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IN ABSENTIO (Súdne procesy s predstaviteľmi politickej emigrácie v rokoch 1939 – 1945)

Author(s): Ondrej Podolec / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Ovládnutie priestoru strednej Európy nacistickým Nemeckom znamenalo zásadnú zmenu vnútropolitických pomerov na Slovensku, resp. v Česko-Slovensku. Len časť politického spektra mohla na domácej scéne ďalej pokračovať v aktívnej politike, pričom mnohí tak činili už pod novou politickou značkou. Niektorí politici sa ocitli pred možnosťou voľby medzi pôsobením v rámci úzkeho priestoru vymedzenom pre politiku totalitného štátu pod patronátom nacistického Nemecka a odchodom do emigrácie či ilegality. Často sa potom stávalo, že bývalí politickí súpútnici pôsobili v politických štruktúrach dvoch štátov, ktorých existencia sa navzájom vylučovala. Pomyselná hranica medzi dvoma politickými svetmi niekedy viedla aj naprieč jednotlivými rodinami.

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Witch-Hunt in Szeged in the Early Eighteenth Century

Author(s): István Petrovics / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

At the very beginning I would like to make two remarks. Firstly, the paper is rather a case study than a theoretical or a typological approach to witchcraft. Secondly: I am deeply convinced that the witch trials at Szeged can only be understood properly if their discussion is placed into the context of the history of the town. Therefore in the first part of my paper I am going to deal with the urban development of Szeged.

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Политическото измерение на църковната собственост (XVII век)

Author(s): Xavier Godin / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The relationship between the king and the church in France during the Ancien Régime (16th-18th centuries) can be well explained by the issue of property. In the 1670s, Colbert called for a complete reform of royal landholdings in Brittany, with mandatory justification for all alienations. The reform was critical to many landlords, especially the church, since some portions of their lands had encroached on the royal domain. The review of suspected frauds and purchases proved the king's sovereign power in a pays d’états and the crucial role of the domanialité in the Kingdom of France during the 17th century.

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CONCEPȚII SOCIAL-POLITICE ALE EVULUI MEDIU

Author(s): Ioan Scheau / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

This paper presents the main socio-political conceptions of the Middle Ages: Augustine, Al-Farabi, Averroes, Thomas Aquinas, William Ockham.Augustine presents his view of history through the theory of two cities: one of the accursed multitude (Babylon) and one of the righteous (Jerusalem).Al-Farabi insists on the central role of the leader who must be to society what the heart is to the body. Averroes advocates reform of the state whose policy must be to pursue the public good.Thomas Aquinas considered the state the most important construction of human reason, and he advocated the constitutional state.William Ockham advocates for preserving the role of the papacy as religious leadership only, not political leadership, where monarchy is preferred.

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Sudski procesi protiv katoličkih svećenika u Osijeku 1945.–1947. godine

Author(s): Slađana Josipović Batorek / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

This work reviews the judicial process directed against Catholic priests in Osijek in the period immediately following the Second World War. The main characteristics of Church-State relations at the time of these trials is described in the introductory part of this article, and a short review of criminal law in postwar Yugoslavia is provided, which was the legal basis by which the regime carried out its revenge against people who did not share its political views. In the next part of the work the author presents six individual cases substantiated by available archival documents, of which the authentic transcripts of the court are particularly interesting.

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Rhythm of crime in a medieval city – example of Dubrovnik

Author(s): Gordan Ravančić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

If we observe the crime as an integral part of the social reality, then we certainly have to bear in minds its changing phases and its general incorporation into a wider picture of social movements. Therefore, my intent is to demonstrate in which way crimes have (not) followed the rhythms of labor, leisure, and public celebrations of medieval Dubrovnik, especially regarding their typology and frequency. Thus, the analysis includes crime distribution in relation to the location where the wrongdoing has occurred, together with investigation of social provenance of perpetrators and victims within this cheerless statistic of everyday life. Given the fact that the total number of the extant criminal records of the medieval Dubrovnik would be too huge “bite” for a case study of this kind, author analyzes preserved judicial records from only one year (1415).

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Criminal offenses and violence in medieval Kotor (1326 - 1337)

Author(s): Valentina Živković / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The topic of the paper is the analysis of the types of criminal offenses mentioned in the earliest preserved judicial notary documents of Kotor (1326 - 1337), and which are defined and sanctioned by the Statute of Kotor. Protection of interests of the community and principles of good administration were the priorities upon which the criminal justice system of Kotor was based. On the other hand, protection of private property was the most common topic because of which civil litigations were initiated.

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Crime Rate/Criminal Acts in the City of Zagreb from 1887 until 1912. Based on the Report of the City Council

Author(s): Zoran Grijak,Milan Vrbanus / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The following paper analyzes the structure of crimes committed in the city of Zagreb from 1887 until 1912 based on the annual Reports of the City Council of the Free and Royal City of Zagreb. The abovementioned reports provide a detailed insight into the structure and number of criminal offenses and misdemeanours, as well as the type of these misdemeanours, offenses, and other criminal acts reported to the police authorities according to the Criminal Law of the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia. In the course of the authors’ analysis of the collected data on criminal and minor offenses, quantitative methods were applied which in turn provided valuable insights into the trends pertaining to their number during the observed period. With the use of quantitative methods, it has been established that there were no major effects of the increase in population on the trends of the number of criminal and minor offenses, which means that rapid urbanization of the city did not have a significant impact on the rise of law-breaking. Further analysis of the gender of the perpetrators of criminal offenses and misdemeanours has confirmed existing observations on the inferior position of women in society of that period as a contributing factor to their smaller representation among perpetrators of most felonies. Furthermore, with the use of quantitative methods, a decrease in efficiency of the Police Service in terms of discovering most of the felonies has been determined, even though a high degree of efficiency was still maintained in detecting certain categories of felonies.

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Women and Property in Medieval Slavonian Towns

Author(s): Marija Karbić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article focuses on the position of women in medieval Slavonian towns regarding their right to possessing real estate and disposing with their immovable property. Even though there were many towns in the territory of medieval Slavonia or present-day north-western Croatia, be it free royal towns, which were directly subjected to the crown, or marketplaces, which formed a part of noble estates and enjoyed only limited autonomy, my research primarily focuses on Zagreb’s Gradec and Varaždin, mostly because their sources have been best preserved.

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Poznámky o ušlechtilém muži, „lejstrech“ a trochu také o protistátních trestných činech

Author(s): Ladislav Vojáček / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The paper deals with the criminal law education at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. It focuses on person of professor František Štorch, teaching criminal law at the Czech Law Faculty of Karl-Ferdinand University in Prague at that time. It pays its attention to the form of the then used learning tools as well as to the integration of crimes against the state into the system of criminal law back then.

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Dr. Korbuly Pál, sudca štátneho súdu v Bratislave

Author(s): František Neupauer / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The history of law indeed refers to persons handing down judgments and often offers interesting stories, such as the story of a judge working under various political regimes Dr. Pavel Korbuly (1906–1970). On May 4, 1934, Korbuly was appointed a single judge in criminal matters, after 1948 he became an instrument of justice under the communist regime and was one of the most active judges of the State Court in Bratislava. Prior to the Vienna Arbitration, he was a judge in the Czechoslovak Republic, then in Hungary, and after 1948 he was one of the judges who tried and sentenced victims of the communist regime (more than 500 people) in Slovakia. By the same communist regime, however, Korbuly was later prosecuted due to his active support of the anti-communist uprising in Hungary in 1956. Unlike others, he was one of the judges who had realized their responsibility for convicting the innocent and committed public repentance. From this perspective, his life story is unique in Central Europe as well as worldwide.

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Rekodifikácia trestného zákona v kontexte trestných činov proti republike

Author(s): Eva Balážová,Jaroslav Ivor,Marta Hlaváčová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The issue of the legal regulation of criminal offenses against the republic is interesting and concise, as it points to the importance of protection and security of the societal interests of the Slovak Republic. Defining the individual facts of crimes against the republic ensures protection against crimes that may threaten the very democratic establishment of the republic, its sovereignty, security, defense, as well as its territorial integrity. In the Slovak Republic, the area of crimes against the republic has undergone several changes, in particular the recodification of criminal law. The main crimes related to the ideology and organization of the socialist state were changed after 1989. The basis of the recodification changed the system of the Criminal Code, which expressed a change in the priority of protection of basic human rights and freedoms of individuals over the interests of the state. This change points out the position of the values of the citizens of the Slovak Republic in today’s modern state and at the same time regulates the obligations that the citizen of the whole society has.

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Система на държавни органи в конституцията на НРБ от 1947 г. Правноисторически анализ

Author(s): Desislava Stoyankova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In the history of the law of the Bulgarian state, with the change of the political situation, the basic law also changes. Every newly adopted constitution is an expression of the basic principles, institutes and state bodies. The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bulgaria of 1947 marks the beginning of a new political model of governance.

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Аграрно питање у Босни и Херцеговини за време аустроугарске управе

Author(s): Sanja Savić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Although unresolved agrarian relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the conflicts that broke out on that occasion served Austria-Hungary as an excuse to obtain a mandate for occupation at the Berlin Congress, Article XXV of the Berlin Treaty did not formally obliged the Monarchy to resolve this issue. The occupation administration decided to keep the established agrarian relations and Ottoman agrarian regulations. Because it was between two irreconcilable sides, the Austro-Hungarian administration looked at the agrarian question exclusively from a political standpoint. However, for the interested parties, it represented the most significant economic-social, national, and confessional issue. Therefore, the agrarian question represented a suitable tool for creating intolerance among the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which the Austro-Hungarian administration successfully used for its goals. The importance of the agrarian issue was also understood by the political parties formed at the beginning of the 20th century in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and it represented one of the most important issues in their political activity. Petar Kočić particularly stood out in the work on its solution. The agrarian issue came before the Bosnian-Herzegovinian Parliament after the government submitted a draft law on the optional settlement of the agrarian relations. The resolution of the agrarian issue was significant not only for its impact on economic and social relations, but also for the political realignments it sparked. This issue was the biggest stumbling block in the cooperation between Serbs and Muslims. On the other hand, the existence of a significant number of serfs among the Catholics should have united Serbian and Croatian politics in the fight for the compulsory purchase of serfs. Political tactics, however, took politics in Bosnia and Herzegovina in a completely different direction. A Croat-Muslim pact is created, and the Serbian Parliamentary Club disintegrates precisely because of internal contradictions regarding the way in which the agrarian issue will be resolved. Despite the differing positions of the Serbian and Muslim parliamentary groups, the regime managed to form the necessary majority in Parliament during the vote. Aside from Croats and Muslims, the law is also supported by some Serbian deputies. The government believed that with a lower interest rate, it would provide the serf with more favorable conditions for redemption, which would further lead to the creation of a free peasant class that would be able to develop agriculture in the county. Solving the agrarian issue by voluntary redemption showed that the Muslims were guided by their economic calculation. Their relations with Serbs and Croats during parliamentary work were motivated solely by the desire to preserve old privileges.

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Materiály s židovskou tematikou ve spisech Finanční prokuratury České Budějovice

Author(s): Vlastimil Kolda / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Financial prosecutors’ offices were one of the branches of the Czechoslovak state administration in the 1950s. They were responsible for defending the interests of the state in official proceedings of all kinds. Among other things, they dealt with matters relating to the restitution of property of legal and natural persons of Jewish origin who had suffered during the years of Nazi occupation. The records of the Financial Prosecutor’s Office in České Budějovice (Budweis), which are now housed in the State Regional Archives Třeboň, contain files on specific cases in which relatives of Jewish victims of Nazi persecution sought redress for property injustices committed by the Nazis. These files provide an interesting record of the restitution proceedings and of the frequent obstacles placed in their way by the state authorities.

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Chaos jako důsledek emancipace Organizace židovstva v Čechách 1848-1893

Author(s): Daniel Baránek / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The abolition of the Jewish tax in October 1848 and the equalization of Jews by the constitution of March 4, 1849, posed significant financial challenges for Jewish communities in Bohemia. The search for a solution spanned over four decades, with Prague quickly resolving the issue through ad hoc measures, while rural communities struggled. Efforts to legally secure funding for rural Jewish communities failed in the early 1850s, as only the Prague Jewish community had the status to enforce contributions. The Czech governorship's attempts to reform Jewish communities were met with resistance, leading to a prolonged period of legal and financial uncertainty. The situation was further complicated by the lack of clear criteria for determining the status of Jewish religious communities. Despite various proposals and negotiations, a comprehensive legal framework was not established until the late 19th century. The eventual issuance of a law in 1890 brought some order to the chaotic situation, but challenges persisted in implementing and enforcing the new regulations.

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K organizaci židovských náboženských obcí v českých zemích

Author(s): Vlastimila Hamáčková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The organization of Jewish religious communities in the Czech lands between the two world wars faced numerous challenges, as detailed in the extensive archival materials preserved in the Jewish Museum in Prague. The 1890 law established Jewish religious communities as public territorial corporations, mandating the collection of a religious tax to cover community needs. Despite the autonomy granted by the law, the communities struggled with issues such as appointing and maintaining rabbis, and the lack of broader organizations to coordinate inter-community relations. Efforts to create a unified organization culminated in the formation of regional unions and the Supreme Council of Jewish Religious Communities in 1927. These unions aimed to manage common affairs, represent Jewish interests to state authorities, and ensure the preservation of Jewish heritage. The Supreme Council also focused on social care, education, and the protection of historical and artistic Jewish artifacts. The study highlights the resilience and adaptability of Jewish communities in navigating legal and financial uncertainties, emphasizing the importance of preserving their history for future generations.

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Materiály k dějinám Židů ve Státním okresním archivu Klatovy

Author(s): Lenka Sýkorová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The State District Archive in Klatovy has seen increased interest in the history of the Jewish minority, despite the absence of a dedicated Jewish religious community fund. The archive primarily relies on state and municipal records, as well as parish office documents. The materials focus on Jewish communities in areas with significant German populations, which were annexed to Germany between 1938 and 1945. The most informative records are from the political districts of Klatovy and Sušice, established in 1850. Jewish communities were organized under association laws, requiring registration and approval by political authorities. The archives contain detailed records of Jewish religious communities, including membership lists, financial contributions, and property management. These documents provide valuable insights into the Jewish minority's history in the southwestern border region.

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Recepce norimberských zákonů v Říšské župě Sudety

Author(s): Ludomír Kocourek / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

This study investigates the reception of the Nuremberg Laws in the Reichsgau Sudetenland, highlighting the ideological principles of racism, xenophobia, and antisemitism that were implemented following the occupation of Czechoslovakia in October 1938. It discusses the pseudoscientific racial theories used to justify the superiority of the German race and the subsequent anti-Jewish terror that became state policy after the Nazis came to power in 1933. The Nuremberg Laws, enacted in September 1935, aimed to eliminate Jews from public life by distinguishing between "Reich citizens" and "state subjects," with Jews being classified as the latter. The document details the various discriminatory measures, including the prohibition of marriages between Jews and non-Jews, the requirement for Jews to adopt additional names, and the restrictions on their employment and public activities. It also examines the administrative measures taken to identify and segregate Jews, the role of the press in promoting antisemitic propaganda, and the impact of these policies on the Jewish population in the Sudetenland.

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Ghetto Terezín a Mimořádný lidový soud v Litoměřicích v letech 1945-1948

Author(s): Kateřina Lozoviuková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

This analysis looks into the role of the Extraordinary People's Court in Litoměřice from 1945 to 1948, focusing on the prosecution of crimes committed during the Holocaust and the post-war period. It highlights the challenges in addressing anti-Semitism and Jewish issues in the decisions of post-war retribution courts in the Czech lands. The research project "Jewish Issues and Anti-Semitism in the Light of Retribution Courts (1945-1948)" reveals that the punishment of war crimes against Jews was not a central concern for these courts. The document discusses the varying methods of researchers, the differences in criminal acts against Jews in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia versus the Sudetenland, and the specific legal provisions for crimes against Jews. It also covers the role of Jewish community leaders, the involvement of local collaborators, and the difficulties in achieving justice for Jewish victims. The document underscores the importance of understanding the historical context and the limitations of the retribution courts in addressing Holocaust-related crimes.

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