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Shale gas in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Romania. Political context - legal status - outlook

Author(s): Tomasz Dąborowski,Jakub Groszkowski / Language(s): English

Despite their initial interest in shale gas exploration, over the past year Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Romania have become increasingly sceptical about the development of unconventional gas resources. In January of this year Bulgaria introduced an indefinite ban on the exploration and production of shale gas and Romania followed suit in May by introducing a six-month moratorium on exploration work, which it plans to extend by another two years following the country’s parliamentary elections scheduled for December.Similar measures are being planned by the government in Prague. The aim of this report is to explore the reasons why countries which claim to want to improve their energy security have been showing increasing scepticism towards shale gas.

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Germany's energy transformation: difficult beginnings

Author(s): Marta Zawilska-Florczuk,Konrad Popławski,Piotr Buras / Language(s): English

Initiated in May 2011, several months after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, Germany’s energy transformation (Energiewende) has been presented as an irrevocable plan, and – due to the speed of change required – it represents a new quality in Germany’s energy strategy. Its main objectives include: nuclear energy being phased out by 2022, the development of renewable energy sources (OZE), the expansion of transmission networks, the construction of new conventional power plants and an improvement in energy efficiency.The cornerstone of the strategy is the development of renewable energy. Under Germany's amended renewable energy law, the proportion of renewable energy in electricity generation is supposed to increase steadily from the current level of around 20% to approximately 38% in 2020. In 2030, renewable energy is expected to account for 50% of electricity generation. This is expected to increase to 65% in 2040 and to as much as 80% in 2050. // The impact of the Energiewende is not limited to the sphere of energy supplies. In the medium and long term, it will change not only to the way the German economy operates, but also the functioning of German society and the state. Facing difficulties with the expansion of transmission networks, the excessive cost of building wind farms, and problems with the stability of electricity supplies, especially during particularly cold winters, the federal government has so far tended to centralise power and limit the independence of the German federal states with regard to their respective energy policies, justifying this with the need for greater co-ordination. The Energiewende may also become the beginning of a "third industrial revolution", i.e. a transition to a green economy and a society based on sustainable development. This will require a new "social contract" that will redefine the relations between the state, society and the economy. Negotiating such a contract will be one of the greatest challenges for German policy in the coming years.

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Niemiecka transformacja energetyczna: trudne początki

Author(s): Konrad Popławski,Marta Zawilska-Florczuk,Piotr Buras / Language(s): Polish

Zainicjowana w maju 2011 roku, kilka miesięcy po awarii elektrowni atomowej w Fukushimie transformacja energetyczna RFN przedstawiana jest jako decyzja ostateczna, a ze względu na narzucone tempo zmian stanowi nową jakość w strategii energetycznej Niemiec. Głównymi jej założeniami są: rezygnacja z energii jądrowej do 2022 roku, rozwój odnawialnych źródeł energii (OZE), rozbudowa sieci przesyłowych, budowa nowych elektrowni konwencjonalnych i wzrost efektywności energetycznej.Strategia ma się opierać głównie na rozwoju odnawialnych źródeł energii. Zgodnie z nowelizacją ustawy o OZE, udział energii odnawialnej w produkcji prądu ma systematycznie wzrastać – z obecnych ok. 20% do ok. 38% w 2020 roku. W 2030 roku ma on już wynieść około 50%, w 2040 roku – 65%, a w 2050 – aż 80%. // Konsekwencje Energiewende nie ograniczają się do sfery zaopatrzenia w energię. W średnim i długim okresie spodziewać się można zmian w funkcjonowaniu nie tylko gospodarki, lecz także niemieckiego społeczeństwa i państwa. Utrudnienia rozbudowy sieci przesyłowych, zbyt wysokie koszty budowy farm wiatrowych, problemy z zaopatrzeniem w energię elektryczną w szczególnie mroźne zimy skłaniają rząd federalny do centralizacji władzy i ograniczania suwerenności krajów związkowych w realizacji ich polityk energetycznych. Dotychczas takie próby dokonują się pod hasłem zwiększenia koordynacji. Energiewende może też okazać się początkiem „trzeciej rewolucji przemysłowej” w kierunku zielonej gospodarki i społeczeństwa opartego na zrównoważonym rozwoju. Konieczne będzie zawarcie nowej „umowy społecznej”, a więc ułożenia na nowo relacji państwo-społeczeństwo-gospodarka. Wynegocjowanie takiej umowy będzie jednym z najważniejszych wyzwań niemieckiej polityki w nadchodzących latach.

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The tug of war. Russia's response to changes on the European gas market

Author(s): Szymon Kardaś / Language(s): English

Russia, being aware of the evolution of the EU gas market and the fluctuations in trends that accompany it, and in an attempt to maintain its position on the European gas market, is sticking to a dichotomous strategy. On the one hand, Moscow has taken an offensive approach: it continues its traditionally critical rhetoric with regard to the legal and institutional changes; by negating the legitimacy of the new rules, it has been making efforts to undermine them by employing legal and political measures; Russia has used such traditional economic means as investments in assets and pushing through the implementation of new gas pipeline construction projects. On the other hand, the evolution of the EU gas market has forced Russia to take steps to adapt to a certain extent: partial changes in the operation of the internal gas sector; promises to further curb Gazprom’s dominant position; the concessions made in trade negotiations with European partners; partial adjustments to the EU’s so called third energy package regulations. // Hoping that the unfolding situation on the gas markets will contribute to slowing down the recent liberalisation tendencies in the EU and that EU member states won’t make progress in decreasing their dependence on Russian gas, Moscow is thus preparing itself for the ‘long game’ in gas with its European partners.

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Breaking the boundaries. The transformation of Central European gas markets

Author(s): Tomasz Dąborowski / Language(s): English

According to the European Council decision of February 2011, the process of creating the European Union’s internal gas market should be completed by the end of 2014. Therefore, it is worth summarising the changes which have taken place in the gas markets of Central Europe so far. The past few years have seen not only a period of gradual ‘marketisation’ of the national gas sectors, but also the building of new gas infrastructure, a redrawing of the gas flow map, and changes in the ownership of the Central European gas companies. Another change in Central Europe is the fact that individual states and companies are moving away from their traditional focus on their national gas markets; instead, they are beginning to develop a variety of concepts for the regional integration of Central European markets. This publication attempts to grasp the main elements of the ongoing transformation of Central Europe’s gas markets, with particular emphasis on the situation in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary.

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Przełamując bariery. Transformacja środkowoeuropejskich rynków gazu

Author(s): Tomasz Dąborowski / Language(s): Polish

Zgodnie z decyzją Rady Europejskiej z lutego 2011 roku proces tworzenia wewnętrznego rynku gazu Unii Europejskiej ma zostać zakończony z końcem 2014 roku. W związku z tym warto podsumować przemiany, jakie dokonały się na rynkach gazu w Europie Środkowej. Ostatnie lata to nie tylko okres stopniowego „urynkowienia” krajowych sektorów gazowych, ale również czas realizacji szeregu nowych inwestycji infrastrukturalnych, przewartościowań w krajobrazie przesyłu surowca oraz zmian własnościowych wśród środkowoeuropejskich spółek gazowych. Zmianą w Europie Środkowej jest również fakt, że poszczególne państwa i firmy gazowe odchodzą od tradycyjnej, krajowej perspektywy w myśleniu o swoich rynkach. Zaczynają natomiast rozwijać różnorodne koncepcje regionalnej, środkowoeuropejskiej integracji rynków gazu. Niniejsza publikacja przedstawia główne elementy dokonującej się transformacji środkowoeuropejskich rynków gazu, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sytuacji na rynkach Polski, Czech, Słowacji i Węgier.

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The Southern Gas Corridor. The Azerbaijani-Turkish project becomes part of the game between Russia and the EU

Author(s): Aleksandra Jarosiewicz / Language(s): English

The Southern Gas Corridor is a system of three complementary gas pipeline projects controlled by Azerbaijan and Turkey, each at a different stage of implementation. The crisis in EU-Russia relations over Ukraine has made the two players interested in the Southern Gas Corridor once again. Brussels views it as an opportunity for a genuine diversification of gas supplies and a way to reinforce its position against Russia. In turn, Moscow’s proposal for Turkey and Greece to join the Turkish Stream gas pipeline project changes the energy map of the regional projects, which indirectly affects the Southern Gas Corridor. This has raised concern in Azerbaijan, which has been making efforts to manoeuvre between the interests of Moscow and Brussels.

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Zmierzch naftowego Eldorado. Ewolucja aktywności rosyjskich firm naftowych na rynku UE

Author(s): Szymon Kardaś / Language(s): Polish

Unia Europejska stanowi tradycyjnie najważniejszy rynek zbytu dla rosyjskiego eksportu naftowego. W okresie 2011–2014 można było zaobserwować systematyczny spadek dostaw ropy surowej do UE, przy jednoczesnym wzroście eksportu produktów ropopochodnych. Trudno jest obecnie mówić o spójnej strategii naftowej Rosji wobec UE. Ostateczny kształt rosyjskiej aktywności jest bardziej wypadkową interesów biznesowych poszczególnych firm niż efektem działań koordynowanych przez państwo. // O ile w perspektywie krótkoterminowej (do 2020 roku) negatywny trend w eksporcie ropy surowej do UE może zostać zatrzymany (co potwierdzają dane za 2015 rok), o tyle długoterminowe perspektywy rosyjskiej pozycji na unijnym rynku są pesymistyczne. Rośnie bowiem znaczenie czynników dla Rosji negatywnych, takich jak: spadek konsumpcji ropy w UE, wzrost konkurencji wśród eksporterów na unijny rynek oraz pogorszenie klimatu do współpracy Rosja–UE w kontekście antyrosyjskich sankcji czy niejasne perspektywy rozwoju sektora wydobywczego w Rosji.

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Rosja nie do zastąpienia? Alternatywne rynki dla polskiego eksportu

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

Among non-EU states, Russia is Poland’s most important trade partner. However, following Russian involvement the Ukrainian conflict, since the beginning of 2014, a growing number of obstacles have prevented access to the Russian market for exporters from Poland and other EU countries. For Polish companies, lack of a Russian export market can cause serious financial losses, threatening their stability. But in crisis, comes opportunity. Stalled economic relations with Russia should be an incentive for Polish firms do diversify their export destinations. One particularly appealing alternative for Polish goods is the rapidly developing market of non-European countries

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Nuclear Energy in Poland

Author(s): Aleksandra Gawlikowska-Fyk,Zuzanna Nowak / Language(s): English

Discussions of the rationale for building a nuclear power plant in Poland have a long history. But now is the time when the Polish Nuclear Energy Programme is entering a decisive stage, with nuclear technology incorporated into the country’s energy policy. The Polish Institute of International Affairs (PISM) therefore deems it proper and timely to support a debate about the benefits and risks of civil use of nuclear energy, drawing on the experiences gained in this field by other European states. The aim of the present report is to formulate conclusions and recommendations for Poland, proceeding from a comparative analysis of nuclear energy ventures in other Members States of the European Union. Crowning the research project “Nuclear Energy in Poland: Balance Sheet and Future Outlook,” carried out at the PISM, the report also covers findings of public opinion research, both quantitative and qualitative, taken by the PISM (between April and June 2014) to establish the Polish public’s attitudes towards nuclear energy.Today, with the Polish Nuclear Energy Programme formally adopted by the government (January 2014), it is high time to shift the focus from “whether” to “how” nuclear power can be put to the best use possible.

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Russia’s best ally. The situation of the Russian oil sector and forecast for its future

Author(s): Wojciech Konończuk / Language(s): English

Oil is a strategic raw material for Russia and one of fundamental significance for the functioning of the state and its future. Taxes on oil production and exports are the most important source of state budget revenues which guarantee Russia maintains its political and economic stability. Russia is building its international position on the basis of its vast raw material and energy potential. While a great number of various publications have been devoted to Russian gas and Gazprom, surprisingly little research has been done into the present condition and possible future developments of the Russian oil sector, despite the fact that oil has and will have a much greater impact than gas on the functioning and the future of Russia. The main objective of this text is to describe the present situation of the Russian oil sector, its problems and the challenges it is posing, as well as the government’s policy towards this key branch of the Russian economy. This will be an introduction to an attempt to answer to the questions about the possible future production and the export levels of Russian oil, also broken down into the European and Asian directions.

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Conflicts over use of urban and regional spaces in the time of climate changes. Good management and planning practices

Author(s): / Language(s): English

The areas inhabited by man have always been an arena of conflict. The more developed regions attract new residents, who seek their place and work there. Excessive migration causes congestion, lack of space for new buildings and hence conflicts. The city is a specific area of conflict - over land, over access to infrastructure, over housing, over jobs. Excessive urban development, which exceeds the limits of efficient area management, contributes to the deterioration of living conditions – transport chaos, social segregation, inefficient public services, air pollution. Conflicts over water, over sustainable electricity, over resources, over access to education are also everyday topics in all parts of the world. We present our readers with a monograph devoted to some of the above-mentioned problems, which are common for Poland and for Latin American countries. This publication is a continuation of the topics discussed in earlier monographs, which were the result of joint research of Polish and Latin American geographers within many projects dedicated to urban issues. Academics of the Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies of Warsaw University have been lecturers at doctoral studies in urban and regional sustainable development and post-doctoral studies in Earth and Environmental Science at the University of Manizales in Colombia (Doctorado en Desarrollo Sostenible y Posdoctorado en Ciencias de la Tierra y el Medio Ambiente). Doctoral students and lecturers from the University of Manizales have visited Poland many times in joint symposia and workshops). In 2017 a Polish-Colombian monograph in Spanish was published in Colombia and in 2018 two scientific monographs, both in Spanish and English, were brought out by the University of Warsaw Press. This volume is the first of the two published in 2021 and contains only English texts on sustainable development, risk and local development in Poland, Colombia and some other South American countries.

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Znaczenie roślinnych metabolitów wtórnych w kształtowaniu jakości sensorycznej i zdrowotnej produktów spożywczych z buraka ćwikłowego

Author(s): Katarzyna Mikołajczyk-Bator / Language(s): Polish

Monografia jest kompleksowym opracowaniem naukowym obejmującym szereg istotnych kwestii związanych z jakością buraka ćwikłowego jako surowca będącego źródłem metabolitów wtórnych wpływających na jakość sensoryczną i zdrowotną produktów spożywczych. W monografii przedstawiono aktualny stan wiedzy na temat rynku warzyw w Polsce. Opisano przeprowadzone badania składu jakościowego buraków, stosując metody oparte na spektrometrii mas, które pozwoliły na zidentyfikowanie nowych, dotąd nieopisanych saponin triterpenowych w różnych odmianach buraków ćwikłowych oraz zmian ich zawartości w czasie obróbki termicznej surowca oraz przechowywania wyprodukowanych przetworów. Przedstawiono wpływ przetwarzania surowca i przechowywania gotowych przetworów z buraka na cechy sensoryczne, w tym smak słodki i gorzki. Wskazano rolę saponin triterpenowych jako antyoksydantów, zwiększających wartość prozdrowotną produktów otrzymanych z tego surowca. Wyznaczono kryteria doboru surowców w celu otrzymania produktu spożywczego o wysokiej jakości sensorycznej i właściwościach prozdrowotnych. Wskazano potencjał aplikacyjny różnych odmian buraka ćwikłowego pod względem ich przydatności do wyrobu produktów spożywczych spełniających oczekiwania konsumentów, którzy w obecnych czasach szczególną uwagę zwracają na cechy prozdrowotne i sensoryczne nabywanych produktów spożywczych. W monografii wyjaśniono wpływ substancji naturalnych buraka ćwikłowego na zdrowie. Rezultaty badań naukowych przedstawione w niniejszej monografii mają istotny wpływ na aktualny stan wiedzy i dalszy rozwój zagadnień związanych z jakością surowca i jego przetworów, głównie w kwestii zdrowotności i cech sensorycznych zwiększających popyt finalnego produktu. Rezultaty badań dostarczają producentom żywności istotnej wiedzy o możliwościach doboru odmiany buraka do rodzaju otrzymywanego produktu, co może się przyczynić do rozwoju przemysłu rolno-spożywczego.

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Energetický sektor České republiky

Author(s): Filip Černoch,Tomáš Vlček / Language(s): Czech

This book addresses various aspects of the energy sector of the Czech Republic. There is hardly a more turbulent and more sensitive sector of the economy of the Czech Republic than the energy sector. As a result, its future has been carefully monitored by not only the political and economic elite of the country, but also by the general public. The book Energy Sector of the Czech Republic is divided into ten chapters. The first one describes the key actors and the legislative framework of the energy sector of the Czech Republic, including an analysis of the Government, the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the Ministry of Environment, and other legislative and regulatory bodies and political parties. The second chapter introduces the rich and complicated history of the development of the Czech national energy sector. The following chapters familiarize the reader with the coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear, and renewable industries. Chapters are divided into sections covering history, legislation, usage, future trends, and key issues and problems in the sector. Chapters eight and nine shift the focus to electricity and heat; while they are not primary sources of energy, they both have their own chapter to make the book more comprehensive and cohesive. Finally, chapter ten considers the foreign policy dimension of energy security of the Czech Republic, especially with regards to the European Union. The book is recommended to scholars and researchers, as well as experts in the competent fields of study, but will also serve as a guide for those outside of academia who work with the topic daily, such as in public administration. Finally, the general reader can make great use of this book to get a thorough yet accessible impression of the Czech energy sector.

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Vztah české veřejnosti k přírodě a životnímu prostředí: Reprezentativní studie veřejného mínění

Author(s): Jan Krajhanzl,Tomáš Chabada,Renata Svobodová / Language(s): Czech

What is the relationship of the Czech public toward nature and the environment? How do Czechs approach nature conservation, air pollution or climate change for example? And what makes them different from most of the Europeans? This book provides answers to these and many other questions. It presents the most important results from the representative surveys and research dealing with the attitudes and behaviour of the Czech public in the environmental field. The summary of public opinion in individual areas of nature conservation and environmental protection is illustrated by infographics. The extensive overview is followed by a new representative research, which examines the Czechs' relationship toward nature and the environment, and presents how the views of Czech society are distributed in this area. It is complemented by a study of public opinion on the current issue of drought.

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Jak učit environmentální právo: Zábavnější výuka v několika jednoduchých krocích

Author(s): Vendula Zahumenská / Language(s): Czech

Vendula Zahumenska's new publication is intended for university teachers who focus on environmental law. The author has taught environmental law at the Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, for eight years. In this publication, she draws on her pedagogical experience to provide a compendium of simple suggestions on how to approach teaching differently, in a way that is practical as well as fun and interesting for both students and teachers. Among the tips offered are, for instance, ideas on making freedom of assembly, freedom of information, and regional planning legislation more accessible to students. Each lesson includes a list of the teaching tools needed, detailed instructions on how to lead the lesson, and a set of corresponding, prepared administrative decisions. Even though the publication is aimed at courses taught outside of Law Faculties, with minor adjustments it can also be used to each students who specialize in law.

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Wytłoki aronii jako komponent innowacyjnych osłonek jadalnych

Author(s): Sylwia Sady / Language(s): Polish

Monografia przynosi nową propozycję przeznaczoną na rynek produktów żywnościowych – przedstawia wyniki autorskich badań nad innowacyjnym wykorzystaniem produktów ubocznych przetwórstwa owoców aronii jako wartościowego surowca wtórnego w kształtowaniu prozdrowotnych właściwości żywności. Projektowanie innowacyjnych produktów ukierunkowane na wprowadzenie i upowszechnianie rozwiązań prozdrowotnych może wpływać na efektywność i przewagę konkurencyjną przedsiębiorstwa działającego w zakresie przetwórstwa rolno-spożywczego. Autorka wybrała kierunek badawczy ściśle związany z wytwarzaniem produktów przyjaznych środowisku, którego celem jest rozwój idei gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym. Celem badań była ocena przydatności zastosowania ekstraktu z wytłoków aronii w opracowaniu innowacyjnych biopolimerowych, chitozanowych osłonek jadalnych o podwyższonych właściwościach użytkowych. Badania przedstawione w monografii dowiodły także, że zarządzanie procesem ekstrakcji z wykorzystaniem statystycznych metod planowania może prowadzić do istotnego polepszenia rezultatów procesu i wpłynąć na jego aspekt technologiczny oraz ekonomiczny. Monografia ma obszerne angielskie streszczenie.

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On the Linkage between Bitcoin, Islamic Stocks, and Oil Prices

Author(s): Salahaddin Aljasem / Language(s): English

The expansion of asset classes and the health, economic and geopolitical crises have made it necessary for investors to diversify their assets in international markets. This book aims to investigate the causal relationship between Bitcoin (BTC), Islamic Stock Markets (ISMs), and Oil. To this end, Firstly, the stationarity of the data series was checked using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Philips Perron (PP) Tests for the period from August 18, 2011, to December 10, 2021. Then, after implementing the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) Model and various robustness checks to trace the existence of correlations between the variables, the Nonparametric Causality-in- Quantiles Test was utilized to determine the direction and strength of the relationship between the studied series. The results suggested that there are two-way causality-in- variance among variables. The strength of this causality especially rises in the normal market conditions but is weak in the upper quantiles except from BTC to DJI and from WTI to DJI. In terms of causality-in-mean, there is one-way causality from DJI to WTI in only a medium quantile.

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Circular Economy in the Framework of Sustainable Development Policy

Author(s): / Language(s): Turkish,English

The economic and social transformations that have taken place since the industrial revolution have created important benefits in the development and growth processes of countries. However, besides these benefits, problems occurring at the environmental level caused certain damages to the development processes. Unfortunately, the policies developed in this context were not sufficient. In the Paris agreement signed in 2015, the signatory countries undertook to make the necessary arrangements to minimize environmental damage. Accordingly, there are various policy recommendations regarding the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Apart from this agreement, many policies, programs and action plans are currently being developed to minimize environmental problems. One of the most important developments in this area is the green economic transformation and circular economy (CE). Although CE is a concept that includes the reuse of resources, it includes many elements that support green economic transformation, such as waste management, energy management, and reduction of carbon emissions. In addition, the CE refers to an economic model to produce goods and services in sustainable way which is waste and consume materials (water, energy and etc.) By the way, the CE supports SDG 17 goals. Therefore, the transition to a CE is an important step that will support sustainable development. With zero waste projects already implemented by Turkey, it has contributed significantly to the resource management and environmental sustainability. In addition, within the scope of the zero waste target in the 11th development plan, it is aimed to increase the recycling rate from 13% to 35% in 2023. It is stated that with the widespread use of the practice, the number of buildings recycled will increase significantly. In addition, waste management is one of the key elements in the environmental policy of the European Union. The purpose of waste management is indicated as “protect the environment and human health and help the EU’s transition to a circular economy” in the EU Implementation Report (2018). In addition, The EU has created a CE Action Plan to orient the current economic development model towards a more sustainable one. This action plan includes a transition plan to a CE where the value of products, materials and resources will be preserved for as long as possible and waste generation will be minimized. Climate change and the effects it has created have revealed the need for changes in many areas, especially in economic and political theories and approaches. Studies in this field are also widespread in the economics literature. With this book in your hand, we tried to open a new window to the circular economy discussions. We hope that these studies, which include very valuable academicians, will shed light on the circular economy discussions.

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