Development of Forms of Ownership in Yugoslavia

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Issue: 12/1963

According to Yugoslavia’s pre-war legislation holders of the right ownership were natural and artificial persons (business companies, business co-operatives, family co-operatives, political, sports, cultural and other associations, religious institu-tions, etc., the state, »banovinas«, communes, public agencies, etc.). However, it made no difference to the character of private ownership whether the property holders were natural or artificial persons since in both cases appropriation was carried out in private interest. Therefore, in this article the notion of private prop-erty also covers property owned by the state and its derivative bodies, since in view of the class character of its holders this form of property did not in essence differ from the private ownership of other holders.

The Work of the Central Council of the Federation of Yugoslav Trade Unions (1959— 1962)

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Issue: 12/1963

Characteristic of Yugoslav internal development between 1959 and 1962 was a further build-up of the socio-economic system, an extension of direct self-management, and a further elaboration of the system of income distri-bution according to work. The Central Council of the Federation of Yugoslav Trade Unions and other leading trade union bodies (republican, district and communal councils, and central, republican and communal committees) took an active part in these developments and in trying to find the best answers to various economic, social and other problems affecting the interests of the community and the working class. Trade union branch organizations were also more active than ever before throughout the period. During the last few years the Federation of Yugoslav Trade Unions has been increasingly engaged internationally. In particular, there have been greater efforts to obviate the split in the world trade union movement and to provide conditions for closer co-operation among all trade unions regardless of their international adherence and ideological and political orientation. In this respect the Federation (together with many other friendly trade union movements) has been particularly active in preparations for holding an international trade union conference to discuss various topical problems concerning the common interests of the working class and its organizations all over the world.

The 1963 Federal Economic Plan (for Yugoslavia)

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Issue: 12/1963

The 1963 Federal Economic Plan differs considerably from earlier annual plans because of the way in which its targets are presented. In the first place, less attention has been paid to the quantitative expression of individual targets than in earlier years, and secondly, provisions regulating business conditions and measures for the fulfilment of the targets have been elaborated in much more detail than hitherto. This method of presenting the Plan and defining its targets are a result of efforts to bring it as near as possible to actual economic relations in the country and to the principles on which the economic system is based, that is, to ensure the fulfilment of its targets primarily through improved business conditions and measures of economic policy and thereby provide better opportunities for stimulating and developing the initiative of all those engaged in economic activities. In conformity with the foregoing, the first section of the Plan lays down the basic purpose and objectives of economic policy regarding production, employment and productivity, foreign trade and balance of payments, generation and distribution of resources, investment policy, personal consumption, social services and public utilities, general consumption, the market and prices. The second and third sections of the Plan contain general provisions concerning business conditions in all fields of the economy and measures for the implementation of the planned targets.

Yugoslavia’s Merchant Marine

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Issue: 12/1963

More than half of Yugoslavia’s steadily expanding international exchange is carried by sea. In 1960, for example, 5,197,000 tons, or 50.5 per cent of the total volume of trade (10,261,000 tons) was carried by sea as compared with 5,617,000 tons or 51.7 per cent of the total (10,886,000 tons) in 1961. These figures show the importance of the mercantile fleet in the country’s economic development. The important role played in international trade by her merchantmen, particularly cargo liners, saves Yugoslavia considerable amounts of foreign exchange which would otherwise have to be spent on chartering shipping space from foreign companies, while on the other hand, by plying and transporting freight between various foreign ports Yugoslav ships earn the country considerable amounts of foreign exchange. Another aspect is the fact that the merchant fleet absorbs a considerable amount of the output of domestic shipyards1 and other industries manufacturing marine equipment. Of a total of 619,012 GRT of new shipping bought in the period 1957—1961, 277,861 GRT, or 45 per cent, was built in Yugoslav yards. Furthermore, the merchant fleet employs, both on board and on land, a considerable number of people, at the end of 1961 as many as 12,870, of whom 9,922 were on ships.

Maize (-production in Yugoslavia in early 1960s)

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Issue: 12/1963

Maize is one of the most important arable crops in Yugoslavia. During the last few years Yugoslavia has taken fifth place in world maize output (1961 after USA, USSR, Brazil and Rumania) and third in Europe. Besides having many advantages in production and favourable marketing possibility, maize is also a very profitable crop, a fact of particular importance for the further expansion of its cultivation. During the war maize cultivation considerably decreased and in the years of post-war reconstruction and accelerated industrialization it remained below the average pre-war output. In that period practically no investments were made in maize cultivation, nor were any measures taken to advance it. During the last few years a large-scale drive has been in progress with the object of advancing agriculture and expanding modern farming production. This has meant considerable investments in agriculture as a whole, and particularly in providing socially owned estates with up-to-date equipment for modern farming. These and other measures have resulted in the faster development of agricultural production as a whole and of maize as the most important crop in particular.

GENERAL ECONOMIC INDICES

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Issue: 13/1963

Николај Вознесенски и његов допринос победи СССР-а у Другом светском рату

Author(s): Ivan Pajović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 163/2017

The paper is a retrospective presentation of the work of Nikolai Alekseevich Voznesensky – an economist, scientist and economic activist who was notable for his work on the law of value, market and profit in socialism. Тhis work examines the significance of its impact on the economy of the Soviet Union before and especially during the Second World War. The paper presents the quantifiers of the development of the Soviet Union before the war, and data that are significant for the course of the war and the Soviet victory. Voznesensky as an economic expert and a state official was a key figure in the evacuation of the Soviet economy and its reestablishment for the purpose of national defense and the final victory over the German aggressors. His great merit for the final victory of the Soviet Union is undeniable, perhaps even crucial. Although undoubtedly meritorious, he underwent repression and was executed under unclear circumstances circumstances. Although he was a Marxist economist with socialist views of economic activity, Voznesensky is unjustly neglected figure in the history of the world economy and economic thought.

Marka jako determinanta zakupu na rynku certyfikowanej żywności dla niemowląt i małych dzieci

Author(s): Dominika Kuberska,Karolina Suchta / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

Vita a "Fordulat és reform" című anyagról

Author(s): Katalin Dévai,László Thoma / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/1987

Konuşan İktisatçılar Türkiye’nin Sorunlarını Tartışıyor

Author(s): Hale Kirmizioğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2018

The reason for writing this article I realize that the students of economics have difficulty in giving an answer to elementary economic issues and indeed complicate it. However, it would be helpful for them to form an understanding of the economic ideas in terms of which school of thought they are belonging to. The main problem that creates complexity at this point seems to be that they do not know (or ignore) that the information they gather reflects different economic views or that the analysis tools they use together belong to different schools of economics. This situation, which makes it difficult to make economic inferences, can be facilitated by listening the economists when explaining their own ideas. Therefore, the aim of this study is not to discuss the economic problems of Turkey, but rather to try to reflect the views of certain fundamental aspects of the economic thinkers as clear and compact as possible. The selected thinkers are preferred according to their recognition as representative for their school of economic thought. Although, the method of this study is hermeneutic, language analysis is not its main purpose. In this study, it will be tried to interpret and adhere only economic theories or economic discourse, even if the language analysis and the meanings behind it are also common features of hermeneutic method.

Marksist Emperyalizm Teorileri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Author(s): Yeliz Sariöz Gökten / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2018

Imperialism from the 19th century onwards has occupied the agenda of various Global Political Economy Schools, especially Marxism. Marxist imperialism theories has developed in three waves. In this study, firstly, the first wave theorists of imperialism (Hilferding, Lenin, Bukharin, Luxembourg) will be discussed. Then the second wave theorists Baran, Sweezy and Amin's theories of imperialism will be examined. Finally, within the framework of the third wave imperialism theories the views of Harvey, Foster and Magdoff will be addressed.

O twórczej destrukcji przestrzeni – Marks i sieci logistyczne

Author(s): Piotr Juskowiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26/2017

The primary goal of this article is to reinterpret the most essential recent transformations of the logistics sector (e.g. new forms and functions of infrastructure, innovations in the field of software and space production, specificity of logistical cities) from the perspective of critical urban studies. To do so, I draw inspiration from Marx’s conceptions of the circulation of capital and the annihilation of space by time. The first part of the article pays particular attention to two intertwined threads of late Marxian thought: the methodological primacy of movement, and the distinct role of transport in realizing and increasing surplus value. Both of these latter make it possible to see logistics as the logical result of the spatial dynamics of capital and the capitalist logic of acceleration analyzed by Marx in the second volume of Capital and Grundrisse. The article’s second part is an extensive interpretation of Marx’s concept of annihilation of space by time. Proposing three possible readings of this concept (compression, synchronization, and abstraction), I attempt to relate them to the logistic strategy of the creative destruction of space being undertaken thanks to the infrastructure of acceleration. In the third part of the article, I discuss these innovations of the logistics sector as a general tendency of contemporary capitalist development. For this purpose, I take up the notion of fabricating a world (Mezzadra and Neilson 2013a) as something that enables the exploration of the new geo-economic order as a result of changing forms of infrastructure power and of subjectivity production enacted through global factories (Cowen 2014b) and logistical cities.

Od możliwości do imperatywu: historia rynku

Author(s): Ellen Meiksins Wood / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26/2017

The author shows that the history of the capitalist market is inextricably linked to an unprecedented use of force and violence in human history. Such a view of the market has a profound impact on our understanding of the transition from the feudal to the capitalist order. The author indicates that this transition was not a “liberation” from feudal bondage, but on the contrary was connected with the subordination of the market to capitalist imperatives of production. This subordination resulted not from technological progress or almost transhistorical rights, but from the transformation of social property relations between the peasants and the nobility in England. Such an approach to the capitalist market also sheds a different light on its possible political alternatives.

Agrarne początki kapitalizmu

Author(s): Ellen Meiksins Wood / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26/2017

This article presents the underlying assumptions and main arguments of "political Marxism." The author shows how and why the beginning of capitalism should be primarily associated with the countryside and agriculture, and secondarily with the city and trade. The subordination of food production processes to the imperatives of capitalism determines capitalism’s revolutionary character. The main reason for that lies in the transformation of the processes responsible for the reproduction of the whole society and not only for the distribution or redistribution of surpluses.

Kapitalizm. Historia krótkiego trwania – Dziewiętnaście Long Reads o „Tysiącu lat niewolnictwa”

Author(s): Jan Jerzy Sowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26/2017

This text is a critical essay devoted to Kacper Pobłocki’s book Capitalism: A courte durée History and comprises a series of loosely interrelated comments regarding the methodological assumptions, explanatory value, novelty as well as social functioning of Pobłocki's book. Among the problems discussed, three have a dominant character. The methodological problem of explaining the beginnings of capitalism and the social character of the system (the debate between Marxism and the theory of dependence). Second, the relevance of historical counter-examples of non-capitalist social systems. And last but not least, the problem of teleology in historical explanations and its hidden presence in terminology used in the book suggesting a linear development of human history.

Dwie podróże po kapitalizmie, czyli odpowiedź Janowi Sowie

Author(s): Kacper Pobłocki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26/2017

This text is a reply to Jan Sowa’s article Capitalism: A court durée History - Nineteen Long Reads about "One Thousand Years of Slavery." The author addresses the arguments and objections formulated in the text, and presents his own opinion on the social role and the function of academic discourse. The main issues raised in the text are the relation of the author's project to the theory of Karl Polanyi (in particular his theory of the three fictitious commodities constituting the basis of capitalism), an interpretation of the theoretical meaning of the dispute about the notion of space in the analysis of capitalism, and the issue of the de-westernization of theory.

Cucumbers and Courgettes: Rural Workfare and the New Double Movement in Hungary

Author(s): Chris Hann / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The paper is an application of the economic anthropology of Karl Polanyi to contemporary rural Hungary. After addressing the influence of Polanyi’s critique of market society and his standing in the discipline of anthropology, the main focus is the community of Tázlár on the Danube-Tisza interfluve. The paper traces the history of the ‘fictitious commodities’ of land and labour in this relatively isolated settlement, which was not fully integrated into the national society until the socialist era. The innovative symbiosis of household and cooperative farming was destroyed in the 1990s. In the depressed economic climate of today, workfare schemes are popular because they treat villagers as human beings rather than as commodities to be exploited for maximum profit. The workfare initiatives of populist power holders can be interpreted as one facet of a complex ‘double movement’ in which postsocialist society seeks to defend itself against the domination of the market.

Global Inequality in Redistribution: For A World-Historical Sociology of (Not) Caring

Author(s): József Böröcz / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

This paper decomposes global inequality in redistrbution, using data from the World Development Indicators data set of the World Bank. It finds that per capita income has a modest, yet persistent effect on redistribution. More provocatively, the paper also demonstrates that, over and beyond the impact of per capita GDP, global inequalities in redistribution over the last generation or so strongly reflect the double legacies of colonialism (improving the likelihood of redistribution in former-colonizer societies and sharply reducing it in erstwhile-colonized, recently independent societies). In addition, it also finds that the history of recent exposure to state socialism increases the presence of redistributive institutions, partly counter-balancing the effects of lower national incomes.

Kontekst i značenje Marxova Kapitala

Author(s): Lino Veljak / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2018

It is absolutely necessary to put Marx’s Capital in the context of genesis of his critique of political economy and thus determine the character of such critique. It comprises an ontology of social existence, which upon the analysis of alienated work provides insight into the necessity of private property and logic of extended reproduction aiming at obtaining profit. Insights into inner counterconditionality of alienated work and into necessity of life reproduction within the framework of extended profit reproduction direct us towards the potential self-cancellation contained in the existing order. It is concluded that neither Capital nor the entire opus of Marx’s critique of political economy as ontology of alienated social existence can be considered as obsolete.

Карл Маркс и противоречията на „Капитализъм 4.0“

Author(s): Hristo Prodanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2018

Technologies are part of the logic of development of capitalism, and technological revolutions are an instrument for moving it from one stage to another. The aim of this research is to study the contradictions of the "Capitalism 4.0, based on the technologies of the Fourth industrial revolution. The research includes two main parts: The first one is related with the ideas of Karl Marx about the role of technologies in the development of capitalism and its stages, connected with different technologies. The second one is about the contradictions of "Capitalism 4.0", connected with the technologies of the Fourth industrial revolution.