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Kryteria konwergencji w świetle kryzysu 2008+

Author(s): Magdalena Nawrot / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie o skuteczność kryteriów konwergencji oraz przyczyny niewystarczającej zbieżności między państwami strefy euro. Przedstawiona będzie geneza kryteriów konwergencji oraz ich teoretyczne podstawy. Zaprezentowane zostaną doświadczenia pierwszej dekady funkcjonowania strefy euro, kiedy to kryteria konwergencji były niekiedy traktowane jedynie jako luźne wskaźniki. W celu odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy kryteria konwergencji są wystarczającymi oraz adekwatnymi warunkami członkostwa w streﬁe euro, analizie zostaną poddane najważniejsze przyczyny leżące u podstaw kryzysu 2008+ w Europie, zmiany w zarządzaniu gospodarczym strefą euro oraz najważniejsze koncepcje literatury przedmiotu. W efekcie możliwe będzie sformułowanie wniosków dotyczących skuteczności kryteriów konwergencji oraz nowych rozwiązań dotyczących zarządzania gospodarczego w streﬁe euro.

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Środki protekcji uwarunkowanej w Unii Europejskiej w świetle przemian w gospodarce światowej

Author(s): Małgorzata Czermińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Celem artykułu jest charakterystyka środków protekcji uwarunkowanej stosowanych w Unii Europejskiej w kontekście zmian dokonujących się na jednolitym rynku wewnętrznym i w gospodarce światowej. W opracowaniu skupiono się na środkach ochrony przed nieuczciwym importem, w szczególności instrumentach antydumpingowych, gdyż te stosowane są najczęściej. Wykorzystana w opracowaniu metoda badawcza obejmuje analizę źródeł literaturowych, w tym aktów wtórnego prawa Unii Europejskiej oraz danych statystycznych dotyczących środków protekcji uwarunkowanej, a także praktykę gospodarczą.

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Boom and (deep) crisis in the Spanish economy: the role of the EU in its evolution

Author(s): Miren Etxezarreta,Francisco Navarro,Ramón Ribera-Fumaz,Victòria Soldevila / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this chapter the focus is on the specific influence of the crisis on the Spanish economy. Authors examine the transformation of Spain's development from 'economic miracle' to chronic depression and catastrophic unemployment levels. They analyse the endogenous factors which compounded the crisis and, in particular, the effects of policy failure at EU level.

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The financial crisis and the restructuring of the EU social model

Author(s): Mahmood Messkoub / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Author examines the particular effects of the financial crisis on the systems of social welfare within Europe. He identifies clear signs of a recommodification of welfare and the erosion of 'long cherished principles of reducing inequality, building and consolidating solidarity through a progressive social policy'. He highlights the particular threat to the 'solidarity model of asymmetrical mutuality' represented by destructive processes of austerity and the limited and contradictory ambitions of the Europe 2020 programme.

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The need for a radical 'growth policy' agenda for Europe at a time of crisis

Author(s): Peter Herrmann,Marica Frangakis / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Authors focus on the urgent need for a radical growth policy agenda within the EU and its member states. They develop a concept of growth which is distinct from 'capitalist growth' and from the simple expansion of the output of exchange values; they thereby seek to address the issues of ecological and economic sustainability as well as the development of global human society under the conditions of solidarity and justice.

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The future of capitalism will be decided in the cities

Author(s): Mikael Stigendal / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Author considers the problematic of growth in a study of the potential for local solutions (in cities in particular) for overcoming the contradictions of financialised capitalism and the dominance of exchange value. This would include, apart from new methods of measuring 'growth', recognizing an strengthening needs-driven growth and production outside the market with particular reference to the relationship between 'growth' and welfare. Author sees the particular potential for reshaping the EU's Structural Funds and more specific funds like URBAN and URBACT for promoting locally legitimated innovative projects which prioritise use values.

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The preconditions for reducing social inequality in Europe

Author(s): Jeremy Leaman / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Author, building on the contributions of Messkoub and others, assesses the particular challenges of reversing the trend within European societies towards greater inequalities of income and wealth. Beyond the intellectual challenge of weakening the grip of disciplinary neoliberalism on both policy elites and many elements of European political culture, the trust of a progressive social agenda has to address the widening disparities of 'market incomes' as an issue of public policy, as well as the fiscal implications of a system of asymmetrical mutuality (Messkoub). Recent taxation policy has tolerated divergence among member state tax systems, encouraging both inter-state tax competition and weakening the fiscal potential for neutralising chronic social disparities. Reversing this trend and establishing sustainable and progressive systems of public goods and public finance is a critical precondition for the survival of the European project.

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Foreign market entry and growth in emerging markets: The case of Guinness in Nigeria

Author(s): Barbara Jankowska,Małgorzata Bartosik‑Purgat,Peter Victor / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

1. Conceptual remarks. 1.1. Internationalisation—what is it? 1.2. External determinants of firm’s internationalization (social / cultural environment, legal environment, economic environment, political environment, technological environment). 1.3. Modes of foreign market entry. 1.4. The Uppsala model of internationalization. 2. The Guinness brand: Historical evolution and entry strategy into Nigeria. 3. Guinness Nigeria: Market share, portfolio and brand values. 4. Guinness Nigeria: Survival in Nigeria based on the chosen mode of entry and business sustainability strategy. 4.1. Foreign market entry mode and business survival of Guinness Nigeria. 4.2. Guinness Nigeria business sustainability strategy: A critical element for survival within the Nigerian business environment (product innovation and diversification strategy, leadership in alcohol in society, building striving communities, reducing our environmental impact). 4.3. Challenges to Guinness Nigeria’s continued survival in Nigeria.

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Nearshoring in software engineering from Central Europe: Case study on the challenges of rapid growth

Author(s): Leszek Tasiemski / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This case study is about nearshoring from Scandinavia to Poland and challenges in managing the rapid growth. One of the pioneering companies in this field is described.

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Динамичните промени в световно стопанство – мястото на България и пътят напред

Author(s): Eduard Marinov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper aims at summarizing the main trends and based on that to draw recommendations on the opportunities for the future development of Bulgarian international trade. It fi rstly discusses some of the main transformations and trends in the current global system of international economic relations which affect Bulgarian international trade. Then it summarizes the general trends in the dynamics of the country’s trade fl ows, assesses the economy’s openness and dependence on international trade and discusses the changes in the commodity structure of trade. To conclude the analysis an index of the terms of trade is calculated and Bulgaria’s results are compared to the results for EU-28. The paper ends with a summary of the main conclusions and recommendations.

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Подобрява ли се конкурентоспособността на българската икономика?

Author(s): Elena Spasova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The aim of this report is to analyze and assess the post-crisis trends in Bulgaria’s foreign trade and to outline their impact on its improving competitiveness. The aim is achieved by analysis on the current account of the country resulting in the outline of the structural changes and the positive trends in the foreign trade, both in product and in geographic terms. Improving Bulgarian competitiveness is also confi rmed by the analysis of the country‘s positions in the World Economic Forum‘s Global Competitiveness Report. Based on it, the main competitive advantages and disadvantages of the Bulgarian economy are examined.

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Новата дигитална грамотност и човешкият капитал – парадигма зауспешна адаптация и конкурнтоспособност в условията на четвъртата индустриална революция

Author(s): Mariya Aleksandrova Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Basic features of the digital age and their impact on human capital are presented. The paradigms of the contemporary business environment and the opposite perspectives on the future are summarized: fear – abundance. The analysis of the different opinions of the authors surveyed on digital literacy leads to the identifi cation of 5 key complementary perspectives. A model is presented by which organizations can evaluate their overall digital literacy status.

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Изследователски инструментариум за развитие на човешки капитал в международните компании

Author(s): Martin Zafirov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

A major feature of modern society is the enhanced process of globalization and international cooperation. These relationships are becoming increasingly complicated, which complication itself results in the need for better and more adequate management of the different types of resources in an economic system. This applies equally to human capital, especially to this human capital in transnational corporations. The article summarizes the basic tools and results of a study of evolution in the understanding and management of human capital in transnational corporations in the Persian Gulf, as well as the impact that cultural differences have on these processes.

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Анализ на влиянието на хотелските вириги върху световната туристическа индустрия

Author(s): Teodora Rizova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

With the development of global hotel services markets as well as the general trends of the transnationalization of the economy lead to the expansion of international hotel chains. Hotel chains contribute to raising the level of organization of production and tourism services, creating a certain image of hotel services.Their impact on the market is strong and competitive. They are entering new tourist destinations and their network is constantly growing. This trend will continue in the future as well as strong competition between them for markets and offering innovative services.

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How Covid-19 impacted the European integration processes? The case of EU Cohesion Policy and budget

Author(s): Ida Musiałkowska,Piotr Idczak / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The current pandemic crisis caused by Covid-19 significantly impacted the processes of European integration. The European Union decided to act within and beyond existing competences and instruments to support the efforts of its Member States, along with regional and local authorities, in the fight against Covid-19. Our study sheds light on the instruments and solutions proposed within the framework of the cohesion and budget policy to tackle the problems related to Covid-19 in Europe. The analysis focuses on two strands: 1) EU assistance offered through cohesion policy (CP) instruments toward above areas; 2) the future evolution of EU budget, and therefore integration shifts, provoked by the Covid-19 crisis. Design/methodology/approach: The study analyzes statistical data with regard to the use of instruments of the Cohesion Policy under the Covid-19 pandemic, but also the amendments introduced to legal acts and decision-making processes that refer to the multiannual financial framework (MFF) for 2021–2027. Findings: We notice a strong shift of priorities regarding environment transformation, digitalization, and health protection, reflected in the MFF. The coordinative role of European institutions and the redirection of different financial instruments to health care follows the neofunctionalist paradigm and represents a spillover effect resulting from integration. The crisis analyzed from the institutional perspective is seen as a chance to reform the decision-making process, while on the other hand, as a threat to the inclusive integration of all Member States. Originality and value: The paper is an original contribution on the overall use of both financial and legislative instruments in the times of unprecedented health and economic crisis caused by Covid-19 in the European Union. The text can be a valuable insight for both researchers and practitioners in the field of broadly understood European studies.

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Finansomania. Podstawy wiedzy o finansach

Author(s): Józefa Gryko,Joanna Lizińska,Sławomira Kańduła,Marta Kluzek,Marcin Spychała,Anna Warchlewska,Marcin Wiśniewski,Przemysław Grobelny,Katarzyna Perez,Dorota Wiśniewska,Monika Kaczała,Malwina Lemkowska,Maciej Szczepkowski,Krzysztof Waliszewski,Monika Andrzejczak,Justyna Światowiec-Szczepańska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Polecamy książkę, która jest jak bardzo dobra multiwitamina. Dostarcza kompleksowego wsparcia osobom, które chcą poznać świat finansów i funkcjonować w tym świecie, a zatem jest wsparciem dla szerokiego grona czytelników. Kompleksowość wiąże się z szerokim spektrum poruszanych zagadnień: od finansów osobistych po finanse międzynarodowe, od finansów publicznych po finanse przedsiębiorstw, od prostych instrumentów finansowych, jak czek, po te notowane na giełdach papierów wartościowych. Co ważne, zagadnienia te przedstawiono w świetnie przyswajalnej pigułce. Przyswajalność tej pigułki wynika z formy i języka przekazu. Czytelnik znajdzie tu przejrzyste definicje i liczne przykłady oraz ilustracje. Znajdzie też zadania, które umożliwią mu weryfikację zdobytej wiedzy. Choć podręcznik był tworzony z myślą o młodzieży przygotowującej się do Ogólnopolskiej Olimpiady Wiedzy o Finansach „Finansomania”, z pewnością będzie też wsparciem dla wielu innych czytelników i poszerzy grono finansomaniaków.

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Podatki i opłaty ekologiczne jako instrumenty polityki środowiskowej

Author(s): Wojciech Małolepszy / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: Contemporary world’s challenges related to the emerging environmental issues imply a necessity of developing an appropriate set of environmental management tools. The aims of the chapter are to present general principles of ecological taxation and to demonstrate the role of ecological taxes and fees as instruments that contribute effectively to the achievement of environmental protection policy objectives. Design/methodology/approach: The chapter presents a critical review of the academic and institutional research on ecological taxation and the results of a data analysis on environmental taxes in the European Union countries in 2019. It has been divided into four sections. The first and the second ones were devoted to the theoretical, functional and developmental aspects of ecological taxes and fees. Then, the indicators showing size of environmental tax burden in European Union countries were evaluated. The last section focused on a wide range of tax mechanisms and tools that would potentially improve environmental policy around the world. Findings: Ecological taxes and fees play a leading role when it comes to the use of the economic instruments for environmental policy. It is indicated that appropriately designed and implemented ecological tax system can provide comprehensive and effective support for achieving environmental objectives. It is essential to create new ecological tax mechanisms, as well as to modify existing ones to adapt them to the upcoming climate, environmental and energy challenges. Keywords: ecological taxes, ecological fees, environmental policy, ecologisation of the tax system.

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Obszary ryzyka w działalności małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw w Polsce

Author(s): Robert Dankiewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The occurrence of risk in economic activity is a natural phenomenon that requires management aimed at limiting the impact of risk materialization on the situation of enterprises. This phenomenon refers also to small and medium-sized enterprises, which are an extremely key element for the economy both in terms of the number of such entities, their role in generating new jobs, but also the added value. Unfortunately, the problem of risk identification and management in SME companies is at a much lower level than in the case of large entities. Therefore,in the case of small and medium-sized enterprises it seems crucial to have a proper approach to risk identification and management, especially in times of intensive changes in the environment, which in turn may provide an opportunity for new areas of risk to appear. Studies have shown that entrepreneurs are slowly increasing their awareness of the possibility of the occurrence of various types of risk and their consequences, but this increase is often selective. However, this is the basis for the development of appropriate mechanisms and procedures that will allow to conduct business effectively and safely in a changing, often unpredictable environment in the future. The purpose of the study is an attempt to identify and assessthe various areas of risk encountered in the small and medium-sized enterprise sector and their importance.

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Społeczna odpowiedzialność banków w Polsce w dobie pandemii COVID-19

Author(s): Krzysztof Waliszewski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The actions of socially responsible banks were implemented on a large scale before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and concerned such areas as environmental and climate protection, financial education, health protection, employee volunteering, patronage of culture and arts, and supporting non-governmental organizations. However, after the outbreak of the pandemic, these actions have focused in particular on the priorities and challenges of the pandemic time. The aim of the chapter is to analyze social projects implemented by banks in Poland in 2020, i.e. the year of the outbreak of the pandemic. The chapter presents the idea of corporate social responsibility on the basis of banks from the theoretical point of view. Then, in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2020+ coronavirus crisis, the focus was on describing the impact of this crisis on the situation in the banking sector in Poland, which was the background to present social activities of the largest banks in Poland related to mitigating the effects of the pandemic for various groups of stakeholders. From the presented analysis of social activities, it can be concluded that they were multidirectional and concerned bank customers, including seniors, bank employees in the field of remote work support, health and their families, remote education, scholarship programs, IT education and cybersecurity, as well as those affected by the crisis health service.

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Oszustwa związane z VAT z udziałem platform cyfrowych

Author(s): Jan Sarnowski,Paweł Selera / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to outline the specifics of VAT taxation in the e-commerce sector and to present the legislative measures implemented by both Poland and the EU in order to reduce the tax gap in this area. Design/methodology/approach: The authors analyse the recent changes in the field of EU and national law aimed at counteracting VAT fraud in the area of new distributions channels of goods and services. The authors present new legal solutions, especially those addressed to online platforms, and examine their impact on the e-commerce market. The effectiveness of legal solutions is illustrated by data and statistics provided by the National Revenue Administration. Findings: Statistical data prove the effectiveness of the adopted legislative changes. Not with standing above the EU Commission’s new legislative proposals are presented and aimed at more effective transparence and compliance in this sector.

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