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CSD Policy Brief No. 67: Turkey in The Framework of the EU Energy Union: Energy Security and Governance Risks

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

The successful creation of a European energy union will not be possible without the active involvement of Turkey. The latter is going to play a vital role as the major transit country of future alternative natural gas supply from the Caspian region and the Middle East. Similarly, Turkey will benefit from the development of the Energy Union because it can transform itself in a major energy-trading hub, Turkey’s long-term energy policy objective. The EU and Turkey also share a common objective to diminish their dependence on Russian energy imports, which could provide a necessary boost to the formal energy dialogue between the two partners in January 2016.

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CSD Policy Brief No. 22: Енергийният сектор на България

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

The brief "The Energy Sector of Bulgaria" is elaborated jointly by the Center for the Study of Democracy and the Atlantic Council of US. It presents the main challenges that the energy sector in Bulgaria faces. By virtue of its geography, Bulgaria finds itself in a difficult nexus, drawn into Eurasia’s contentious energy geopolitics and as a European Union member, involved in the Union’s fragmented energy policy and complex regulatory, energy efficiency and climate change objectives. That position is challenging, but it also presents decision-makers in Sofia with opportunities.

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CSD Policy Brief No. 23: Енергийната ефективност в България: към пазарен подход и прозрачност

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

Measured by using market currency exchange rates, Bulgaria has consistently ranked as the most energy intensive economy in the EU: in 2007, it used over a ton of oil equivalent to produce 1,000 Euro worth of gross product. Measured by using purchasing power parity, Bulgaria’s energy intensity is still dismal, around 600 kg of oil equivalent per 1,000 Euro of product. Even though still negligible by any standard, Bulgaria’s energy efficiency has actually improved by about 50% since 1996 and has been on an uninterrupted path to a change for the better by about 5% per year. Overall, the Bulgarian economy seems to have completed the transition from heavy industry to less energy intensive light industry and thus already picked the low hanging fruit of natural gains in efficiency. The country is probably at a point, as some experts argue, from which onwards any additional gain in efficiency will have to be attained through advances in technologies of energy production, conversion, transportation, and use which will call for cost-effective approach and a strong incentive system.

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CSD Policy Brief No. 25: Екологични измерения на устойчивото развитие на енергетиката в Европа

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

Main purpose of this study is to review and discuss the development of regulation at EU level to guide corresponding national legislation and policies designed to address the challenges of sustainable development, notably those on the environment dimension and as regards to the most relevant economic sector – energy. The paper will briefly examine the development of the idea and strategy for sustainable development in Europe over time, the concrete EU legislation and instruments to facilitate national policies to support such development.

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Власт, управление и обществено развитие : Глобални, регионални и национални перспективи : Международна научно-​практическа конференция, 7 юни 2017

Author(s): / Language(s): Bulgarian

The conference is addressing the following problematic issues: - Supply of conceptual schemes, parameters and theoretical-applied models of different global risks – inequality and social cohesion, demographic crises, migration waves, employment; - Discuss effective political, economic and governance approaches (models) for implementation into society -integration, human capital, business environment, sustainable development and corporate social responsibility (CSR); - Draw global, regional, national priorities and trends with economic, political, social, cultural and environmental dimensions.

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Conferinţa de cercetare în construcţii, economia construcţiilor, urbanism şi amenajarea teritoriului. Rezumate ale lucrărilor

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Romanian

Includes abstracts of the papers presented in the research conference on constructions, economy of buildings, architecture, urban and territorial development.

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Членството на България в Европейския съюз: дванадесет години по-късно

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Bulgarian

This book collects scientific papers and reports presented on the conference ‘The Membership of Bulgaria in the EU: Twelve Years Later’ organized by the International Economic Relations and Business department at University of National and World Economy, Sofia, Bulgaria. The conference, held on 25 October 2019, was dedicated to the 90th anniversary of prof. D.Sc. (Econ) Marin Petrov. The book contains select papers by leading economists from the university, dedicated researchers and Ph.D. students as well as external experts who provide valuable practical insights and contribute to the contemporary topics reviewed during the conference: EU Cohesion policy and its effects on SMEs; European Green Deal and its economic/geo strategic implications; The contribution of the existing gas infrastructure for EU’s and Balkans’ energy security; Expenditure factors for Eurozone growth; Income inequality in the EU; Fiscal stability of the EU; safe heaven assets; Digital single market; Environmental sustainability; renewables; comparative research for perceptions towards electro mobiles; Knowledge management system evolution. ‘The Membership of Bulgaria in the EU: Twelve Years Later’ is an annually organized academic event with the vision to foster open dialogue, offer contemporary research and exchange of ideas between fellow academics, policy makers, businesses, stakeholders, and the public.

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Има ли достатъчно Европа и съюз в Европейския съюз?

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Bulgarian

This book presents reports from the Third International Conference of the European Studies Department, Faculty of Philosophy at Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”. The conference was organized in May 2016 with the support by Hanns Seidel Foundation. The participants discussed in their reports contemporary issues of the EU related to the political course of the union, the socio-economic implications of the recent crisis, the recovery process, trade and economic cooperation with external partners as well as prospective for EU’s expansion.

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Italy Reworks Energy Policy after the Russian Invasion of Ukraine

Author(s): Łukasz Maślanka / Language(s): English

Russia’s aggression against Ukraine forced the Italian authorities to quickly seek alternative gas supplies and sparked a debate about the risks of dependence on foreign commodities. Despite favourable natural conditions, both the development of renewable energy sources (RES) and domestic gas production are hampered by bureaucratic obstacles and opposition in local communities. Continued dependence on energy imports will eventually push Italy to normalise relations with Russia.

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EU Still Receiving Russian LNG

Author(s): Marianna Skoczek-Wojciechowska / Language(s): English

Even without an EU ban on the imports of Russian gas in 2022, pipeline deliveries fell by over 80%. However, this did not eliminate the EU’s dependence on gas from Russia because at the same time, the Union recorded a record increase in LNG imports from this country. This trend goes against the EU’s efforts to diversify supply directions. It is important for the European Commission (EC) to encourage the Member States more strongly to abandon Russian LNG and strengthen European solidarity through joint gas purchases using the EU Energy Platform, as well as through the development of an LNG benchmark.

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Sanctions on Russian Oil Exports Require Further Refining

Author(s): Patryk Kugiel,Zuzanna Nowak / Language(s): English

Western and other states’ restriction of imports of Russian oil and sanctions on its oil trade had little impact on Russia’s budget revenues in 2022. This was because Russia found new customers for its crude, mainly in Asia. The effects of the restrictions only started to become apparent from the beginning of this year, but without a further, significant reduction in this source of income, Russia’s ability to fund its aggression against Ukraine will not be weakened. The best way to increase the effectiveness of the sanctions would be to further reduce the price ceiling on Russian oil and take steps to increase the oil supply on the global market from alternative sources.

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Business and Consumer Protection Must Evolve after Europe’s Energy Crisis

Author(s): Piotr Dzierżanowski,Zuzanna Nowak / Language(s): English

The energy crisis has hit businesses and consumers in the EU hard. Member States took remedial action and the European Commission implemented solutions at the Community level. The EU managed to avoid economic collapse and maintain the stability needed to support Ukraine and to face Russia. Further countermeasures will need to be taken this summer to avoid another energy crisis in the winter of 2023- 2024.

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The dispute over Nord Stream 2: the stances and the outlook

Author(s): Ryszarda Formuszewicz,Szymon Kardaś,Agata Loskot-Strachota / Language(s): English

Russian ships resumed laying the Nord Stream 2 (NS2) gas pipeline on the Baltic Sea bed in February this year. Russia’s goal is to complete the project and put it into operation as soon as possible. This coincided with media reports that representatives of Germany and the new US administration had been searching for compromise arrangements to determine the conditions for construction to be completed and operation to commence. These would include options for a moratorium on launching it but, above all, the creation of guarantees to maintain the limited transit of Russian gas through Ukraine or a ‘snap back’ mechanism enabling shutting off/limiting flows via NS2 in the event of problems with supplies or transit through Ukrainian territory. Berlin hopes to agree on the terms on which the US will tolerate the gas pipeline, or will at least play for time so that construction can be completed while the talks are underway and the certification necessary for its launch can be obtained. It is unclear what actions the Joe Biden administration will take regarding this issue. On the one hand, it has criticized the project but on the other, it has not imposed any sanctions that could stop its implementation as yet (19 March 2021) and it is striving to improve relations with Germany.

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Ecology and Growth: Macron’s Dilemma before Elections

Author(s): Łukasz Maślanka / Language(s): English

Protection of the environment is increasingly influencing the voting preferences of the French. The initiatives put forward by the authorities, such as subsidies for zero-emission cars or the reduction of dependence on nuclear energy, aim to reconcile economic growth with a commitment to the environment. The current environmental policy of President Emmanuel Macron, although criticised both by environmentalists and business interests, may gain voter recognition and favour the development of French non-carbon technologies.

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The Significance of the Energy Charter Treaty and Perspective for Reform

Author(s): Bartosz Bieliszczuk,Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): English

The Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) allows energy companies to protect their foreign investments in fossil fuels, among others. It is controversial, though, because the treaty makes it difficult for its parties to implement ambitious climate policy and decarbonise their economies. The current debate on reforming the ECT creates an opportunity to amend the treaty to better fit the EU’s - and Poland’s - needs. However, if the negotiations are delayed further, it would be advisable to abandon the treaty.

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European Agriculture: Climate and Other Environmental Challenges

Author(s): Melchior Szczepanik / Language(s): English

The reactions to two new European Commission (EC) strategies concerning food production and biodiversity reflect discord between the advocates of accelerating changes in agriculture and proponents of a more circumspect approach privileging high output and competitiveness. The Commission, by increasing the Common Agricultural Policy budget, aims to contribute to the implementation of the strategies and improve its chances of persuading the Council, the European Parliament, and other stakeholders to endorse them. However, the objectives set by the strategies will likely be limited.

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Clean Gas: Prospects of Hydrogen Energy Development in the EU

Author(s): Bartosz Bieliszczuk / Language(s): English

Hydrogen is a non-polluting gas, which, by replacing natural gas, would contribute to decarbonising the EU’s industry. The development of the hydrogen sector is related not only with climate policy but also with the industrial strategy and it will require, for example, forging regulations and making investments both in hydrogen production capacities and a transmission network. The above issues will be a challenge for Poland’s industrial and foreign policy.

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The Impact of the Russian Invasion of Ukraine on the European Energy Sector

Author(s): Maciej Zaniewicz / Language(s): English

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has led to a rapid reorientation of energy policy in Western countries. Energy cooperation with Russia is now undesirable. A broad consensus has emerged on the need to reduce dependence on imports of Russian raw materials, including countries that previously regarded Russia as a reliable trading partner, such as Germany. The EU supports Ukraine, whose energy security has deteriorated significantly.

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The unfinished de-russification. The remnants of energy ties between the EU and Russia

Author(s): Agata Loskot-Strachota,Krzysztof Dębiec,Michał Kędzierski,Filip Rudnik,Andrzej Sadecki,Iwona Wiśniewska / Language(s): English

The launch of Russia’s full-scale aggression against Ukraine and its economic war with the West have led to an unprecedented reduction in the European Union’s energy ties with Moscow. Brussels has proven more willing than many expected to shift away from importing Russian energy resources, as evidenced by sanctions imposed on imports of oil and petroleum products. During the gas crisis, the EU demonstrated its resolve to diversify its gas supply at an unprecedented pace, largely replacing the sharply declining volumes from Russia. Diversification efforts are ongoing, encompassing both energy resources and power supply networks. Following the successful emergency wartime synchronisation of Ukraine with the European power grid, the Baltic states plan to disconnect from the Russian system in February 2025.Despite these achievements and the political goal of fully ending hydrocarbon imports from Russia, energy ties with this country have not been reduced to the same extent across all EU member states. The ongoing war renders these dependencies a risk factor for both those individual states and the Union as a whole. This is particularly evident in Central Europe, where most countries in the region still largely rely on Russian gas and oil. Since July, issues have emerged with some Russian oil deliveries, with gas transit through Ukraine likely to cease at the beginning of 2025. Russia also remains a significant player in the European and global nuclear fuel supply chain, with its companies still holding assets within the EU refinery infrastructure.

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Swedish Presidency of the Council of the EU

Author(s): Đorđe Dimitrov / Language(s): English

On 1 January 2023, Sweden will assume the presidency of the Council of the European Union, as the last in the line of the current presidency trio. This will be Sweden’s first EU presidency since the Lisbon Treaty came into force and third overall. The Presidency takes place in time of severe turbulence caused by the prolonged war in Ukraine and economic turmoil characterised by record-high inflation and looming recession. Thus, there is no doubt that Sweden will continue the crisis management work of France and the Czech Republic. The presidency’s slogan ‘Greener, Safer and More Free Europe’ indicates that security and green transition will dominate the Presidency’s agenda. In addition, although the enlargement policy has been widened and now includes Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia, it is unlikely that the Western Balkans will strongly feature on Sweden’s agenda. The aim of this insight is to examine how Sweden will manoeuvre through Europe in the midst of an increasingly complex context.

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