ECONIMIC ASPECTS OF BREAKUP OF YUGOSLAVIA

Author(s): Dražen Marjanac / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2015

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia represented a community of six republics with socio-cultural, social and economical differences that increased over the decades, leading to disintegration of the state. Factors that led to the collapse of the state are numerous, such as cultural and religious differences, nationalism, structure and function of the state system, internal and external factors of disintegration, change in the world politics, different levels of economic development of the republics.The economic system of Yugoslavia was based on self-managing model, a hybrid of both capitalism and socialism, which was considered to be the most effective use of capital goods, increasing workforce productivity, distributing the income and creating a product competitive for the domestic and foreign markets. However, this system had tremendous disadvantages which in addition to the changes in the world market led to the state of recession, very high inflation, decrease in workforce productivity and competitiveness of the final products in the markets, eventually resulting in the collapse of the entire system and disintegration of Yugoslavia.

Wpływ aspirantów Katedry Ekonomii Politycznej w Instytucie Kształcenia Kadr Naukowych w Warszawie na polską ekonomię po II wojnie światowej

Author(s): Bogusław Czarny / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/2015

This paper is an attempt to describe the Department of Political Economy at the Institute for Training Scientific Cadres (IKKN), which operated in Warsaw in years 1950−1953, and later changed its name to the Institute for Social Sciences (INS). I endeavour to analyze the influence of the Department’s graduate students (aspiranci) on the Polish economics.I disagree with John Connelly’s opinion that the Institute had only a small contribution in strengthening the position of Marxism-Leninism in Polish academia. In case of economics the situation was different. I present numerous ways in which young economists from IKKN supported their teachers and mentors: Włodzimierz Brus, Bronisław Minc, Józef Zawadzki, Seweryn Żurawicki and others, who in Stalinist Poland took over high schools of economics through administrative and police methods. In particular, aspiranci from the IKKN hold the key positions in the structures of the Marxist political economy, newly formed after 1949. It helped them to gain strong influence over its crucial aspects, starting from access to economic information, through the research and publishing economic papers and books on economy, to the teaching. As a result IKKN, next to the Main School of Planning and Statistics (SGPiS) opened in 1949, proved to be one of the main tools in transforming Polish economics into communist political economy.

Политологични възгледи върху държавния социализъм в Източна Европа

Author(s): Dieter Segert / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5-6/2014

The author examines two main politology interpretations of state socialism: totalitarian dictatorship and catch-up modernization. He reveals their ideological bases and political roots, showing the adequacy and inadequacy of these views in comparison with theoretical work of Karl Marx, the practical development of V. Lenin and the imperial policy of Y. Stalin. According to the author state socialism in Eastern Europe was closest to the concept of “totalitarian dictatorship” in the late 1940s and early 1950s, and to the concept of “catch-up modernization” – in the 1960s and first half of 1970s. The author also examines the driving forces of reform of state socialism in Eastern Europe and the attempts at reforms based on the “Prague Spring” and its destiny. The researcher argues that in order to reform the state socialism, there had to be simultaneous reforms in the economic and political sphere – something that did not happen even during “perestroika”. Only after the 1990 the model “party -state” in Eastern Europe was liquidated.

Komunalno gospodarstvo in zasebna obrt kot primera ureditve razmerja med javnim in zasebnim v novejši slovenski gospodarski zgodovini (1945-1990)

Author(s): Jože Prinčič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2015

In the time of the second Yugoslav state the concepts of public and private attained entirely new implications, and hence a strict line separating the state and nonstate economic sectors was drawn. The following contribution, based on the available documentary materials, first analyses the main characteristics of how the public services in the economic field operated, and focuses mostly on the communal activities which ensured the basic material living and working conditions in the certain urban environments as activities of special social importance. Furthermore, the contribution also focuses on the systemic possibilities for small industry activities and characteristics of the development of private craft industry.

The Competing Theories of Development and Uderdevelopment

Author(s): Pritam Singh / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

This paper is an attempt to contribute to an eco-socialist critique of the widely prevailing theoretical perspectives on development with a focus on one aspect: the competing explanations of underdevelopment in the Third World and of the poverty resulting from that underdevelopment.The aspect of inequality between the developed capitalist economies and developing capitalist economies will also be examined from the viewpoint of its linkages with poverty in the Third World. Three main perspectives will be considered: one, the traditional one that keeps the discussion on poverty, underdevelopment and inequality within the framework of a capitalist economy; two, the Marxian one as a critique of capitalism and third, the Green one that focuses on the natural environment as a way of dealing with issues of poverty and underdevelopment.

From class-society to a democracy in permanence. Petr Uhl’s “Program of social self-management”

Author(s): Dirk Mathias Dalberg / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The paper deals with the normative democratic theory of the Czech dissident Petr Uhl (born in 1941), a revolutionary Marxist and Trotskyite. It describes the ambitions and analyses the problems of his main political work “Program of Society’s Self-Organization” written in the late 1970s. In this work Uhl attempted to describe, interpret, and criticize the existing political system in Czechoslovakia but also in the Western world and designed a normative democratic theory. The article also discusses the question of who influenced his thinking and answers two further questions: How was his “Program” perceived? and Did Uhl change his political point of view in the years following the publication of his program?

Propusti tržišta i planiranje

Author(s): Branko Horvat / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 13/2001

Još uvijek se općenito vjeruje, i na Istoku i na Zapadu, i među stručnjacima i među laicima, da ’’planiranje” i ’’tržište” predstavljaju dva nespojiva oblika organizacije. U ovom je pogledu neoklasično stajalište dobro izložio engleski liberalni ekonomist Lionel Robbins: Navodna prednost ekonomskog ’’planiranja” - naime da nudi izvjesnost s obzirom na budućnost - ovisi o pretpostavci da su u uvjetima ’’planiranja” postojeće kontrolne sile, izbori pojedinaca koji troše i štede, same dovedene pod kontrolu planera. Prema tome, javlja se paradoks: ili je planer bez instrumenata izračunavanja ciljeva zajednice kojoj namjerava služiti, ili, ako obnovi te instrumente, uklanja raison d ’etre ’’plana”.

EDUKACJA EKONOMICZNA SPOŁECZEŃSTWA A EDUKACJA PRZEDSIĘBIORCZOŚCI

Author(s): Beniamin Noga,Marian Noga / Language(s): Polish Issue: 44/2/2016

In the paper, authors have presented new point of view on enterprises education in Polish economy. Enterprises education is analysis in the light of economic education. Paper has most impotent conclusions for building middle class in Poland.

Механізм формування взаємодії сукупного попиту і сукупної пропозиції

Author(s): Serhiy Horlov / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 25/2014

This is the factor of improvement of theoretical calculations in macroeconomics.There is arguec that the aggregate demand is not always equal to the aggregate supply in this scientific work. Their interaction in any reporting period can lead to the following situations: QS=QD; QS <QD; QS >QD. That is, economic theorys, based on the balance of aggregate demand and supply, make sensc on conditions of equality of produced and consumed gross national product. But this is only a special case. In economy quite often, the real output of does not equal to consumption. If production exceeds consumption, the growth of savings in the economy in the amount of the non consumed goods and services in the economy during the analyzed period. If the real output less than consumption, there is a reduction of savings in the economy to the amount of consumed goods and services produced in the previous reporting period.The results of research show that the interaction of aggregate supply and aggregate demand in the economy we have three variants of the results: QS =QD; QS <QD; QS >QD. Research data assert that the balance of aggregate demand and aggregate supply is a separate case and in real life, they can be inbalance. The factor of the imbalance is to keep during the accumulate, or cost sare affecting on aggregate demand, creating the imbalance in macroeconomics. The balance in the reporting period is possible only if the condition if the change of savings is zero (ΔS=0).

Sosyal hakların ekonomik açıdan irdelenmesi

Author(s): Izzettin Önder / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2017

"Social Rights" are among the second generation rights in the general framework of Human Rights. While commodification of labor in the capitalist process has intensified class conflicts, policies have been developed to put barriers in front of commodification of labor over time in order to be able to meet the market needs of the capitalists and to take the lead in socialist movements developing in the world. The Declaration of the European Convention on Human Rights was published in December 1948 in order to protect the system against socialism. This declaration, along with being created as a measure against the absolute enslavement of labor, was unfortunately maintained in the "right of property", the chief responsible of the enslavement of labor. In the "welfare state" model, which was based on Keynes' theory after the World War II, the concept of the limitation of commodification of labor was developed and given some social rights at the expense. In this context, the concept of social rights and the phenomenon are treated as second category rights in the general human rights table as "Social, Economic and Cultural Rights". For this reason, defending the concept of social rights and the concept in the capitalist system means denying the capital's power and engaging in an inconclusive struggle. In the short term, it is absolutely necessary to defend social rights and to create policies in order to expand this field. In the long term, it is necessary to use the field of social rights and to aim at the real and longterm struggle. It is inevitable that the long-term struggle is aimed at the system despite the fact that the short-term struggle is within the system.

System of National Accounts of the FR of Yugoslavia and Republics for 1997

Author(s): Dušan Miljković / Language(s): English Issue: 01+02/1999

The system of national accounts which was being applied by developed and other countries of the world, was not unknown to the Yugoslav statistical service. Namely, in view of the Yugoslav economy’s openness to the rest of the world, the Yugoslav statistical service has been making accounts of the basic aggregates of production, consumption and investment for OECD needs by the national accounts methodology as of 1962. These data were included in the annual OECD economic surveys about the economic situation of the former Yugoslavia. Moreover, as a participant in the International Project of Comparing the Real Social (material) product and Purchasing Power of National Currencies, Yugoslavia calculated in great detail every fifth year in the 1976-1990 period the gross domestic product by for more than 150 groups of final consumption and capital formation. In the scope of its co-operation with the European Community Statistical Office (EUROSTAT), the Federal Statistical Office calculated the gross domestic product by industries for the year 1985, followed by the household, government consumption and capital formation according to material structure on the basis of the data presented in the Yugoslav economic balances. What this practically means is that a comprehensive and detailed account was made of the origin and uses of the gross domestic product, the basic account in the UN System of National Accounts.

Ownership Transformation to Date

Author(s): Miroljub Hadžić / Language(s): English Issue: 01+02/1999

As a wider process of the National Accounts 's adjustment to market-oriented operation, the ownership transformation passed through several phases in the course of this decade, in which the strategic options and legal frames were changed. Although the professionals and general public were very much in agreement over the necessity of conducting the ownership transformation, it progressed unevenly. Following the termination of the NATO aggression against Yugoslavia, a new phase of economic development is under way, which also calls for speeded up ownership transformation. This article deals with a breakdown of the economic environment and systemic frames of the ownership transformation to date, the tendencies it has been showing, the effect of devastation of the national economy on privatisation and the necessary recommendations for the makers of development and economic policies in this domain.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ATTITUDES OF MARX, KEYNES AND THE NEW KEYNESIANS TOWARDS THE ECONOMIC CRISIS

Author(s): Krste Sajnoski,Violeta Madzova,Tatjana Boshkov / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2017

In terms of the treatment of the global financial and economic crisis after World War II, Karl Marx and John Maynard Keynes rose to the surface after a long period of suppression of their knowledge about the crisis whereas the New Keynesians made a contribution to overcoming it. Starting from the crisis as an economic phenomenon having an internal logic of development, we have analyzed whether there exists a relationship between the attitudes of Marx, Keynes and the New Keynesians. After having reviewed separately the apparently contradicted opinions of the authors, we found out that there is a relation between them which makes them complementary. The differences arise out of the method for analysis of the crises and of the conditions under which they emerged and needed to be overcome. However, their common denominator is the insufficient demand even though they find its reasons within the different phases of expanded capital reproduction. They mostly differ in the way of overcoming the crises taking into account the different systemic conditions which they had at their disposal and the constant tightening of the contradictions in the national economies and at a global level. In fact, the changes of the systemic conditions were made in order to mitigate those contradictions. This knowledge elicits a contemporary political economic approach to crises in order to accost them more effectively or to overcome them efficiently if they occur, taking into account their negative socio-political repercussions.

Gwarancja zatrudnienia czy dochód podstawowy?

Author(s): Praktyka Teoretyczna / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2017

Editorial to the thematic issue

Metody zbierania danych w badaniach wewnętrznych uwarunkowań zachowania konsumentów w okresie przed dokonaniem zakupu

Author(s): Stanisław Kaczmarczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2014

In the period before shopping, there are surveyed the consumer-dependent factors shaping their behaviour. They comprise economic, psychical, physical, demographic and socio-cultural factors. Within the framework of the process of marketing research of consumers’ behaviours, one must well plan and apply methods of data collection, both those traditional and new ones. The correct and comprehensive classification of those methods helps in planning and carrying out consumer surveys.

Политичке последице економских реформи 60-их година у СФРЈ. Од дезинтеграције економског система до конфедерализације Југославије (1961–1971)

Author(s): Danijel Kežić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2017

This paper analyses the impact of economic reforms of 1961 and 1965 on the process of decentralization and disintegration of political and economic system in Yugoslavia during the 1960s. This paper focuses on transformations of investment system caused by the implementation of free market economy, and the effects these transformations had on the political system of Yugoslavia. This paper also deals with the reform of the Yugoslav Railway during the 1960s, as a practical example of the process of transformations in Yugoslavia after the economic reforms. The central thesis of this paper is that the economic reforms influenced a division of Yugoslav economic system on the level of republics. This division of economic system was the first step toward a discussion about the national question and division of a political system of Yugoslavia.

GENERAL ECONOMIC INDICES

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Issue: 14/1963

Dialektyka natury i społeczeństwa przeciwko monizmowi. Esej recenzyjny z Marx in the Anthropocene Kohei Saita (2023, Cambridge University Press)

Author(s): Antonina Januszkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 51/2024

The article discusses Kohei Saito’s work Marx in the Anthropocene, placing it against the broader background of the discussion of Marx’s ecological thought and explaining the basic assumptions of metabolic scratch theory. The main thread of the book on which the author focuses, however, is Saito’s critique of contempo-rary ecocritical monist conceptions (binding the orders of nature and culture into a unity). As she shows, Marx’s methodological dualism is better able to identify ways out of the ecological crisis

Wiersz jak wysychająca rzeka i nasza wrażliwość. O współczesnej ekokrytyce w badaniach literackich

Author(s): Łukasz Żurek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The article deals with the relationship between beliefs about the sources/causes of the climate crisis and ecocriticism in literary studies. The author emphasizes that literary stu- dies, being a cultural practice, is not isolated from the ideological nature of contemporary re- ality. In his analysis, the author focuses on the visions of causality of a literary work and acco- unts on interpretation present in Polish ecocriticism. The works of Polish authors associated with ecocriticism provide material for the reconstruction of those beliefs.

Sposoby produkcji – stare spostrzeżenia, nowe pytania

Author(s): Mateusz Kufliński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The aim of the paper is to critically analyze the concept of mode of pro-duction (MoP). The author points out three problems with the existing approaches:1) MoP is a theory of the state, 2) underestimating reproduction over production,and 3) understanding production as the production of commodities – treatingWealth as wealth and undervaluing the production of people in favor of the produc-tion of things, commodities. After reviewing the key approaches to MoP, the authordevelops each of the aforementioned problems in order to be able to ask the titlequestions, as well as to try to sketch out possible solutions to each of the problems.