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Na degradiranim površinama područja Tuzle, uslijed površinske eksploatacije uglja došlo je do formiranja novih vodenih tijela – kopovskih jezera. Ova jezera čine specifičnu vrstu vještačkih akumulacija, koja nastaju punjenjem završnog kratera vodom po prestanku drenažnog i eksploatacionog procesa, ili pregrađivanjem površinskih tokova vode jalovinskim materijalom.
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The paper analyzes the recent trends in the occurrence of frost days in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Trends during the 1961-2015 periods were determined based on data from fourteen meteorological stations. MAKESENS procedure, which uses the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test and the nonparametric Sen’s method, was applied on time series of annual number of frost days to assess trends magnitude and its statistical significance. Given the results, negative and largely significant trends are present all over Bosnia and Herzegovina territory. The estimated decreasing trend was in the range of 2.1-6.4 days per decade. The percentile analysis of the annual number of frost days in Bosnia and Herzegovina suggests that a decreasing trend has become more pronounced since 1990s and particularly since the beginning of the 21st century. The observed downward trends were primarily a consequence of high negative trends in the coldest winter months - in January and December. The most prominent decrease in annual number of frost days was observed in Banja Luka, Bugojno, Zenica and Bjelašnica area. Further research on the effects of the determined trends in the frost occurrence on plants is necessary particularly due to the observed changes in plant phenology as a result of climate system warming.
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This paper presents the morphological and genetical characteristics of small forms of modern periglacial environment of the Balkan Peninsula mountains, called solifluctional scars. Except several previous observations, these forms have not been distinguished and considered as a type of a modern periglacial relief so far. Solifluctional scars are small phenomena of the horseshoe indentations in the pedological-vegetational base of the decimetermeter dimensions. They are formed by cleavage of the base by the use of a solifluctional sliding process with secondary processes of frost and linear water denudation during their subsequent evolution. As such, they can be seen as rudimentary phenomena of beginnings of linear flows of snowmelt, as well as a small mud solifluctionaltorrential flows, but also in general, as a segment of cryoplanation. These qualities classify them into a frame of rudimentary phenomena at the lower limit of the periglacial climazonal belt in the Balkan Peninsula mountains.
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This paper provides the insight into morpho-hydrologic characteristics and speleogenesis of the Jankova pećina cave and the evolution of karst in the nearby vicinity. Phases in cave evolution, which represents the alternation of accumulative and erosion processes, were analysed. Clogging of existed conduits during the first accumulative phase leads to displacement of the Janko's creek abyss and formation of another entrance along with new, deeper storaged conduits. The strewed parts of the cave were exposed to partial removal of sediments what resulted in exhumation of its oldest products. The opening of the quite new entrance (vigled) during the opposite process and phase of clogging the endure air circulation inside the cave has been changed. As the consequence, the asymmetric forms of stalactites and stalagmites formed. Study of the Jankova pecina cave represents a contribution to better knowledge of accumulative processes as a significant speleogenetic factor.
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Differentiation between the terms “Pannonian Basin” and “Pannonian Plain” is not clear enough in geographical literature. The paper discusses the usage of the term “plain” in geomorphology, as well as the usage of a quantitative method for plain delineation, through calculation of relief roughness coefficient (using a digital elevation model). Qualitative analysis, which includes the definition of dominant geomorphological processes and the distribution of Quaternary sediments, is an addition to the quantitative analysis. In the Republic of Serbia, the area of the Pannonian plain defined in this way is 24,448 km2, which is 27.5% of the total territory of the country. The paper gives the overview of the geotectonic structure and evolution of the Pannonian Basin System, with special stress on the territory of Serbia, as well as the chronology of the Pannonian sedimentation area in Serbia from the Lower Miocene till present. In order to explain the status of the Pannonian plain as one of the morphostructural units of Serbia, the theoretical basics of morphostructures are discussed, as well as the principles of their spatial definition and the relation to the notion of a geological structure. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 47007]
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The evolution of Gajina mlaka paleovalley from pre-karstic to current phase reveals the complexity of process of transformation of valleys in karst and formation of fluviokarst uvalas. The creation of river network and formation of the valley of Gajina mlaka are related to successive with drawal of the Pontiac Sea. Predominance of karstic process over fluvial causes the transformation of fluvial morphology into karstic. The degree of transformation depends on relationship of the intensity between these two opposed processes. Karstification covers all parts of Gajina mlaka valley which are built in karst. Riverbeds are almost completely transformed and dolines are formed along them. In the parts of valleys with more significant lithologic differences, more complex tectonic relationships and different pre-karstic fluvial morphology, larger forms of relief are created by karstic process and they are called uvalas. According to the presented method of genesis and evolution of uvalas it can be concluded that they are clearly morphologically and genetically individualized karst landforms, which negates some contemporary opinions that exclude both the term and form uvala as karstic element of relief.
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Speleomorphological exploration in the Kamena Gora village area and Petnja depression, parts of the Jabuka-Babine plateau bordering on Montenegro in the extreme SW of Serbia, is described in this paper in the sections on morphology, survey methods and general speleomorphologic and morphogenetic features of caves. The results of particular note are the two cave systems in Petnja depression: the Petnja Caves 551 m long and the Kurtova Jama system 650 m long, the latter probably being one of major speleologic features in Serbia. The big and small Mujova Caves and Bezdan are the three caves explored in Kamena Gora. The exploration should be continued at a general survey level.
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The Upper Barremian-Lower Aptian succession is recorded from a limestone sequence that crops out in the surrounding of Rakova Bara in the Carpatho-Balkanides range in northeastern Serbia. The micropalaeontological and sedimentological studies lead to recognition of the two types of microfacies. The benthic foraminiferal association consists of Vercorsella laurentii, Rumanoloculina robusta, Praechrysalidina infracretaceae, Dictyoconus gr. arabicus, Debarina hahounerensis, Charentia cuvilieri and Pseudocyclammina lituus that confirm the stratigraphical and palaeoenvironmental connection of the microfossil assemblages with the classical Urgonian-type, shallow-water carbonate sedimentation. The association documented for the first time in the study area is considered typical of the Tethyan Realm. The stratigraphical position of the benthic foraminifera species within the Upper Barremian-Lower Aptian interval is discussed. The Urgonian Limestone's of the studied section are comparable with adjacent areas of eastern Serbia and Romanian South Carpathians.
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During several-year long research on Tupižnica (1160 m), a low limestone mountain in eastern Serbia, some terraces, cirque niches and other occurrences and forms in the highest parts of mountain with unfamiliar genetic origin have been registered. Using the complex analysis of this morphology, and relying on the achievements of contemporary geomorphology, we have come to conclusion that the aforementioned terraces resemble relict periglacial, or, cryoplanation relief, which has been taken from the fact that Tupižnica was in its Last Glacial Maximum with its highest parts in the zone of mountainous periglacial environment. Considering the fact that this morphology is registered on a low mountain, the aim of this paper is to prove the given assumption and solve this problem.
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The karst plateau of Susure, about 4.5 km2 in surface area, is situated on the Jadovnik eastern offset, western Serbia. The plateau is a morphologic unit higher 15 m to 30 m than the surrounding terrain. The unit consists of crushed and karstified Middle Triassic limestones. Numerous hydrogeological and geomorphologic features of the plateau are attractive for visitors in this economically underdeveloped country. Rocks building up the surrounding terrain are largely peridotites. Surface streams flow neither into nor off the plateau. Atmospheric precipitations discharge to evapotanspiration and filtration underground. More than eighteen constant springs at the limestone/peridotite tectonic contact drain fracture aquifers on the karst plateau border. Measured precipitations and springflows were the input and output data for accounting water budget of an aquifer of Middle Triassic limestones in the Susure plateau.
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This paper analyzes the affected parts in municipality Ub by remote sensing. On the basis of determining the recent state of environmental elements of the municipality with the clip, suggestions were made for the protection and control. Special attention is devoted to the analysis of the most vulnerable parts of the municipality, located in the eastern and northeastern part of the municipality. In those parts of the observed traces of heavy metals in the images, and partly visible, and erosion processes. For the purposes of monitoring environmental elements in Ub, the results of remote sensing analysis are presented.
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Aleksandrovac Zupa represents the example of territorial area with composite geological structure and furthermore compound geotectonic framework. Due to the character of some formations, framework and time relation of deformation, these areas belong among the most compound on the Balkan Peninsula. On its territory, the big and composite structural-facies zones are being confronted and became imbued. In a stratigraphic point of view, the largest extend have the Miocene deposits that overlain the crystalline schists of Proterozoic.
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The importance of Quaternary sediments as a lithological setting for landslide development is analyzed in the paper. Landslides on the terraces of the Ibar River, close to Kraljevo and Mataruška Banja, as well as in the alluvial plain of the rivers Južna Morava and Belica, show that alluvial sediments can have a characteristic of a quasistatic topographical surface. The aim of this paper is to detect the lithological-structural and morphosculptural determinants of landslide development in Quaternary sediments. The case study of landslides in the alluvial sediments of the Belica River and its tributary Slatinski Potok is presented.
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Serbia is located approximately in the middle of the north temperate zone, i.e. in the central part of the Balkan Peninsula, where there are several mountains the highest parts of which enter the present periglacial altitude zone. One of those mountains is Kopaonik (2017 m), the highest parts of which enter the high-mountainous periglacial zone, above the upper forest border. Several forms and occurrences of periglacial environment have been registered on the southern border of presence and occurrence in the mountains of the South Eastern Europe. This is why these forms, as relatively rare phenomena, are significant and interesting for research, especially within periglacial geo-diversity of Serbia. New field research in Kopaonik established the occurrences of complex and slow thermogenic landslides (Nesic, D, Milincic, D, 2004), then frosty occurrences in the soil, such as sorting of creep or frosty grass hummocks – tuffs and migrating clods. There is a significant presence of detritus strata of soil destroyed by frost (Vasovic, M, 1988) and erosion nivation and frosty forms, whereas occurrences of sliding blocks are relatively rare. Especially, the occurrence of sliding block fields has been established (Belij, S, 1992), which is going to be the main subject of our consideration.
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The tufa accumulations in the valley of Bigreni stream are morphogenetically complex. The great importance for the occurrence of tufa, as in majority of other accumulations in Eastern Serbia, has the vicinity of the karst spring. The presence of cascades in the gorge of Bigreni stream enabled primary formation of waterfall tufa. After partitioning the gorge, the phase of the barrier tufa accumulation began. The erosive phase is currently present and therefore, once unique accumulation has been divided into several smaller accumulations. The possibility for protection because of the vicinity of the protected capped spring and the beauty of tufa waterfalls indicate the potential for tourist exploitation of this locality.
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The objective of this study is to assess the effect of physical and chemical properties of Marl's formations on sediment and runoff rates at different rainfall intensities, based on using field rainfall simulator. For this purpose, first Marl's formations (Neocene's units) were separated to five units including Halite siltstone(NgSiH), Siltstone (NgSi), Mudstone (gy1C), Gypsum mudstone (gy1CG) and Halite clay stone (gy2CH), based on physical and chemical properties. Then runoff and sediment rates were determined in each unit at two intensities (30 and 60 mm/h) using rainfall simulator. Analysis of variance and Duncan's tests showed that Halite siltstone unit has produced the highest amount of runoff and sediment rates and then the runoff and sediment rates of other subunits in decreasing order are as follows: Siltstone, gy2CH, gylCG and gy1C are 5% significant level. The trend of induced runoff and sediment rates at different times showed that in Halite siltstone and Siltstone units the runoff amounts were fixed rapidly at 2nd ten minutes. And, on the other units, the runoff amounts were fixed at 3rd ten minutes and sediment yield was increased rapidly at 3rd ten minutes.
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Original, natural grass geocomposites (sods) were developed on the basis of combination from unstuffy, needle-drive textile material, geo-net and soil-manure-peat or peat with grass cover from grass mixtures. The natural grass geocomposites have the next priorities: quickly grassing and reinforcing of eroded and degraded terrains; large uniformity and compactness of grass cove; long exploiting period; grassing of terrains with big slopes where the mechanization is difficult to use; the articles are with low mass, small thickness and high stability; they limit the growing of weed. The natural grass geocomposites are intend for control of soil erosion and reconstruction of natural landshaft. They can to reinforce ditches, grass collectors, side of the road slopes, as well as lay out lawn, parks, stadiums, ski racing tourist's beauty spot, etc.
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Forest conversions may lead to an accumulation of carbon in vegetation, but little is known about changes in soil C storage with establishment of plantation forests. Understanding these effects is important to addressing issues relevant to ecosystem function and productivity, and to global balance of carbon. The study investigated the effects of the created coniferous plantations on former beech and pasture sites on the soil organic carbon storage. The major forest-related land-uses in the high mountainous regions of central Stara Planina Mountain were investigated: mountainous pasture, coniferous plantations (planted on previous pasture and beech forests between four and five decades ago) and natural beech forests. The experimental data of soil properties, conducted in 2005, 2006 and 2007, were used in determining the variations in organic carbon storage in forest litter and in mineral soil under different land-use patterns. At each site five representative soil profiles were opened and described giving a total 75 soil samples from the soil layers respectively at 0-10, 10-30 and 30-50 cm depth. A total of 55 samples from forest floor layers (Aol, Aof, Aoh and greensward) were collected with 25:25 cm plastic frame. The main soil properties were determined in accordance with the standardized methods in the Laboratory of soil science at the Forest Research Institute - BAS. The IPCC Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry was used to estimate the soil organic carbon stock in soil and litter. The results obtained showed that the SOC stock was quite similar among forest land-uses. The conversion of natural beech forests to coniferous plantations in studied region is related with slightly expressed decrease in soil carbon storage. The values of SOC stocks in 0-50 cm soil layer in these sites were 8.5 (±2.1) tones/ha for pine and 11.0 (±1.4) tones/ha for spruce, while under the natural beech forest it was 14.8 (±1.0) tones/ha. The SOC stock in mountainous pasture was 20.7 (± 6.5) tones/ha, while in spruce plantation created on previous pasture it was 13.5 (±2.7) tones/ha. Our finding showed that forest conversions effect in central Stara Planina Mountain is expressed by decrease in SOC stock related with losses of carbon from the upper mineral soil decades after creation of coniferous plantations. Nevertheless the relatively large organic carbon storage in forest litter in the spruce plantations compensated C lost from mineral soil after the land-use change. The overall carbon stock both in forest litter and soil under plantations ranged from 56 tones/ha (pine) to 77 tones/ha (spruce), while under natural beech forest and pasture the values were 70 and 81 tones/ha respectively. But in terms of stability C sequestrated in mineral soil is more desirable than C sequestrated in forest floor which are more vulnerable to decomposition following disturbances. The application of silvicultural activities in coniferous plantations created by conversion of forest lands or grasslands in the region of central Balkan is desirable to improve the carbon sequestration in soils.
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Torrential floods are the most frequent phenomenon in the arsenal of 'natural risks', in Serbia (droughts, avalanches, landslides, rockslides, hail, forest fires, storm wind and earthquakes). Regime of occurrence of floods was studied on the basis of investigations carried out on 128 control profiles, on all important river systems in Serbia, south from Sava and Danube. Frequency of event of maximal discharge Qmax, over determined threshold, defined as average maximal discharge Qmaxsr, was analyzed. The primary maximum of frequencies was noticed in the period May-June, and the secondary maximum of frequencies in the period February-March. The absolute maximal discharges Qmaxa registered on certain profiles follow the periods with the most expressed frequencies, but there are also significant exceptions. A few equations have been derived, which point out close relations between average maximal discharge Qmaxsr, magnitude of the catchment area A, average annual discharge Qsr and the absolute maximal discharge Qmaxa [Qmaxsr=f(A); Qmaxsr=f(Qsr); Qmaxsr=f(A, Qsr); Qmaxa=f(Qmaxsr)]. Historical cases of maximal discharges, reconstructed on the basis of 'hydraulics flood traces' are presented.
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Natural basis is a complex, dynamic and meaningful geospatial category. Although its intensity is subject to changes, it is both a permanent determinant of social development and a physical basis of geoecological processes. Due to its own development tendencies and more intensive and various anthropogenic influences, the relation between natural basis and human society is characterized by a specific structure and dynamics of geoecological processes. In the case study of the region Župa Aleksandrovačka (despite its small territory), geoecological processes are characterized by a number of specific and detectable morpho-physionomical and morpho-functional elements and relations. Such a structure of geoecological processes provides geographical homogenity and individuality to the region of Župa Aleksandrovačka.
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