Paleośrodowiskowe zmiany w świetle analiz palinologicznych późnovistuliańskich osadów węglanowych w zagłębieniach bezodpływowych w Bełchatowie

Author(s): Zofia Balwierz,Jan Goździk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1997

The calcareous deposits in the upper part of Quaternary-age sediments were found in the Bełchatów mine. These deposits were accumulated in closed depressions. AIl these depressions are located in Świętojanka valley and tributary valleys (Fig. 1). The geological structure, chemical and mineral composition of calcareous deposits have been discussed elsewhere (Goździk, Konecka-BetIey 1992). In the present paper, the results of pollen analysis and more detailed field investigations of relationship between the calcareous deposits and neighbouring sediments are presented. The closed depressions were developed only the where Plenivistu1ian-age thick series of fluvial siIty-sandy sediments occur. Numerous syngenetic ice wedge casts were found in these sediments (French, Goździk 1988). Pollen analysis of organic layers included in the siIty-sandy sediments and fossil beetles from one such layer, indicate a tundra depositional environment. Similar sediments from such present-day environments are always icerich and susceptible to thermokarst processes. It is very possible that PlenivistuIian-age fluvial sediments from Bełchatów were the same. Later, when thermokarst processes had been developed, the closed depressions were formed in places with a higher ice concentration. There is other evidence which supports a supposition about the important role of thermokarst processes. The 14C dates of the beginning of the formation of the closed depressions with standing water and the period of calcareous accumulation in Świętojanka valley established by pollen analysis, are similar to analogical deposits in typical thermokarst depressions in the area of the last glaciation in northern Poland. Calcareous deposits were found always to lie on aeolian cover sands, and were never invaded by dunes. This shows that calcareous deposition began after cover formation and perhaps after dune stabilization. Organic sediments from two ancient lakes I and III (Fig. 1) were analyzed by the palynological method. Calcareous deposits and two layers of peat situated above and below them were analysed. Results of this analysis are shown on Fig. 3 for lake I and Fig. 4 for lake III. Radiocarbon dates of peats from the lower levels of organic material of two lakes are similar - 12 540± 120 BP, GD-1875 (lake I) and 12 710± 130 BP, GD-5031 (lake Ill). Results of pollen analysis of both peat layers indicate that during their accumulation the vegetational landscape had a character of a treeless tundra without traces of lacustrine plants. This vegetation was developed under subarctic climatic conditions. The pollen analysis shows that after the peat accumulation the development of the lakes and calcareous material deposition began. This deposition in lake I started during Older Dryas time. It lasted throughout Alleroo and Younger Dryas time and finished at the beginning of the Holocene. Pollen diagrams of calcareous sediments from lakes I and III show many similarities, but there are some differences. These differences may indicate colder conditions during the accumulation of calcareous material in lake I1I-:haracteristicfor Boiling period. An alternative interpretation of these differences is habitat rather than climatic. In the smaller lake III accumulation finished earlier than in lake I, that is at the and of Latevistulian.

Zagłębienia bezodpływowe w Polsce Środkowej i przydatność analizy ich wypełnień do interpretacji paleogeograficznych

Author(s): Halina Klatkowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1997

Closed depressions in Central Poland are different origin. Two main groups are anthropogenic and natural forms. Many genetic types of the latter can be indentified, e.g.: l. Blowouts accompanying dunes and their complexes; 2. fluvial depressions, e.g. cut-off oxbow lakes at a various stage of decay; 3. karst collapse depressions, both young and largely buried by younger sediments; 4. suffosion steep-walled kettles and gentle hollows; 5. a significant and extensive group of Pleistocene forms in origin of which ice-sheet and permafrost are involved, thus depressions conditioned by: a. irregular glacial accumulation, b. uneven postglaciotectonic surface, c. dead ice melting out, and also from d. degradation of ground ice, e. Progressive melting of intrusive ice.The Pleistocene in age depressions commonly occur on till plains and also in the upper sections of dry valleys (Fig. l). Their significance consists, fust of all, in the usefulness of their ftllings to palaeogeographical reconstructions. It is the reason for which they were a subject of detailed analyses. Also, an attempt to correlate the results with the existing climatic curves of the Vistulian for Europe and Poland has been made. The interpretation has been based on the studied profiles from closed depressions, supported by palinologic documentation and radiocarbon dates. They are shown in Fig. 2, while the conclusions are presented below.During the Warta ice-sheet recession (150-140 ka BP) the relief of newly deposited tills and of fresh postglaciotectonic surfaces created local base levels in which deposits of wash and solifluction and afterwards mineral-organic sediments accumulated. There processes were retarded somewhat by very poor communities of treeless tundra that changed gradually to a park tundra and a boreal forest corresponding already to the interglacial succession. The Eemian landscape in Central Poland was aboundant in closed depressions. The primary lakes (gyttja, mineral-organic silts) were in the middle and upper Eem transformed into the raised bogs (peats, peat shales). At some places the process of organic sedimentation went 9.n during the Vistulian (Fig. 2 - Rudunki, Krzepczów). The type of sediments as well as the type of plant cover of the fust stadial of Vistulian (VS1) confum the opinion on an increase of humidity and a fall in temperature. The AmersfoortjBrmup warming, about 10000 years, with the mean temperature of July 15-l7°C and pine forest with larch, birch and spruce ~as followed by the second Vistulian stadial (VS2) with the mean values for July slighthy above 5°C. The succeeding interstadial, which in the vicinity of Łódź is called "Rudunki Interstadial" and is correlated with the Odderade, is the final forest episode of the early glacial that lasted for about 60 000 years. Simultanously, the organic accumulation in Rudunki and Krzepczów fmished (Fig. 2).For the Plenivistulian, until the Denekamp, no correlative deposits (naither organic nor mineral) have been found. Gnly the Krzepczów proffie displays the probable fluvial sedimentation. In the other promes the hiatus comprises all Plenivistulian warmings. Form the Denekamp on, a lot of data on deposits and numerous 14C and TL dates are available. The climatic deterioration enabled silts and fine-grained sediments with numerous syngenetic frost deformations to form on slopes and in depressions. The maximum of cold and aridity, with continuous permafrost, occurring in the Leszno and Poznań Phases corresponds with the gravel-stone horizon. It is correlated with the "Beuningen Steinsohle" and dated at 20000-18 000 years BP. During the ice-sheet recession up to the line of Pomeranian moraines thinly-laminated sands and their oversnow facies deposited. With the ice-sheet withdrawal up to the Gardno Phase, there was renewal of aeolian activity, which has an equivalent at the top of 'deposits of some depressions. The succession observed at the Rudunki site (Fig. 3) is a case in point. However, other facies, e.g. on interlluves or in river valleys, can exist.

Cechy rozwoju i zaniku lądolodu warciańskiego w Środkowej Polsce

Author(s): Tadeusz Krzemiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1997

The South Great Poland ice-sheet lobe representing the Warta Glaciation stretched fro the Warsaw-Berlin pradolina that runs along the S2nd parallel (100 m above sea level) to the Wieluń Upland (272 m above sea level) in south (SI°N). The lobe was halted by topographic barriers of the Ostrzeszów Hills (284 m) and of the Łódź Upland (284 m) and left some signs of push moraines there. In central Poland the Wartanian ice-sheet spread southwards utilising the river valleys of the Prosna, Warta and Widawka (Fig. 1). The ice conserved the valleys, which is evidenced by 2-4 m thick tiJI well preserved on the slopes of buried valleys older than of Wartanian age (Fig. 2).The southern portion (SIOSO'N) of the South Great Poland lobe diverged into lower order lobes of Widawka, Warta and Prosna. The Widawka lobe, developed in the east, flew over the elevation of the Bełchatów Upland (200-220 m) and left signs of diffluence in the Piotrków Plain (Fig. 3). The Warta lobe crept up onto the northern edge of the Wieluń Upland (200-250 m) where the ice-sheet dissipated. The Prosna lobe reached the Wieruszów Upthrust at a similar altitude.Climatically induced process of the ice-sheet degradation began with the development of crevasses and cracks in the places of irregularities in the topography of the sub-Quaternary bedrock. This led to the formation of marginal zone delineated by the maximum extend of the ice-sheet and by its extent during the main stagnation phase, when the contact with the active ice mass was retained.Inside this zone the landforms associated with stagnant ice downwasting are found. These include kames, karne terraces, karne plateaux, kettles, post-glacial depressions, small outwash plains, latent fragments of pradolinas. Topographic watersheds separate former inward and outward meltwater flow directions.Four subsequent phases of the ice-sheet degradation and the corresponding zones: I - Dzialoszyn, II - Sieradz, III - Niemysłów and Kalisz zones comprise a similar range of landforms and the pattern of flow directions inherited from the areał deglaciation (Fig. 3 and 4). The formation of the zones can be related to the elevations of the sub-Wartanian base, mainly of Mesozoic and Neogene age. Groups of kames (Fig. 1 and 5) are also the evidence of the areal deglaciation. On elevations of the substratum elongated crevasses developed in the downwasting ice. They were then filled with gravel and sand - mainly of inglacial or supraglacial origin. The areas situated between subsequent deglaciation zones and the groups of karnes are usually build of till that forms low relief of undulating ground moraine.

Stan wiedzy na temat rozwoju dolin ekstraglacjalnych na niżu polskim w okresie przejściowym plejstocen-holocen

Author(s): Krystyna Turkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1997

During the transition period between Pleistocene and Holocene, drom 20 000 to 8000 BC, river valleys were subject to the impact of vistulian ice-sheet or to the influence of periglacialclimate. Their development was dependent on their width and position in relation to the edge of the ice-sheet.In the southern part of the Polish Plain three areas where advanced river valley research is carried out can be distinguished (Fig. l). The frrst of these is the middle Vistula valley which was formed by water inflow from the upper montainous part of the basin and by the direct influence of the Scandinavian ice-sheet. The second area where research is the most advanced methodologically encloses the Prosna river valley and the middle Warta river valley.The Prosna valley was situated in a periglacial zone and the Proma base level changed according to the vistulian ice-sheet location. The middle Warta river valley was embraced by the Leszno stage zone and thus is of pradolina origin. The Łódź Upland situated on a watershed is the third area of valley studies. Here the research is concerned with the upper parts of small valleys, where climatic and glacial factors did not mingle with each other. Also investigations of denudational valley infI1l are valuable for the valley studies.During the transitional period three stages of river valley development (Fig. 2) can be recognized:1. 20000-14 500 B.C. - the braided river phase with glacial, periglacial and mixed supplies. Aggradation of valley floors was characteristic of the phase and cut and built terace formation occured rarely.2. 14 500-10 000 B.C. - the complex phase of valley floor cutting with simultaneous change from braided to widely meandering channel patterns. Present results show that thealternation did not occur at the same time in diITerent valleys or even fragments of valleys and was strongly dependent on local conditions.3. 10000-8000 B.C. - the meandering river phase with decreasing meander proportions untill mezo-Holocene.In general the state of knowledge od valley development in non-glaciated regions of the Polish Plain in the transition period is regarded as advanced. That is, to a considerable extent, the result of various conditions in the areas where the studies are conducted. It is recommended that the research methods should be perfected and standardized. This would enable the distinction and comparision of local and general determinants of valley evolution to be made more precisely. Expansion of model application from the Warta river study area to others would speed the transition from quality to quantity characteristics of the process.

Geokompleksy zagłębień wytopiskowych okolic Zduńskiej Woli

Author(s): Grażyna Bezkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1997

Basic surface features of the Łask Interfluve near Zduńska Wola originated during the Wartanian ice-sheet areal deglaciation. The ice-sheet waning resulted in formation of groups of crevasse landforms such as karne plateaux, karne hillocks, karne terraces and melt-out depressions.The post-Wartanian morphogenesis increased diversity of the relief by rejuvenation of most of buried valleys, by cutting new valleys and raising the interfluve surface with aeolian sheets and dunes. Sand and silt were deposited in melt-out depressions. The depressions had initially functioned as closed depressions and had formed a local base level. They were incorporated into a valley network presumably at the end of the Vistulian glaciation. Blocks of dead ice melted gradually and it has led to the formation of flattenings in the melt-out depressions bottoms. The flattenings are 2-3 m high and have short gentle slopes. These slopes and the slopes of the melt-out depressions are cut with dells and basin-like valleys. Few of the cuttings continue their direction as barely perceptible, shallow flat-floored valleys drained by perennial or intermittent watercourses.In the Holocene eight types of geocomplexes with stable matter and energy structure were formed, as a result od natural processes. Man's influence has led to diversification of the environment which can be represented by 19 types of present-<!aygeocomplexes. The 19 types are characteristic of all the melt-out depressions in the environs of Zduńska Wola, but they display a unique mosaic in each depression. It is noteworthy that the depressions function as groups of homolithic geocomplexes. Man-made changes in the depressions result from agricultural land use

Rozwój doliny Moszczenicy w schylkowym czwartorzędzie w świetle sytuacji geologicznej, analiz palinologicznych i datowań radiowęglowych w stanowisku Swędów kolo Strykowa

Author(s): Jan Kamiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1997

O glacjalnych uwarunkowaniach vistuliańskich przekształceń rzeźby wyżyny Łódzkiej

Author(s): Zbigniew Klajnert / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1997

Morfologia i budowa geologiczna środkowego odcinka doliny Rawki między Rawą Mazowiecką a Nowym Dworem

Author(s): Elżbieta Kobojek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1997

Holoceńskie poziomy organiczne w Nagórkach koło Grabowa Łęczyckiego

Author(s): Kazimierz Krajewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1997

Przegląd literatury o problematyce przemian krajobrazu w zbiorach biblioteki Instytutu Geografii Fizycznej i Kształtowania Środowiska Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego

Author(s): Anna Majchrowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1997

Vistuliański eoliczny stożek osypiskowy na stoku doliny Pilicy w Inowlodzu

Author(s): Barbara Manikowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1997

Glacilimniczna sedymentacja kemowa w kotlinie górnej Rawki i jej znaczenie rzeźbotwórcze

Author(s): Zbigniew Rdzany / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1997

Zawartość skaleni w utworach neoplejstoceńskich okolic Częstochowy

Author(s): Sławomir Kobojek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1997

Rozmieszczenie młodych form denudacyjnych w strefie krawędziowej Wyżyny Łódzkiej

Author(s): Juliusz Twardy / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1997

Przykłady parowów na krawędzi Wyżyny Łódzkiej

Author(s): Jadwiga Wieczorkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1997

Charakterystyka litologiczna i pozycja stratygraficzna serii limnoglacjalnej w Małkowie kolo Warty

Author(s): Marek Załoba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1997

Ekstremalne stany wód podziemnych w środkowej Polsce w wieloleciu 1951-2000

Author(s): Przemysław Tomalski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2008

The aim of this study is to present an analysis of sequence of extreme annual groundwater levels in central part of Poland. Data were obtained from 55 groundwater levels (Fig. I), which were monitored in Institute of Meteorology and Water Management.

Nadzwyczajne zdarzenia w infrastrukturze transportu drogowego województwa łódzkiego

Author(s): Maciej Ziułkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2008

The aim of this analysis is to present events, which concerned communication infrastructurein Łódź district in 1999-2004 in river valleys. Valleys' borders were taken from geomorphologicdrafts of Detailed Geological Maps in scale of 1 : 50 000. The total number of events was 430,which was 14.2% of total registered events in particular district. Within long lasting period thenumber of events successively grew, the fastest increase was observed in the group of smallevents (~ l kg of the used sorbent), however medium events were just after small ones (~ 10 kg of the used sorbent). Large local events (> 100 kg of the used sorbent) did not exceed10% of the total of small events, with no definite tendency to change.As a result of increase of events number, the amount of used sorbent increased as well.Between 1999 and 2004 its fourfold increase was recorded. During the whole year its warmhalf year was significantly dominant. The greatest danger for the environment of Łódź districtriver valleys, according to EWID _99 database, is generated by road transport partially causingchemical and ecological threat. However, the scale of this phenomenon is very changeable. Ifthe amount of used sorbent is compared, it is clear that its 6% were used in chemical andecological rescue operations in 2000, while 43% in 2003. Between two biggest river valleyscrossing Łódź district more endangered one is Warta river valley. During the period ofanalysis 35 local events took place (8% of total events in river valleys) and 967 of sorbentswere used, of which 1% were used to remove ecological elTects. In Pilica valley the number ofevents was two times smaller, what resulted in usage sixfold smaller amount of sorbents thanin Warta valley. Any chemical and ecological events were recorded.

Osuwiska w województwie łódzkim i ich szczególny charakter w wyrobisku KWB „Bełchatów”

Author(s): Leopold Czarnecki,Jan Goździk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2008

An increase of the intensity of landslide processes and threats, which they cause, resultedin growth of interest in rock slides. Łódź district is located in the area, where the frequency ofslide processes caused by natural factors is the lowest in Poland. It is due to lack of naturallong slopes of big inclinations. However, the geological structure of some areas potentiallyfavours landslides formation, especially there, where great slopes are created by humans(Fig. 1, 2, Photos 2, 3, 4).There are many mineral resources mines in Łódź district, hence the probability of steepescarpments and hillsides formation creation increase the chance of landslides danger. However,the type of extracted ores, with a few exceptions, do not favour landslides formation. If theyare formed there are of small sizes. One, but a very important exception is KWB "Bełchatów"opencast excavation and a new adjacent, similar "Szczerców" opencast. Because of particulardepth of the flIst excavation and its very complicated geological structure, landslides processesare here frequent and intensive. The sizes of formed landslips are comparative with the greatestnatural landslides in Poland (Tab. 1, Fig. 4, Photos 3, 4). They are a great threat for machinesand workers of mining factory. The analysis of current landslide processes, establishing thereasons of their formation and their dynamics, as well as continuous monitoring of the zonesendangered by these phenomena are basic for controlling landslide processes and limiting danger.

Różnorodność biologiczna obszarów Polski Środkowej i propozycje jej ochrony

Author(s): Stanisław Krysiak,Leszek Kucharski,Michael Link,Anna Majchrowska,Elżbieta Papińska,Jarosława Sieradzki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2004

After Poland joins the European Union Polish agriculture will face significant structural changes, with the consequent loss of biological diversity. With the aim of taking actions to prevent the degradation of agricultural landscape, in 2002 a common research project "Biodiversity of agricultural landscape of Central Poland and its expected changes in connection with the transformations of agrarian structure after Polish accession to the EU" was started by an international team from the University of Łódź and Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Germany. The principal aim of the research is to assess the current state, expected future changes and threats to biodiversity in agricultural areas of Central Poland. The issue of the protection of agricultural landscapes accords "The national strategy for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity" announced by the Ministry of the Environment.