase in the number of satellites brings with it serious problems. As a result of this increase, the danger of satellite pollution arises. Within the framework of these claims, it is necessary to focus on satellite pollution and to put forward various suggestions to prevent it.

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