Polen: Weiterhin Maximierung der Wachstumsraten?

Author(s): Author Not Specified,Mieczysław F. Rakowski / Language(s): German Issue: 02/1980

The following article, written by the Polish ZK member and editor-in-chief of the Warsaw "Polityka", M. Rakowski, is a controversial issue in Marxist growth theory. According to this, the intangible sector is not growth-promoting and makes no contribution to the national income. Therefore, the Polish economic planners faced the difficult situation in which they wanted to promote the intangible sector out of wealth considerations, but on the other hand - for ideological reasons - could not do without maximizing growth. Especially with this latter attitude Rakowski is grappling. The "Guidelines" adopted for the 8th Party Congress of the Polish Communist Party (February 1980) have since made cuts to the overheated growth policy, but have increased investment in the housing, consumer goods, raw materials, energy and transport sectors (see Trybuna Ludu, October 29, 1979). SOURCE: M. Rakovsky: O wariantowaniu rozwoju w latach osiemdziesiątych [About development prospects in the eighties], in: Gospodarka planowa, 12/1978, pp. 616-622)

Értékforma, értékmérés

Author(s): László Czotter,László Söveges / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/1989

A NEP mint történelmi korszak

Author(s): Zoltán Both / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/1989

Az áttörés struktúrája

Author(s): László Andor / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/1989

Sermayenin Uluslararasılaşması Bağlamında Geç Kapitalist Gelişme: Kuramsal Bir Çerçeve

Author(s): Demet Özmen Yilmaz,Koray R. Yilmaz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: spec. 1/2018

In this study we aim to present a theoretical framework which focuses on the development of capitalism in the late-developed capitalist countries. Therefore, in the first part we shortly but critically dwell on the concept of lateness which is widely used in the development literature. In the second part, we express the internationalization of capital as a “terminus a quo” of the late capitalist development. For this, firstly, the concept of internationalization of capital is discussed basing on Marx’s labour theory of value. We especially dwell on the circuits of capital which is developed in the second volume of Capital. And then some important Marxist scholars’ subsequent approaches are examined. These scholars especially focus on the internationalization of capital and its relation with the late capitalist development. In the last part, the internationalization process of capital is addressed in two complementary periods: “early stage” and “advance stage”. In addition to the detailed analysis of the principal forms of internationalizing capital, we determine the principal capital accumulation forms for late capitalist countries in line with these periods. We depict these forms through capital circuits analysis which was developed by Marx.

«Ost-Probleme», Nr. 21 / 1967

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): German Issue: 21/1967

CHAPTERS FROM TABLE OF CONTENT: Economic Development of China 1958-1965 (from: "An Economic Profile of Mainland China", Washington 1967) What is "Economism"? (from: "Jen-min jih-pao", Beijing, and others) Which kind of "Economism" China is fighting against? (from: "Sovetskaya Rossiya", Moscow) Teachings for Imperialist and Chinese critics (from: Pravda, Moscow) General Settlement with Mao's Economic Policy (from: "Kommunist", Moscow)

Savremeno čitanje Marxa: Pikettyev novovjeki „Kapital“

Author(s): Dženan Kulović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 2/2018

The contemporary reading of Marx affirms the latent, existential paradox of modern times in which the rich become richer, and the poor are poorer. The paper starts from the key hypothesis presented by the French economist Piketty to the most important economic formula of today. According to this author, the issues of income and well-being are too important for them to deal only with economists and mathematicians. To explain the phenomenon that tells us that inequality arises as a result of the rapid growth of wealth from the growth of the economy, it is not possible to apply traditional economic-mathematical models. The author in the contemporary reading of Marx brings a wide array of relevant facts from the economic force in which he based his views on economic instruments that were available to him in creating his own image of economic history, rather than ideological solutions to the dominant hypothesis that returning capital is greater than the rate of growth. Particularly interesting is the author’s contradiction of capitalism, which is reflected in the analysis of the distribution system of wealth and economic inequality, that is, disparities between accumulated capital and economic growth. The general finding of his research is based on the findings of earlier fears of Marx who in his own terrorism has proven a constant tendency to “capitalize” and “maximize profits” as a result of the brutal exploitation of capitalists (capillary exploitation of labor and the exploration of nature). Unlike Marx, which solution lies in revolutionary communism, the Piketty solution is found in macroeconomic instruments that need to respond to the “invisible and unacceptable hand” of the crux of a raw market mechanism.

Същност на холизма и неговата приложимост към Марксовата теория

Author(s): Borislav Gradinarov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2018

Despite the numerous attempts to assess Karl Marx’s economic ideas over the past 150 years, they still spark controversy over their methodological nature and impact on modern economic science. Based on an analysis of the methodological features of holism, reductionism, economic determinism etc., the text argues that it is most appropriate to designate Marx’s economic theory as a particulistical (from lat. particula – part, element). This is a research approach that assumes that some elements of the public system have a lasting and sustainable priority, play a leading role over others.

Марксовият модел за развитието на обществото - съвременни предизвикателства

Author(s): Plamen Chipev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2018

The paper aims to project Marxian model for progress of the society over the actual evidence from the present day developed economies in order to assess its adequacy, avoiding the ideological controversies as much as possible. Results from the original study show certain degree of adequacy – the basic difference and contradiction between the social strata are preserved and even aggravated through the deepening economic inequality. Two of the analyzed three variants of resolving the controversy are also congruent with the basic features of the Marxian model.

Опит за прочит на Маркс чрез Маркс, а не чрез марксизмите

Author(s): Temenuga Rakadzhijska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

This article broadly focuses on some cardinal achievements in Marx's creative heritage. The basic guiding principle in its writing is the observation of the principle adopted by him in "The Capital" – “the way of exposure formally has to be distinguished by the way of the research”. Of course, by an attempt for a comprehensive reading of his creativity in order to explicate his critical approach to analyzing the capitalist conditions of production and reproduction of people’s social life.

Kapital Yöntemsel Devrimin Şâhikası

Author(s): Serdal Bahçe / Language(s): Turkish Issue: spec. 1/2019

Capital Vol. I is the terminal point of the life-long evolution of Marx’s methodology. For this respect, besides the factual and theoretical material provided, the methodology of Capital is also important. This method is not systemic dialectical method and hence concepts in Capital does not follow a pre-determined logical path. On the contrary, the analysis in Capital starts with the analysis of the most observable and the smallest entity; commodity. In this analytical flow, through traversing the peculiarities of generalised exchange, the specificity of money is defined. Thenceforth, the transformation of money into capital is elaborated. At this juncture, capital in the form of money has to meet with another special commodity, the labour power and capital passes into the hidden abode of production. The main objective of money capital in initiating the turnover of industrial capital is self-valorisation. In this process, the exceptional quality of the use value of the labor power steps in. Among all the commodities entering into production process as inputs, only labor power has the capacity to transfer more value than it has into the value of commodity. Detecting this exceptionality, Mars surpasses the boundaries of bourgeois political economy. Thus, the true origins of both surplus value and its alienated form, profit, are unfolded at the same instant. From this point on, Marx analysed the imperatives of extended capital accumulation. This analytical flow and the methodology which is embedded in this flow no doubt directs us to consent to the argument that Capital itself marks a methodological revolution. Some characteristics of the methodology in Capital no doubt reinforces this conclusion. First, Marx accomplished a simultaneous critique of both bourgeois political economy and capitalism without drawing a demarcation line between two. Second, the concepts used by Marx are not abstract which imitates the objective dynamics, rather they are “concrete” concepts. Third, instead of deriving the concepts logically, Marx imposes each concept when the need occurs and he substantiates these concepts from the actual capitalism.

Ekonomi Politiğin Eleştirisi Üzerinden Karşılaştırmalar: Meta, Zenginlik, Kalkınma

Author(s): Recep Koray Yılmaz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: spec. 1/2019

In this special issue which is releasing for the anniversary of Karl Marx, we aim to discuss the concepts of commodity, wealth and development in the context of his magnum opus “Das Kapital”. We do not drive a comprehensive discussion which focuses on how these concepts have been addressed in Das Kapital. This paper’s aim is more limited: to indicate the crucial differences between the Marxian and the mainstream analysis of these concepts

Influence of Internal and External Factors on the Development of China’s Legal and Judicial System

Author(s): Vlada D. Fedorova / Language(s): English Issue: 37/2018

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in order to better understand modern Chinese law and the structure of the Chinese judicial system, the article examines the cultural, political and historical aspects of the Chinese legal tradition, which is based on the centuries-old history of various philosophical and political teachings. The article also analyzes the influence of external factors on the legal system of China, such as international treaties forcing China to adopt Western principles and implement them in its legal culture. The leading approach to the study of this problem is a descriptive method, which allows to identify and trace in stages the influence of the main factors on the improvement of the judicial and legal system of the modern People's Republic of China. The article materials can be useful for teachers of higher educational institutions of law.

PROFIT I POFITNA STOPA

Author(s): Slavko Vukša,Nemanja Pantić / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 1/2020

On the surface of the capitalist system of commodity production, excess value takes the shape of profit. In order to determine what is profit, a highly abstract method of analysis must be replaced with analysis of more specific form of functioning of commodity production in capitalism and legality in manifesting the form of profit and the manner in which it is appropriated. Simply put, profit is earnings on deposited capital, which was established to be the case for excess value i.e., surplus value arries from excess or gain on invested capital. However, analysing the process of creating value, we established that only variable capital (capital invested in the working force) creates new value, and with that excess value.

Klasični pristupi i savremeni teorijski modeli u razmatranju klasno/slojne nejednakosti u društvu

Author(s): Milovan Vuković,Aleksandra Vuković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2021

It is well-knowm that the issues of social inequality, classes, class relations and class structure have been studied from sociological, political and economc perspectives. In the sociological research, Marx, Durkheim and Weber represent classical approaches to the study multidimensianal phenmenon such as social inequality, from one to another of which most modern theory originates. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate that reading of classical and new studies dealing with social classes and stratification, provides a useful framework for productive integration of the various perspectives of social inequality. It is based on the sociological traditions rooted in the theories of Marx, Dukhemim and Weber. This paper highlights the practical value of statification theory in order to examine the complexity of contemporary social inequalities, shaped, mostly, by the globalization process and hegemony on neoliberal ideology. This aricle indicates that, despite some recent studies advencing the irelevance of class approach, class analyis remains an inevitable tool to undertand and explain social structure and inequalities.

Arbeitseinheit und Marktkontrolle

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): German Issue: 03/1958

ORIGINAL SOURCE: » Literaturnaja gaseta «, Moscow, December 7, 1957 / ORIGINAL TITLE: Dumy o trudodne (thoughts about the unit of work); Author: D. Mishin (notes of a party official) « // ORIGINAL SOURCE: » „Seljskoje chosjajstwo“«, Moscow January 7, 1958 / ORIGINAL TITLE: » Ocenivat’ rabotu po kolicestvu i sebestoimosti produköii (The work must be valued according to the quantity and the cost price of the production); Author: D. Polyansky, Secretary of the Krasnodar region of the CPSU.

Zur Widerspruchstheorie der Eigentumsformen

Author(s): F. T. Kriworutschko / Language(s): German Issue: 03/1958

ORIGINAL SOURCE: » „Woprosy filosofii“, Moscow, Issue. 4, 1957 / ORIGINAL TITLE: » Ob osnovnom i glavnom pro tivoreci jach kommunisticeskoj formacii « (On the fundamental and main contradiction of the communist formation); Author: F. T. Krivoruchko.

UdSSR: Engpass bei elektronischen Rechengeräten

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): German Issue: 04-OEA/1998

In connection with the trials of dissidents in the Soviet Union during 1978, bans on the export of oil drilling equipment, including electronic computing devices needed by the Soviet oil industry, were considered by President Carter as a countermeasure and were also discussed in the Western press ( cf. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, September 1, 1978). The feuilleton reproduced below shows that there is obviously a bottleneck with regard to the supply of highly complicated electronic computing devices in the Soviet Union and that an embargo such as that which came into force after the occupation of Afghanistan hit the technical development in the USSR at a weak point, says the Moscow "Isvestia". (Vladimir Nadein: K voprosu o lampočke, in: Izvestija, 13. 7.1978)

Risk measurement in profitability calculation of non-financial investment

Author(s): JOANNA SZCZEPAŃSKA / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

In the paper a model of non-financial investment profitability calculation is presented. It is based on the concept of quantile risk measures and a real option valuation. Application of Monte Carlo sim- ulation allows to receive probability distribution of Net Present Value (NPV) and implement risk measures like Cash Flow at Risk (CFaR), Net Present Value at Risk (NPVaR) or Expected Shortfall (ES) in re- lation to NPV (ES (NPV)). The main contribution of the article is implementation of ES (NPV) that shows the average of worst losses regarding NPV. ES (NPV) informs the investors what the worst re- sult of the project may be.

STRUCTURE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OF NON-FINANCIAL CORPORATIONS BY SELECTED NACE SECTIONS

Author(s): Agnieszka Zawadzka / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Experience from nations with established market economies demonstrates that small andmedium-sized businesses are more inventive and able to respond to client demands and needs morequickly than giant businesses. Many publications produced by the EU institutions emphasize theircrucial function. Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) reflect a society’s entrepreneurialspirit and a sign of healthy competition in every economy. However, these businesses have numerousgrowth constraints in a setting that is changing quickly. At first, it is not simple. Due to the higherrisk that start-ups face compared to larger corporations, they have difficulty obtaining fundingfrom traditional sources and SME enterprises experience an equity gap. As a result, having accessto finance has become crucial to expanding and competing in a particular market. In accordancewith the accepted legal norms, the receiver is required to comply with the conditions set forth bythe capital donor-recipient to be able to access external sources.One of the most significant influences on a company’s ability to fulfil current obligations in fulland generate adequate financial results is adherence to the fundamentals of asset financing, whichhighlight, among other things, the structural relationships in a company’s balance sheet. The purposeof the analysis presented in this text is to identify differences in the structure of assets and liabilitiesbetween selected NACE sections of non-financial corporations in 2021 year. All analysed assetsand liabilities are characterized by very strong asymmetry. Therefore, the outlier effect has beenstandardized using Weber median. Further statistical analyses used Kruskal-Wallis non-parametricANOVA test to determine the similarity between assets and liabilities of selected NACE sections.The analysis showed that there are no significant differences in the assets and liabilities of thedifferent NACE sections.The PROFIT analysis allowed for a graphical representation of the structure of the similaritiesbetween the NACE sections analysed and their arrangement due to the intensity of the assets andliabilities. As regards the NACE sections analysed, three homogeneous groups can be distinguished,of which industry and trade constitute two of them and the others – the third. It has been shownthat the industry section is characterized by the highest intensity in both assets and liabilities.