We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

0.00 €

At crossroads. Current problems of Russia’s gas sector

Author(s): Szymon Kardaś / Language(s): English

The Russian gas sector has found itself in a difficult situation. The mounting challenges and problems are primarily the consequence of the sector’s politicisation, the growing rivalry between Gazprom and the so-called independent gas producers, changes on external gas markets and the absence of reforms, which have been repeatedly postponed. Because Gazprom serves as an internal and foreign policy instrument and a source of revenues for the Russian elite, economic calculations or the interests of the sector as a whole have often been ignored by the state. This has led to problems in the gas production sector and challenges in external markets. // The purpose of this paper is to present the current condition of the Russian gas sector and its prospects. To a limited extent, the paper also discusses the wider context of the changes that occurred in the Russian gas sector in the years 2000-2016.

More...

0.00 €

Germany's energy transformation: difficult beginnings

Author(s): Marta Zawilska-Florczuk,Konrad Popławski,Piotr Buras / Language(s): English

Initiated in May 2011, several months after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, Germany’s energy transformation (Energiewende) has been presented as an irrevocable plan, and – due to the speed of change required – it represents a new quality in Germany’s energy strategy. Its main objectives include: nuclear energy being phased out by 2022, the development of renewable energy sources (OZE), the expansion of transmission networks, the construction of new conventional power plants and an improvement in energy efficiency.The cornerstone of the strategy is the development of renewable energy. Under Germany's amended renewable energy law, the proportion of renewable energy in electricity generation is supposed to increase steadily from the current level of around 20% to approximately 38% in 2020. In 2030, renewable energy is expected to account for 50% of electricity generation. This is expected to increase to 65% in 2040 and to as much as 80% in 2050. // The impact of the Energiewende is not limited to the sphere of energy supplies. In the medium and long term, it will change not only to the way the German economy operates, but also the functioning of German society and the state. Facing difficulties with the expansion of transmission networks, the excessive cost of building wind farms, and problems with the stability of electricity supplies, especially during particularly cold winters, the federal government has so far tended to centralise power and limit the independence of the German federal states with regard to their respective energy policies, justifying this with the need for greater co-ordination. The Energiewende may also become the beginning of a "third industrial revolution", i.e. a transition to a green economy and a society based on sustainable development. This will require a new "social contract" that will redefine the relations between the state, society and the economy. Negotiating such a contract will be one of the greatest challenges for German policy in the coming years.

More...

0.00 €

Breaking the boundaries. The transformation of Central European gas markets

Author(s): Tomasz Dąborowski / Language(s): English

According to the European Council decision of February 2011, the process of creating the European Union’s internal gas market should be completed by the end of 2014. Therefore, it is worth summarising the changes which have taken place in the gas markets of Central Europe so far. The past few years have seen not only a period of gradual ‘marketisation’ of the national gas sectors, but also the building of new gas infrastructure, a redrawing of the gas flow map, and changes in the ownership of the Central European gas companies. Another change in Central Europe is the fact that individual states and companies are moving away from their traditional focus on their national gas markets; instead, they are beginning to develop a variety of concepts for the regional integration of Central European markets. This publication attempts to grasp the main elements of the ongoing transformation of Central Europe’s gas markets, with particular emphasis on the situation in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary.

More...

0.00 €

The twilight of the oil Eldorado. How the activity of Russian oil companies on the EU market has evolved

Author(s): Szymon Kardaś / Language(s): English

The European Union has traditionally been the most important outlet for Russian oil exports. At the same time, during the period 2011-2014 a systematic decline was observed in crude oil supplies to the EU, while at the same time the export of petroleum products increased. It is now difficult to say that Russia is following a coherent oil strategy vis-a-vis the EU. The current shape of Russian activity is more the result of the business interests of individual companies, rather than the result of activities coordinated by the state.Although in the short term (up to 2020), the negative trend in crude oil exports to the EU could be halted (as confirmed by the figures for 2015), the long-term prospects for Russia's position on the EU market are pessimistic. This is because the importance of factors unfavourable to Russia is rising, such as the decrease in consumption of oil in the EU, the increased competition among exporters to the EU market, and the deterioration of the climate of Russian/EU cooperation in the context of the anti-Russian sanctions, as well as unclear prospects for the development of the upstream sector in Russia.

More...

0.00 €

Elektrifikácia v hospodárskom a spoločenskom živote Slovenska 1938 - 1948

Author(s): Miroslav Sabol / Language(s): Slovak

In the first half of the 20th century, the process of electrification was the background for economic development. In Slovakia, a breakthrough in the process of electrification began in 1918 after progressive large-area electrification. Between the two World Wars, the process went from local to a regional stage. Economic development in Slovakia in the following years 1938-1942 can be defined as a progressive transition from regional into a nationwide stage of electrification. In Slovakia, there were five state-owned power station companies working until 1942. Their main aim was the systemic electrification of areas given to them. Also, they had to harmonize an overall fragmentation of electrification process into one technical uniformity. That is why they had various legal and tax advantages than private power station companies. Slovakia, as the independent state set up in March 1939, had its economy under the influence of Nazi’s Germany economy, therefore it had to fulfil its interests. This influence changed the area of energetics as well. The first years after the new state was set up were unfavourable for the electrification process because of ill-judged personal changes, lack of finances as well as materials. Situation became more difficult when Slovakia ceded Hungary its South region on the basis of Vienna arbitrary decision. Power station companies lost their third of invested capital in already electrificated cities and municipalities which became a part of Hungary. In 1942, those five power station companies united into one company called Slovenské elektrárne. This company coordinated the large-area electrification in Slovakia. Number of electric energy consumers was constantly increasing due to consistent acquisition. Energy from water sources was used by hydroelectric power stations built across large Slovak rivers. Overall favourable development was interrupted by the passage of troops across Slovakia in 1944-1945. German troops destroyed lots of electrical utilities and paralyzed the electric supply. Damaged utilities were repaired during the first months after the war ended. In autumn 1945, all the power stations were nationalized in Slovakia. In 1946, Slovenské elektrárne and České elektrárne united into Československé energetické závody. A two-year plan for reconstruction of war-destroyed economy passed. Before the communist party entered in 1948, the number of electrificated cities and municipalities increased as well as the production and consumption of electric energy.

More...

0.00 €

Строително предприемачество и недвижима собственост. к с доклади от 33-та международна научно-практическа конференция – ноември 2018

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Russian

The International Scientific and Practical Conference “Construction Entrepreneurship and Real Property” is held every year since 1985 by the Department of Economics and Management of Construction. The topic of the Conference „Construction Entrepreneurship and Real Property” has not changed since 2006, but the topics of the papers are up-to-date and comprehensive. The topic of the conference results from the special nature of the economic settings in Bulgaria and is largely predetermined by the continuing problems in banking, construction business and real estate management. The main focus is on the issues of economics and management of construction, urban planning and real properties

More...

0.00 €

Determinanty doskonalenia systemu zarządzania środowiskowego zgodnego z wymaganiami normy ISO 14001

Author(s): Alina Matuszak-Flejszman / Language(s): Polish

System zarządzania środowiskowego zgodny z wymaganiami międzynarodowej normy ISO 14001 staje się powszechny na całym świecie. Oprócz wymagania zawartego w tej normie, dotyczącego zapobiegania zanieczyszczeniom i zgodności z wymaganiami prawnymi, ważną rolę odgrywa ciągłe doskonalenie efektów środowiskowych. Autorka zidentyfikowała czynniki determinujące doskonalenie systemu i zarządzania oraz oceniła ich istotność na podstawie doświadczenia przedsiębiorstw posiadających wdrożony i certyfikowany system zarządzania środowiskowego. Omówiła również wyniki badań dotyczące postrzegania przez przedstawicieli kierownictwa badanych przedsiębiorstw zależności pomiędzy wybranymi czynnikami determinującymi doskonalenie systemu zarządzania środowiskowego a jego skutecznością i efektywnością. Autorka przedstawiła propozycje rozwiązań, które mogą być wykorzystane w praktyce gospodarczej.

More...

0.00 €

Neither super-rich, nor bankrupt. Gazprom’s financial condition

Author(s): Szymon Kardaś / Language(s): English

In 2018 Gazprom, Russia’s biggest state-controlled gas company, adopted the largest investment programme in its history. The year before, it had reported its highest ever revenue from the sale of gas and other goods and services. At the same time, however, in the period between 2007 and 2017, the company’s capitalisation fell to less than a sixth, and in 2017 its total debt reached a record level of US$55.2 billion. It is therefore worth taking a closer look at the financial condition of Russia’s largest gas company, which remains a major gas supplier to Europe, accounting for 34% of the EU market in 2017.

More...

0.00 €

Ani krezus, ani bankrut. Kondycja finansowa Gazpromu

Author(s): Szymon Kardaś / Language(s): Polish

W 2018 roku Gazprom – największy, kontrolowany przez państwo, rosyjski koncern gazowy – przyjął rekordowy w historii program inwestycyjny. W 2017 roku spółka odnotowała także największe w historii wpływy ze sprzedaży gazu i innych dóbr i usług. Jednocześnie w latach 2007–2017 ponad sześciokrotnie zmniejszyła się kapitalizacja koncernu, a całkowite zadłużenie osiągnęło w 2017 roku rekordowy poziom 55,2 mld USD. W związku z powyższym warto przyjrzeć się kondycji finansowej największego rosyjskiego koncernu gazowego, który zachowuje status znaczącego dostawcy gazu na rynek europejski (34% udziału w rynku UE w 2017 roku).

More...

0.00 €

Konšpiračné teórie: témy, historické kontexty a argumentačné stratégie.

Author(s): Zuzana Panczová / Language(s): Slovak

Conspiracy theories concern important and sensitive spheres of social life which, at the same time, represent a source of group tensions (issues of the morale, religion, environment, natural disasters, wars, etc.), introducing in such tensions and uncertainty revelations of their alleged originators and visions of the assumed future consequences. The publication deals with conspiracy theories from several angles. The book chapters clarify the definitions of the terms, provide an overview of recent research, describe the historical and ideological contexts of conspiracy theories popular also in Slovakia, and offer examples of textual analyses of internet discussions. The research, which forms the basis of this work, has been conducted on a continuous basis since 2003. At that time, this topic was marginal in Slovakia, yet with an increasing need for scientific reflection. The purpose of the book is to present an overview of the scientific research conducted so far, using a language which is more comprehensible to readers outside the scientific community.

More...

0.00 €

Determinants of tourism development in urban destinations and methods of tourism measurement: The case of Poznań

Author(s): / Language(s): English

One of the features of contemporary tourism is a growing role of urban destinations. Increased concentration of tourism in the city supports development of the city's tourism function as it relies on the level and intensity of tourist traffic. The level of tourism development changes over time and it needs to be measured. This work suggests methods of measuring the extent and rate of tourism development, and proposes ways of assessment whether the city's tourism function develops in the right direction and how it is supported by city authorities. It also looks at the important role of local residents in city tourism. The work is equally theoretical, methodological and practical. It is based on the case study of the city of Poznań, but measurement techniques and the investigation outcomes presented in this publication will likely have general applicability.

More...

31.40 €

Uncertain eternity, or eternal uncertainty? The controversy about a geological repository for highly radioactive waste in the Czech Republic

Author(s): Karel Svačina / Language(s): English

This book examines the controversy over the plans to construct a deep geological repository for highly radioactive waste in the Czech Republic. Since the 1990s, state authorities have identified a number of locations as potentially suitable for the construction of the repository. However, the plans have met strong opposition from the affected municipalities, as well as from local and national NGOs. The controversy has lasted for almost two decades now, and arguably has not progressed much since the beginning. This book provides a detailed account of this controversy based on interviews with key actors, observations from public meetings and debates, policy documents, technical reports, and media coverage. With inspiration from literature from the field of science and technology studies (STS), the book analyses the controversy in terms of how risk and uncertainty are dealt with in the negotiations. Ultimately, the author suggests that a shift from a risk-based to an uncertainty-based perspective may offer a way out of the negotiation deadlock.

More...

10.00 €

Zależność gospodarki Ukrainy od stanu relacji energetycznych z Federacją Rosyjską

Author(s): Tomasz Motowidlak / Language(s): Polish

The state of energy relations between Ukraine and the Russian Federation is of great importance for the economy of Ukraine. This significance results not only from the clear asymmetry of these relations in favor of the Russian Federation (RF), but also from its treatment of RF as an instrument of pressure to pursue its economic and political interests in Ukraine.The book presents the sensitivity of the key parameters of the Ukrainian economy, i.e. gross domestic product, balance of payments, trade balance, state of the budget and the amount of debt, to energy factors. The place of the energy sector in the Ukrainian economy was determined and its main internal problems were indicated.The main instruments of the energy pressure of the RF on the Ukrainian economy were identified, including causing crises in the energy and economy of Ukraine, strengthening Ukraine's dependence on supplies of energy resources and fuels from the RF, limiting the role of Ukraine as a gas transit country and promoting destabilization of the energy and economy of Ukraine.The content of the book includes a presentation of the main activities undertaken by Ukraine in order to limit the scope and effects of the use of energy pressure instruments by the RF. These activities include activities of a national nature (e.g. efforts to increase domestic gas production), national-international activities (e.g. efforts to integrate the electricity system with the European system), and international activities (e.g. using the jurisprudence of international arbitration bodies).In conclusion, an assessment of the changes in the period 2010-2020 of the effectiveness of the instruments of energy influence of the RF and of Ukraine's activities aimed at reducing the scope and effects of their application.

More...

0.00 €

Innowacje opakowaniowe na rynku produktów konsumpcyjnych

Author(s): Magdalena Ankiel,Patrycja Wojciechowska,Karolina Wiszumirska / Language(s): Polish

Monografia stanowi kompleksowe ujęcie zagadnień z zakresu innowacji opakowaniowych. Zawiera charakterystykę przesłanek, kategorii i kierunków rozwoju innowacji na rynku opakowań produktów konsumpcyjnych wraz z rozwiązaniami praktycznymi. W rozdziale pierwszym scharakteryzowano rynek opakowań w Polsce na tle światowym oraz przedstawiono pojęcie, klasyfikację i determinanty rozwoju innowacji na omawianym rynku. Ponadto omówiono teoretyczne ujęcie procesu rozwoju i komercjalizacji innowacji opakowaniowych. W rozdziale drugim szczegółowo zaprezentowano innowacje materiałowe w segmencie opakowań ze szczególnym naciskiem na rozwiązania, które są zgodne z zasadami gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym, filozofią zrównoważonego rozwoju oraz zasadami ekoprojektowania opakowań. Rozdział trzeci zawiera szeroką charakterystykę innowacji konstrukcyjnych i technologicznych. Kolejny poświęcono najbardziej powszechnej kategorii innowacji opakowaniowych, tj. innowacjom marketingowym. Omówiono w nim aktualne rozwiązania w zakresie formy konstrukcyjnej opakowań, grafiki, kolorystyki oraz logotypu marki. Ponadto zaprezentowano przesłanki wdrażania tych rozwiązań, kierunki ich rozwoju, a także podano przykłady skutecznych działań z zakresu wdrażania innowacji marketingowych w segmencie dóbr konsumpcyjnych, głównie na rynku polskim. W rozdziale piątym przybliżono zagadnienia związane z projektowaniem innowacyjnych opakowań w odniesieniu do rynkowych, prawnych, technologicznych, ekonomicznych i ekologicznych aspektów tego procesu. Rozdział szósty monografii powstał we współpracy z firmami z branży opakowaniowej, naukowcami oraz projektantami. Zawarto w nim opis czterech unikatowych projektów, ukazujący proces projektowania z różnych perspektyw, a także poruszono aspekty związane z fazą poszukiwania rozwiązań, testowania i prototypowania.

More...

0.00 €

Denetimde Yeni Trendler: Teori ve Uygulamalar 2

Author(s): / Language(s): Turkish

Technological developments in recent years have increased the importance of auditing day by day and have begun to seriously affect audit processes. This situation has made it necessary for businesses to control, report and take necessary precautions in the audited processes, as in all areas from accounting to finance, from production to marketing. With these developments, the importance of real-time and instant execution of all activities in the digital environment has emerged. Creation of digital infrastructure in audit and audit processes, management, sustainability, accountability, transparent analysis and reporting of activities, etc. aspects is of great importance. The creation of a digital infrastructure is very important in terms of both ensuring competitive advantage and carrying out the activities in accordance with the transformation and developments. Today's understanding of auditing is in a constant development trend by taking all these developments into consideration. Adaptation of all parties to this new climate emerging in the field of auditing will contribute to a better understanding of the importance of auditing. Studies within the scope of the work reveal that inspection is an indispensable process in every field. Reading the works from this point of view will provide an important awareness in the perspective of the inspection and inspection process.

More...

0.00 €

Connecting the dots: Sector coupling and hydrogen policies in Europe

Author(s): Arina Belova,Tereza Pospíšilová,Tereza Stašáková,Jan Osička / Language(s): English

Not long ago, energy policy used to be neatly compartmentalized into individual industries. Transportation, power generation, heat production, and so on each had their own distinct material structure, rules, and behavior-governing norms and practices. With rising climate change concerns, energy policy has effectively merged with climate policy and the transition to low-carbon energy has become a priority. This paradigm shift has spurred rapid technological development, introduced new rules and practices and generally redefined the energy landscape. Along the way, the existing borders between industries were disrupted as the decarbonization of one tends to be closely tied with the decarbonization of others. The construction of an all-encompassing integrated energy system is now underway. Conceptually, this process has been understood as “sector coupling”, i.e., bringing individual industries closer together to optimize the energy transition as well as the deployment of enabling technologies such as energy storage and hydrogen. This book is intended to reflect on this process. Specifically, it inquiries what is sector coupling and how is it understood across different political and analytical contexts? What role will hydrogen play in the development of sector coupling? What are the current and expected hydrogen policies in Europe, USA, and China? The results show that the understanding of sector-coupling has evolved over time and varies across policy contexts. The role of hydrogen in sector-coupling is uncertain in the future due to production and utilization issues, with some potential sources of demand being rapidly electrified without an intermediate step of hydrogen production and combustion. Hydrogen technologies are currently being developed primarily in Europe, but this may soon change as the US and China gradually introduce more ambitious targets and more interesting support programs. Finally, the publication presents the development pathways of hydrogen technologies in different national contexts and pins down the future crossroads at which the shape of sector coupling and the hydrogen economy will be decided.

More...

0.00 €

Трансформацията на Европа - стратегическият компас на света : научна конференция

Author(s): Knut Abraham,Masis Hadjolian,Nina Dyulgerova,Plamen Dimitrov,Darina Grigorova,Hristina Nikolova,Ivo Stamboliyski,Lyubomir Kyuchukov,Dragomir Krastev,Evelin Videnov,Nikolay Nikolov,Viliyan Krastev,Simeon Kulish,Boris Manov,Vladimir Zinoviev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian

The international conference "The Transformation of Europe - the Strategic Compass of the World" is presenting the potential and the challenges of the economic, political and energy transformation process. Key-opinion leaders from the scientific, public and private sector provide a deeply structured overview and a forecast in medium- and long-term perspective of the European region.

More...

0.00 €

Непреходността на счетоводната теория

Author(s): Daniela Feschiyan,Snejana Bacheva,Roumiana Pozharevska,Nikolay Oresharov,Rositsa Ivanova,Diana Petrova,Hristina Oreshkova,Maia Natchkova,Katya Zlatareva,Liliya Rangelova,Atanaska Filipova-Slancheva,Maria Markova,Lilyana Dzhoneva,Kalina Kavaldzhieva,Radka Andasarova,Iavor Bachev,Dimitrinka Urumova-Lunin,Gabriela Dimcheva,Angel Petrov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian

The collection of scientific articles titled "The Timelessness of Accounting Theory" features contributions from faculty members and doctoral students from the "Accounting and Analysis" department. This publication is dedicated to the 80th anniversary of Prof. Trifon Trifonov, Ph. D. The collection contains 18 articles addressing various issues related to accounting theory and its timelessness. Most of the articles are written in Bulgarian, with two in English.

More...

4.00 €

Udržitelný cestovní ruch: Principy, certifikace a měření

Author(s): Lucie Sara Zavodna / Language(s): Czech

This expert monograph focuses on the current topic of the application of sustainability and sustainable principles in the tourism sector. In the introduction, individual definitions of sustainability are presented, including their application to tourism. A basic overview of the milestones in the development of sustainability is given. This is followed by an introduction to the forms and types of tourism that are considered inherently sustainable. A special chapter is devoted to the code of ethics and certification of sustainable tourism. The next chapter presents measurement options and sets of indicators already developed for sustainable tourism. The final chapter is devoted to the possibilities of sustainability management in tourism enterprises or destinations. The monograph includes several case studies from sustainable tourism practice.

More...

0.00 €

Gospodarka i entropia. Jak wyjść z polikryzysu?

Author(s): Edwin Bendyk,Alicja Boryń,Ivar Ekeland,Zenon Foltynowicz,Maciej J. Grodzicki,Jerzy Hausner,Aleksander Jakimowicz,Andrzej Kassenberg,Michał Krzykawski,Joanna Kulczycka,Mikołaj Lewicki,Michał Możdżeń,Jan Oleszczuk-Zygmuntowski,Wojciech Paprocki,Jan Popczyk,Bożena Ryszawska,Wojciech Stanek,Magdalena Wojnarowska / Language(s): Polish

Ta publikacja może pełnić funkcję ważnego podręcznika czy przewodnika pokazującego sposoby rozwijania nowych wyobrażeń o ekonomii. Autorzy proponują całościowy, alternatywny język mówienia o gospodarce i kryzysach, co jest konieczne do tego, aby odejść od zgubnej oczywistości oddzielnego zajmowania się ekonomią, społeczeństwem i technologią. Książka jest świadectwem prawdziwej interdyscyplinarności, pokazującej, że nie można redukować ekonomii do zaspokajania potrzeb w porządku czysto materialnym, ponieważ wszystkie pojęcia ekonomiczne angażują i mobilizują cały system. Zaprezentowane w książce stanowiska będą wzbudzać dyskusje. Cieszę się, że mogłam być jedną z pierwszych czytelniczek pierwszej takiej pracy napisanej w języku polskim. z recenzji prof. Małgorzaty Jacyno (Uniwersytet Warszawski) To jedna z ciekawszych i ambitniejszych prób holistycznego spojrzenia na procesy gospodarcze, z uwzględnieniem działania praw termodynamiki, samoorganizacji systemów żywych i zmian klimatu wskutek działalności człowieka. Stanowi interesującą próbę połączenia pozornie odległych dziedzin i dyscyplin naukowych, jakimi są fizyka (w tym energetyka), nauki społeczne (w tym ekonomia i nauki o polityce) i nauki przyrodnicze. Hausner i Krzykawski, jako redaktorzy i współautorzy tej publikacji, pokazują nowe kierunki badań w ekonomii oraz zdecydowaną przewagę badań interdyscyplinarnych nad wąskospecjalistycznymi.Odbiorcami tej książki powinni być wszyscy ci, którym bliska jest problematyka transformacji energetycznej, a także budowa regeneracyjnych systemów gospodarczych, społecznych i przyrodniczych, w tym złożonych systemów terytorialnych. z recenzji prof. Tadeusza Markowskiego (Uniwersytet Łódzki) Autorki i autorzy: Edwin Bendyk, Alicja Boryń, Ivar Ekeland, Zenon Foltynowicz, Maciej Grodzicki, Jerzy Hausner, Aleksander Jakimowicz, Andrzej Kassenberg, Michał Krzykawski, Joanna Kulczycka, Mikołaj Lewicki, Michał Możdżeń, Jan Oleszczuk-Zygmuntowski, Wojciech Paprocki, Jan Popczyk, Bożena Ryszawska, Wojciech Stanek, Magdalena Wojnarowska,

More...