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Inside the New Europe, proposed to reorganize based on cosmic principles instead of some arbitrary decisions, it’s possible to create five administrative-territorial unities, with grouping of the existent national states, -enclaves and –exclaves, of which functioning follows a damped harmonic oscillator model, taking part in the forming Eurasian Continental Unity. The Carpathian Chain being the terrestrial projection of the Constellation Draco/Dragon, with the included Ecliptic Centre represented by the Rosia Poieni Peak in the West-Carpathians, results of course the forming around it the Central-East European Territory, bordered by the Baltic Sea to the North, the Mediterranean Sea to the South, the Black Sea and the rivers Nistru-Bug to the East, and by the limits of the Central-West European Territory (former German-Roman Empire) to the West, with which together are forming the New Central Europe, surrounded by the West-, North- and East-European Territories, each of them with Northern- and Southern parts. Thus, the Central-East European Territory, called DRAKYA according to the Constellation, is separated by the river Danube-Drava in North-Drakya=DAKYA and South-Drakya=TRAKYA. DAKYA is relatively simple to realize, extending the V4 Association of Czech-land, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary with ROMANIA and MOLDOVA, respectively including the intercalated small teritories, but TRAKYA is more difficult to border inside the Mediterranean Sea. The coordinating centre of DAKYA results of course by cosmic criteria, through realizing of the new spatial town ROSIA POIENI, with residential and agreement zones on the surface, and with production and communal services in the depth, including a transatomic work too. A similar coordinating centre is possible to realize in TRAKYA at the Olympos Mountain, which is the projection of the Thuban, first star of the Constellation. In this conception, the functioning of the whole system is proposed with a periodicity of 5 years, started in 2020 with DRAKYA and TRAKYA, and from 2030 following with our western neighbours, and in order the West-, North- and East-European territorial ones, so in the next 100 years will be functioning the complete system with its mechanism based on equality, equilibrium and harmony, making certain the long-term evolution, after 2120 in cicles of 30 years. This transition from the „bulk” or atomized Europe to the proposed new structure, coincides with a transition process to a higher level of our consciousness, through a cosmic thought in general, inclusive in our renewed architectural and urbanistic thinking. In Europe’s restructuring based on cosmic principles, after their outside positions, ROMANIA and MOLDOVA will have a central position and coordinating role, with the possibility to catch up – or exceed – the more advanced European countries, restructuring their slender infrastructure and settlement network, as a result of their better situation in the domain of resources. In the realizing process of this grandious programme, a prime role will have the institution INCD-URBAN-INCERC, with its complex profile, able to coordinate on long term
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The author provides general characteristics for over a hundred of archaeological sites of the Golden Horde time on the territory of the Volga Bulgaria, such as forts, unfortified settlements and necropolises. He studies history of their research, area of distribution, topography of some sites, stratigraphy and chronology, archaeological material, and historical context of their emergence and development.Archaeological research of 19th—20th cc. detected at least 330 settlements — both fortified and unfortified. Best studied are forts, i. e. remains of towns and fortresses. Yet, only a small part of archaeological forts can be identified as historical towns mentioned in written sources. Thus, the article first studies towns known from written sources (with Bilyar and Bulgar as the largest ones), then the forts that emerged in pre-Mongol period and continued to exist over the Golden Horde time, and then the forts emerged during the Golden Horde time and unfortified settlements, and last — necropolises of late nomads on the territory of Bulgar Ulus. Necropolises left by the settled population are considered in parallel with the respective settlements.
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The article represents a study of the topography of the Golden Horde town of Azak, which has remained quite underresearched until present. In the 18th — first half of 20th centuries, the hillfort did not attract attention of the Russian historians and archaeologists. Nowadays the territory of the Medieval Azak is completely built-up and archaeological investigations of 20th — early 21th century have been conducted on separate sectors, mainly in the new construction zones. According to the results of research, one can determine the borders of the Medieval town at different stages of its existence. The author discusses different aspects of the economic development of Azak as well as peculiarities of urban development. He localizes various social, professional and ethnic population groups within the town’s territory, together with common buildings, sources of water supply, town necropolises, fortifications and so on.
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The city of Bolgar situated 50 km south from the Kama river mouth occupied an advantageous geographical position. Starting from 10th century, the territory, which had been closely connected with Bolgar throughout the entire period of its existence up to the early 15th c., began to develop around the city. This territory occupied both the left and the right bank of the Volga. After the Mongol invasion, the number of settlements in the area considerably reduced. The remaining ones, closely connected with Bolgar, gained further development and actively participated in the commodity-money relations of the Golden Horde Bulgar ulus.
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The paper discusses peculiarities inherent in formation and development of the administrative-territorial structure of the Volga estuary in the Golden Horde period, singles out economic micro-regions included in the Khan’s domain and offers geographical characteristics of the lower reaches of the Volga River, which had influenced the development of the Golden Horde cities and the formation of their suburbs.
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The chapter presents an analysis of theRomanian social house in an European context.
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The paper problematizes on the urban spaces, analyzing the discourses of: (national) majority, minorities, the newcomers (migrants), the others, emphasizing on the forms of visualization. The case of the towns of Tsarevo and Pomorie in Bulgaria and Edirne in Turkey are presented by the two migrant groups that have crossed the Bulgarian-Turkish border and settled in particular urban neighbourhoods. The visual approach in the urban anthropology requires a specific methodology starting from the material environment of the city and its public spaces to the social and cultural relationships of the urban inhabitants and the invisible aspects of their symbolic layer as memory and heritage. The paper analyzes the strategies and valorization and legitimation of the heritage of migration and heirs, who trace their places of everyday life and festivity. The fieldwork research was done among the heirs of the so called “Thracian Bulgarians”, living in Tsarevo and Pomorie and the Turks, born in Bulgaria and resettled in Turkey in Edirne.
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The fundamental goal in approaching multimodality in transport is to integrate all modes of transport in an optimal, sustainable and ethical system. The implementation of intermodal services in the field of tourism will contribute to the increase of travel options, as well as to the provision of comfortable services, while increasing the efficiency of the transport system as a whole. The objective of the research is to identify and evaluate efficient IT solutions for calculating travel times in the integrated combined transport system of national road and rail infrastructure and the forecast demand in the field of public transport of people to tourist destinations. The proposed methodologies for defining IT solutions are based on the use of Geographic Information Systems, both in vector format corroborated with data on general transit specifications (GTFS) and in raster format by creating a continuous cost surface model, using all transport nodes.
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Development regulations are organizational tools and basis for shaping the character of current cities and the form of its development. The efficiency of these regulations, their inclusiveness and flexibility, in addition to their ability to adapt to the needs of the present and future, directly affects the shape and quality of the built environment. The paper discusses conventional development regulations used today, from a critical point of view, and presents form-based codes as an alternative to the former, conducting a comparative study between both types of regulations. Finally, the research recommends taking advantage of form-based codes in creating meaningful places and not just buildings.
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As an important turn in studying the area of northeastern Bosnia in our historical science we can characterize the doctoral thesis and later monograph “Tuzla and its surrounding in the XVI century”, which is still a pattern of monographic processing of a region in our science. In the late seventies and eighties, at last, it moves away from scientific framework that established by Ć. Truhelka and H. Kreševljaković. Consequently, in the study of the medieval history of the area of northeastern Bosnia several researchers have emerged like: A. Benković, M. Baum, Đ. Basler, B. Nilević, P. Živković, and Pavao Anđelić – which left the largest mark. The interdisciplinarity of research is present through ethnological processing of this area in the works of Milenko Filipović and Salih Kulenović. Should be noted that until aggression against Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, the most important event was launching of Članci i građa magazine by Museum in Tuzla (in 1958). Though, one moment leaves a large mark on the study of local historiography. That is a monographic treatment of particular areas in the Liberation War in socialist revolution. These projects opened the door to a local historiography. The poor scientific treatment of the area of northeastern Bosnia recognized by Academy of Science and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina four decades ago in the program DC XIII 2 (from 1986). However, at the time of the aggression against Bosnia and Herzegovina two projects of particular importance for the further development of historiography in the area northeastern Bosnia were created. Certainly, the opening of the Department of History and Geography, or History, at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University in Tuzla must have a leading role. Thus, in their works A. Kožar, B. Omerčević, S. Hadžić, S. Selimović, D. Bećirović, I. Šabotić and A. Jahić often refer to the subject matter of the specified area. The second project is magazine Gračanički glasnik where the initial duo O. Hamzić and R. Djedović, and later E. Šaković, have been printing, in double, for over two decades. In the initiative – publishing part we mustn’t forget the Archive of the Tuzla Canton and the Institute for the Protection and Use of Cultural and Historical Heritage of the Tuzla Canton, which bring together numerous researchers of the history of this area.
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In the historiography on the Bihać region (Bosnian: Bihaćka Krajina) and Bosnia and Herzegovina, which refers to the history of the 20th century, in recent years there have been some changes in terms of interest of scientists and researchers on specific topics, as well as in scientific and methodological approach used in their processing. When it comes to topics of interest in scientific circles, from the Second World War to the 1990s, previous studies that emerged during that period mainly covered topics related to World War II and emphasized the role of this area in the Yugoslav war history and sociopolitical and cultural changes after the war. In the last nearly two decades, examining the recent historiographical literature, we can conclude that the Bihać area is partially represented in the literature whose broader thematic frameworks relate to the period of Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina and treat social history such as urban development, trade, bey land holdings and military-political history from the occupation in 1878 to the end of World War I, as well as the original cartographic material. Although the Bihać area is not a narrow research topic in this case, it should be emphasized that its representation can be a very important avenue for future researchers, in the broad contextualization of microhistorical subjects, since they are works that certainly represent historiography characterized by an objective research orientation and professional analytical-interpretative approach. From the narrow frameworks for the Bihać region in the Austro-Hungarian period, we can conclude that the topics of education and culture dominate, while local history in other areas is rather neglected. From the interwar period we have several articles that have contributed to a closer acquaintance with the religious and cultural circumstances in the Cazin region (Bosnian: Cazinska Krajina), the way of life and the specifics of agrarian reform. For the period of the Second World War, two books have been singled out, whose authors treat unexplored thematic areas and go beyond the current scientific and methodological approach in the study of this topic, while in the socialist period two events have been singled out, The Cazin rebellion (Bosnian: Cazinska buna) and the Agrokomerc affair (Bosnian: Afera agrokomerc), which have attracted the attention of scientific and professional public as well as the participants who shared their memories. The Cazin rebellion has to this day maintained its attention in the historiographical research of Vera Kržišnik-Bukić, who has made an important contribution to the overall presentation of this event, while some authors and participants have recently updated some issues within the Cazin rebellion with the research of smaller scale and published memory.
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Cula is a semi-fortified construction, characteristic of the 18th-19th century. Such construction can also be found in other countries, such as Serbia, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, and Northern Macedonia. In Romania, there are several dozen calls, with different levels of conservation. Until now, these constructions have not been exploited for tourism, most being left to decay. Establishing cultural routes that include them could represent a solution to save these constructions.
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Příspěvek si klade za cíl pokusit se o konstrukci teoretických základů vinařského cestovního ruchu v kontextu venkovského cestovního ruchu v prostředí teorie a praxe českého cestovního ruchu a na základě analytické komparace moravských vinařských podoblastí Znojemska a Slovácka deklarovat základy jejich konkurenčních výhod.
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Reviews of: 1. Rudiger Wischenbart, Frica lui Canetti, București, Ed. Univers, 1997, în românește de Ana Stanca Tăbărași. 2. Livius Ciocârlie, Cap și pajură, București, Editura Albatros, 1997. 3. Proza feminină austriacă, Iași, Institutul European, 1998. 4. Esterhăzy Peter, Verbele auxiliare ale inimii. Introducere în beletristică, lași, Institutul European, 1997, traducere și note de Anamaria Pop, postfață de Mircea Nedelciu. 5. Bernard Malamud, Butoiașul vrăjit, în românește de Anton Celaru, București, Editura Hasefer, 1998. 6. Witold Gombrowicz, Jurnal, selecție, traducere și note de Olga Zaicik, prefață de Kazimierz Jurczak, București, Editura Univers, 1998. 7. Ladislav Mnacko, Gustul puterii, traducere, prefață și tabel cronologic de Helliana Ianculescu, București, Editura Minerva, 1997. 8. Slavco Almăjan, Metagalaxia minoritară, Novi Sad, Editura Libertatea, Iugoslavia, 1996; Iași, Editura I.N.S.C.R., 1998. 9. Fulvio Tomizza, Materada, traducere de Doina Condrea Derer, Timișoara, Editura Augusta, 1998. 10. Peter Handke, Scurtă scrisoare pentru o lungă despărțire, traducere și postafață de Mariana Lăzărescu, București, Editura Univers, 1998. 11. Methodologische und literarhistorische Studieri zur deutschen Literatur Ostmittel - und Sildosteuropas. Internationales Symposion, Innsbruck 18-19.10.1991 Sudostdeutsches Kulturwerk, Miinchen, 1994. 12. Guy Hermet, Istoria națiunilor și naționalismului în Europa, traducere de Silvia Dram, prefață de Al. Zub, Iași, Institutul European, 1997. 13. Raoul Girardet, Mituri și mitologii politice, Iași, Editura Institutului European, 1997. 14. Allan Janik, Stephen Toulmin, Viena lui Wittgenstein, București, Editura Humanitas, 1998, traducere și note de Mircea Flonta. 15. Aurel C. Popovici, Naționalism sau Democrație, o critică a civilizațiunii moderne, studiu introductiv, îngrijire de ediție, note de Constantin Schifirneț, București, Editura Albatros, 1997. 16. Aurel C. Popovici, Stat și Națiune, Statele-Unite ale Austriei Mari, Studii politice în vederea rezolvării problemei naționale și a crizelor constituționale din Austro-Ungaria, traducere din limba germană de Petre Pandrea, studiu introductiv, note și îngrijire de ediție Constantin Schifirneț, București, Editura Albatros, 1997. 17. Doru Radosav, Sentimentul religios la români, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Dacia, 1997.
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The Covid-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on cities around the world, transforming the way urban dwellers live, work, and interact with each other. As a result, the pandemic has also affected the identities of cities, or how urban areas are perceived by their residents and visitors. In this paper, we will explore the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on urban identity, looking at how the pandemic has changed the way people relate to cities and how cities have adapted to the pandemic.
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Many Algerian cities, including Biskra, suffer from natural problems, especially those caused by heavy rainfalls due to climate change, which reaches its maximum for a long period, and causes severe damage in terms of human and material losses. This paper draws attention on how to deal with the adverse effects of rapid and sudden floods due to runoff in the city of Biskra by studying the green infrastructure as means that rely on preserving the hydrological cycle of water in the safe and effective stormwater management of urban areas and prove that there are opportunities for the application of green infrastructure solutions not only to solve social and economic problems, but also environmental ones. Stormwater management and flood control are among the solutions provided to avoid the negative effects of urban floods, especially in areas with fragile infrastructure.
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Reviews of: 1. Jaques Le Rider, Modernitatea vieneză și crizele identității, tradusă în românește de Magda Jeanrenaud, Editura Universității „ALL Cuza” Iași, 1995. 2. Virgil Nemoianu, Micro-Armonia-dezvoltarea și utilizarea modelului idilic în literatură, Editura Polirom, Iași, 1996. 3. Revenirea în Europa, Antologie de Adrian Marino, Editura Aius, Craiova, 1996. 4. Andrei Corbea-Hoisie et Jacques Le Rider, Metropole und Provinzen in Altösterreich (1880-1918) (Metropolă și provincie în Vechea Austrie, 1880-1918), Published by Böhlau (1996). 5. Erich Zöllner, Istoria Austriei, Ediția a VIII-a (vol. 1 și 2), traducere de Adolf Armbruster, Editura Enciclopedică, București, 1997. 6. Adam Michnik, Scrisori din închisoare și alte eseuri, traducerea și îngrijirea ediției : Adriana Babeți și Mircea Mihăieș, cu o prefață de Vladimir Tismăneanu, Editura Polirom, Iași, 1997. 7. Timothy Garton Ash, Foloasele prigoanei. Lanterna magică, în românește de Catrinel Pleșu, Editura Fundației Culturale Române, București, 1997. 8. George Ciorănescu, Românii și ideeafederalistă, Editura Enciclopedică, București, 1966, ediție îngrijită de Georgeta Penelea Filitti. 9. Leszek Kolakowski, Horror Metaphysicus, Editura All, 1997, traducere și adnotare de Germina Chiroiu. 10. Vladimir Tismăneanu, Reinventarea politicului. Europa Răsăriteană de la Stalin la Havel, traducere de Alexandru Vlad, studiu introductiv de Dan Pavel, Polirom, Iași, 1997. 11. Irena Grudzinska Gross, Cicatricea Revoluției, în românește de Irina Giușcă, Editura Athena. 12. Slavenka Drakulić, Balkan Express, în românește de Petronela lacob, Editura Athena, București, 1997. 13. Victor Neumann, Identități multiple în Europa regiunilor. Interculturalitatea Banatului, Editura Hestia, Timișoara, 1997.
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„Pluralitatea” spațiului habsburgic1, pe care Moritz Csaky a definit-o ținînd seama atît de realitățile interne (etnice, lingvistice, culturale și politice) ale Imperiului, cît și de cele rezultate din îmbinarea pe acest teritoriu a unor tipuri extrem de diferite de civilizație europeană, a evoluat pe parcursul unei istorii proprii spre statutul de calitate „fizionomică” fundamentală a regiunii, calitate din care rezultă, paradoxal, tocmai marca sa unitară. Constituirea treptată, deși dificilă, a unui spațiu economic comun - în ciuda disparităților adînci dintre provinciile dezvoltate și subdezvoltate, ca și a relativei întîrzieri în procesul expansiunii capitaliste, cauzate, în comparație cu Anglia, Franța sau Prusia/ Germania, de o tipică imobilitate socio-politică - a facilitat în Europa Centrală un permanent schimb de mărfuri, oameni și idei, pe baza căruia s-a constituit aici cadrul diferențial al unui cuprinzător „spațiu social”. Trăsătura sa cea mai pregnantă ar consta în aceea că, în timp ce în statele naționale moderne, unde conceptul de „națiune” a căpătat concomitent și un sens uniformizant din punct de vedere social, societatea se fragmentează pe „verticală”, în categorii (clase) cu interese sociale și politice divergente, (precum în Germania de după 1871), în cazul nostru persistă un fragmentarism „orizontal”, de sorginte premodernă; pe fondul unui echilibru instabil dintre centralismul programatic al iosefinismului și presiunea particularismelor provinciale sau naționale, acesta se manifestă, fie în chip individual, fie la nivel colectiv, prin coexistența pluralistă a mai multor identități (sau loialități) și sub-identități.
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