Around the Bloc: Ancient Monuments Mapped on Kazakh Steppe
Giant designs traced out by earth mounds could be thousands of years old.
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Giant designs traced out by earth mounds could be thousands of years old.
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This paper discusses the challenges to a wider access to archival cartographic materials. The aim of the study is to present and evaluate the preparation of historical maps for presentation in geoportals. The authors use the example of two maps from the early twentieth century, without information on the spatial relations, to trace the course of their processing into a form that allows them to be published in spatial data structures. The descriptions of subsequent stages include theoretical and practical aspects of the procedure. Particular attention was paid to the factors affecting the accuracy of spatial fit that affects the ability to use them further.
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The paper demonstrates how the role of GIS is understood in science. It presents the discussion, known as the GIS-L debate, which took place in 1993. The most important results of this discussion were presented in Wright, Goodchild and Proctor (1997). Present understanding of the future of GIS has been given by Goodchild (2010). Against the background of the results of these discussions the authors present their own experience in using GIS and show how GIS science is understood in Poland.
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The present article deals with problems of the practical application of spatio-temporal databases in geo-historical studies. Research practice – besides the indisputable advantages of applying database tools for analysis of historical data – also includes the significant problems of uncertainty, incompleteness and lack of precision of historical sources. These features, as well as the subjectivism (interpretability) of should be taken into account while building historical geographical information systems. Existing solutions consider to only a small extent the properties of the research process appropriate to historical geography. One of the solutions suggested in the present article is a division of a database structure into two interrelated schemes: a source scheme and a critical scheme. Historical information thus gathered becomes easily accessible for secondary interpretation (the source scheme). The critical scheme of the database, which is collectively constructed by historians, engineering ontologists and specialists in database modelling, should consider both the event and the process character of historical phenomena as well as the complex characteristics of spatio-temporal objects (the dispute between endurantists and perdurantists).
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This paper presents methods of GIS data transformations in order to acquire analyticsmodels. These models are mainly based on topology rules and are visualized as graphs.Using cadastral maps model of road network datasets and parcel accessibility wasdeveloped. It may be applied in network analysis. When they are visualized as graphs,cadastral structures are exposed. Parts of graphs with stellate shape indicates regularstructure of plots.
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Increased energy consumption which commenced in the late twentieth century as well as its impact on the climate change highlighted important ethical issues revolving around responsibility for the inflicted damage, obligations towards both future generations and millions of species living on the planet, or the costs of mitigation and adaptation.Natural sciences provide more and more detailed information on the currently observed climate change. Climate models allow us to forecast changes and predict their consequences. However, it is yet impossible to answer the question what should be done about the knowledge about climate change, whether and in what way we should react to it. What seems of particular importance is the necessity to take a closer look at the alarming phenomenon through the prism of values and, especially, our responsibility for the present and future generations. Climate change is a global problem and it is very difficult to find a political solution to it due to the fact that its effects have a diverse character and are not immediately discernible. They constitute a matter of considerable concern which is mostly related to the fact that the consequences of climate change can significantly affect the entire international community, irrespective of the place of living or financial status. Proper assessment of climate change effects and undertaking political action to counteract them constitute nowadays one of the major world’s development challenges.
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Climate change affects all countries on every continent. They have a negative impact on the economic development of countries and people's lives, threaten the economic stability and security. Counteracting them is one of the greatest challenges of the twenty-first century. Effective climate protection requires an international agreement, concerted action by all countries of the world. This article will address the issue of the climate crisis as a bioethical problem and presented the main assumptions of the climate agreement in Paris, which can contribute to averting the climate crisis.
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Climate change is considered to be one of the most important and difficult –to-assess challenges facing humanity in the twenty-first century. It was considered by the Secretary-General of United Nations Ban Ki - monna’a as a key challenge faced by humanity in times of peace. It is because the aftereffects of the activities of certain countries have or will have a number of consequences for the life and health of people around the world. Climate change exacerbates global inequality and conditions of survival. The consequences of these changes expose numerous geopolitical implications. They will be associated with flooding of lowland areas, the threat of deprivation of areas of important economic and political importance as well as endangering sovereignty of nations.
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The article is focused on changes in primary energy production in the World between 1991 and 2010. Special focus is on European and Asian countries which were producing over 3 quadrillion Btu (British thermal units) yearly at least once in the stated period. There are 20 countries which satisfy criteria, 7 in Europe (Norway, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Ukraine, Emirates, Qatar, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Iraq, Japan, Malaysia). Production of primary Netherlands, Poland), and 13 in Asia (China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, India, Iran, Indonesia, United Arab energy from renewable resources of those countries is taken into research by resource’s groups. Commentary from geographical point of view is given for chosen countries.
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Exploring for mineral deposits within the Anka Schist Belt involves the use of traditional geological techniques such as geochemical and geophysical studies that are very expensive and time consuming. There is therefore need for a better alternative that will provide accurate and reliable information with cost effective and time efficient solution. This effort seeks to explore the potential of remotely sensed digital data in highlighting mineralized zones through hydrothermal alteration studies. Landsat 8 OLI data covering the investigated area was used to detect and map locations of hydrothermal alterations. Image processing methods used were spectral enhancement, false colour composites, band rationing and Principal Component Analysis. Results of false colour composites of band 5: 7: 3 highlighted generally locations of hydrothermal alterations. Band ratios of 4/2, 6/7 and 6/5 revealed the presence of ferric iron minerals, clay rich minerals and ferrous minerals respectively. Principal Components (PCs) of two sets of images (2, 4, 5, 7 H-image and 2,5,6,7 F-image) depicting iron-oxide and hydroxyl mineral deposits as bright pixels were generated. Colour composite of H, F and H+F images enhanced the location of the mineral deposits, by showing areas of mineralization in dark blue (Fe rich), bright yellow (clay rich) and white (Fe and clay rich areas) pixels. Field coordinates of mining locations were superimposed on the remote sensing generated mineral map. The results were found to be in tune. This study recommends the use of remote sensing and geospatial technology in mineral studies through hydrothermal alteration within the basement complex rocks of Nigeria.
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This paper contains the analysis of regional innovation performance in the NUTS 2 regions of Romania, based on the European Innovation Scoreboard evaluation for 2011 and 2019, and the identification of the most significant influencing factors of county-level R&D activity, for the 1997–2018 period. The Regional Innovation Index (RII) provides a profound characterization for Romanian regions regarding their innovation performance, which was studied using the GIS (Geographic Information System) methodology in relation with the regional R&D activity, GDP per capita, and entrepreneurship innovation. In the following, the Romanian R&D activity is analysed at the county level. The influencing factors of R&D expenditures and employment in Romanian counties were studied based on two panel regression models and using exogenous variables, for economic development, entrepreneurship, education, and infrastructure.
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The common agricultural policy accounts for more than 38% of the European Union’s budget. In the 2014–2020 cycle, 8.9 billion euros went in Hungary to the first pillar and 4.1 billion euros to the second pillar for rural development, the mobilization of which was coordinated by the Rural Development Programme. The second pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy plays an important role in catching up with the lagging and depopulated Hungarian countryside. It serves key objectives such as sustainable environmental management, strengthening and diversifying the rural economy, or a fair standard of living. In my dissertation, I explore the territorial distribution of the payments of the rural development programme between 2015 and 2019 and how it affects unemployment and incomes.
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Monitoring and assessment of the operational safety of hydrotechnical constructions made of earth and local materials requires geodetic measurements at specified intervals. Among these hydrotechnical constructions are the earth dams which have many negative events. A high percent of accidents in Romania occur at small earth dams. Monitoring the topology of earth dams is done by classical geodetic methods. But, in recent times, new technologies have emerged to track the topology of earth dams, of which GNSS technology stands out. Research conducted with GNSS technology, to monitor the geometric parameters of a dam in the Moldova area, has highlighted the reliability of the method by the accuracy of the results and reduced working time. Fild research conducted at the Podisu Dam in Iasi county, in conjunction with documentary studies on the evolution over time of the topology of the earth dam showed important changes with an influence on the stability of the construction. Interpretation of the data obtained by measurements showed a change in the geometric shape in the horizontal plane and in cross sections. The method of measurements performed using two GNSS receivers was used in the research.
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Two groups of methods are being used during the complex process of studying the behavior of the buildings: physical and geometrical methods. Within the first group of methods, the setting up of the instruments is made directly inside of the studied building moving thus together with the latter and revealing this the relative values of the deformations. The second group containes the geodetic and photogrammetric methods by whose mean we are determinating the position of some fixed points of the buildings, with reference to the immobile points which are positioned around the building, being this able to obtain the absolute values of the de formations and displacements of the considered building. The use of the geodetic and photogrammetric methods do not exclude the use of the physical methods, more than they are strongly related and completing one another. Within this paper are made some considerations concening the use of the geodetic methods for studying the behaviour of the buildings, presenting the fact that these methods are representing a fundamental system within the experimental and in situ studying process, and that these methods cannot be replaced. Due to the high precision of the measurements and estimating of the accuracy of the results, the geodetic methods ensure the obtaining of the most realiable values of the parameters characterising the state of stress and deformations of the buildings.
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In this article we propose a comparative approach of what Challenge Based Learning vs Problem Based Learning means, as well as examples of the possibilities already applied in the Geodetic Engineering Domain, at master's and doctorate level. The CBL concept is analyzed from the perspective of creating a real link with market actors, public or private entities. The strong and weak points of CBL are identified from this perspective. A feasible work flow is identified, which leads to a win-win collaboration between universities and relevant actors.
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Monitoring the behavior of earth dams over time requires that they be permanently equipped with their own tools and control points. Monitoring is performed according to the importance category of the objective, control parameters, but also the specific conditions of the location. The paper presents a modern way of tracking structural deformations in the case of earth dams, owned by private owners, in order to assess their operational safety. The article presents three earth dams of different categories of importance (B, C and D), to analyze how to monitor each objective. The main study area is represented by the Piscicola Podișu accumulation located on the Valea Oii river in Iași county. For the location of the earth dam, measurements were made for the creation and monitoring of the local geodetic network. The network consists of reference points (S1, S2), station points (B1, B2, B3, B4) and control points (P1-P11) located on the studied dam. The way of working involved several stages. In the first stage, the site recognition and the monitoring requirements of the dam stability parameters were performed. In the second stage, the conditions for carrying out the measurements for drawing up the situation plan and designing the geodetic monitoring network were analyzed. In the third stage, measurements were performed for the design of a local GNSS geodetic network. The purpose of this paper is to design and analyze GNSS measurements in the monitoring of earth dams with modern technologies.
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In the technological age, computerization becomes a key factor, both in the rationalization of the work schedule and in the provision of services and information, factors that help to achieve as efficiently as possible the ongoing projects. GIS technology is increasingly becoming a necessity for a number of companies and institutions working with geospatial data. CAD projects are also currently helping to develop each industrial sector with more accurate data, depending on their requirements, including architectural and construction companies, installation management, utilities. These two technologies, viewed in a unitary way, largely complement the need for information when drawing up a work plan. From this point of view, it is quite clear from the last few years that the interconnection of GIS and CAD data demonstratively improves the operability and elimination of errors at the level of projects of great importance, and not only. In this article it is aimed to highlight how to use and integrate 2D and 3D data with the help of GIS-CAD technologies. It was chosen a dataset related to the cadastral plan of the intravilan of Ceamurlia de Jos, Tulcea county, a dataset that was imported into GIS and CAD software products.
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This thesis presents a modern monitoring model of the geodetic parameters specific to dams made of earth and rock. The monitoring of dam components movements in the horizontal plane is currently carried out by the micro-triangulation method. The optimization of the monitoring process geometrical parameters for water accumulations dams requires the use of modern equipment and technologies. They allow a faster retrieval of data and its immediate processing with high-performance analysis programs. This reduces the time between measuring the formation and making the intervention decision. The studies and researches carried out have indicated the development and application of a real-time monitoring system of the geometrical parameters at Gura Apelor dam. The proposed monitoring system uses a set of modern equipment including Leica Nova TM50 total stations, 360° prisms and GNSS antennas. The monitoring equipment is supplied with sensors for atmospheric information for the correction of measurements.
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At the turn of the analogue and digital era in archaeology, in Poland, the earlier forms are still dominant. The National Institute of Cultural Heritage (NID in Polish) sets out the general rules for the development of site plans, which are the part of the archaeological field work documentation. However, NID does not define standards for the development of plans with the use of geoinformation technology. The paper presents some aspects of a digital site plan elaboration. The goal is also to demonstrate how to implement the solution in a Geographical Information System (GIS) application, using the example of QGIS software. On one hand, the solution proposed in this study is in line with the Polish archaeological nomenclature and gives the possibility to take into account data dependencies between sites located in different parts of the country. On the other hand, the proposed system of raw material and found codes may also be used to analyze concepts and phenomena covering an area beyond current national borders (e.g. the Amber Route based on fossil resin from the Baltic region). The description of the proposed archaeological site data model in Unified Modelling Language notation creates great implementation capabilities in any GIS and Database Management System environments. Standardization in the area of digital archaeological documentation and the use of common data structures may extend the possibilities of analysis and interpretation of research results both in the micro (e.g., urban) and macro scale (e.g., international).
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Nutrition depends on diet, which consists of various articles of food. Hence, balanced and nutritious food is the most important single factor in connection with attainment and maintenance of health [1]. An individual’s health is largely determined by nutrition, and it is determined by diet, which consists of a variety of food items. A total of 115 villages were chosen, and 23 villages from the list of (ITDP) villages were randomly chosen in each tehsil (administrative unite in India). By using a probability proportional to the size of the various tribes, a total of 10 households from each chosen village were covered. For this reason, households in each village were divided into groups based on tribe and the necessary numbers of households (HH) from each tribe were included in the survey. The total amount of share in terms of weightage of assuming food item was calculated and using the allocated weightage. As a result, eating a well-balanced and healthy diet is the single most significant element in achieving and maintaining good health of an individual depends largely on nutrition. Tribal populations are malnourished and as a result of food deficiencies, they are at risk of developing dietary deficiency diseases.
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