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The article specifically examines measures for the protection of victims of assaults with specific protection needs. The forms of the individual assessment of victims of crimes are investigated in order to establish their specific needs for protection and circumstances that must be taken into account when preparing them
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The article provides a brief overview of the current Bulgarian criminal procedural legislation, regulating the use of information technology in criminal cases as a right of the parties and an obligation of the Court, as well as court acts in electronic form.
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The article examines the changes in the legal acts related to electronic justice in criminal cases. Electronicization in the criminal process is explored and the problems related to it are indicated. It was concluded that with the adopted normative amendments, the continuation of the introduction of electronic justice was ensured, but the process has not ended.
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Suicide is the subject of interest in many scientific disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, law, theology. A serious social problem is the growing number of young people who, in an act of desperation, lack of ability to cope with school and family problems, peer exclusion and low stress resistance, decide to take their own lives. Suicide in this aspect should be considered as a major social crisis of the 21st century. In criminological literature, it is seen as a type of voluntary death and an act of discontinuation of life. Suicide among young people is often preceded by a suicide attempt, which is a “call for help”, an attempt to draw attention to themselves, but above all an act of despair and rebellion against the reality they have to face. Suicidal risk factors intersect and complement each other. These include both those related to the suicidal person, as well as his or her personality traits, cognitive styles, genetic or biological conditions. An important role is played by those linked to the immediate environment, the family, the social group and the media. The aim of this article is to characterise the phenomenon of suicides in Poland with special attention to data on children and adolescents based on the statistics of the Police Headquarters. In addition, the authors attempt to provide a psychological portrait of the person who decides to commit suicide and to draw attention to suicide risk factors among adolescents.
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One of the elements of the structure of crime is illegality. However, the legislator has provided a certain mechanism to exclude illegality. Article 25 of the Penal Code states the necessary defense as a circumstance excluding the illegality of an act, and a prohibited act committed under this condition of this counter-type becomes legal. Preventing the perpetrator from being held accountable is the subject of consideration in this study.
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W artykule przedstawiono warunki stosowania przepisu art. 21a u.p.p., który stanowi podstawę prawną instytucji prawa do popełnienia błędu przez przedsiębiorcę w przypadku naruszeń prawa, które skutkowałyby nałożeniem na niego kary grzywny lub administracyjnej kary pieniężnej. Jest to instytucja dotychczas nieistniejąca w systemie prawa polskiego, która obowiązuje od 1 stycznia 2020 r. W artykule 10 k.k.s. istnieje ugruntowana w prawie karnym skarbowym materialnym instytucja błędu, która uznawana jest za okoliczność umniejszającą lub wyłączającą winę sprawcy. Przedmiotowa instytucja może pokrywać się częściowo z zakresem treściowym art. 21a ust. 1 u.p.p. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba dogmatycznoprawnej analizy owych zależności pomiędzy instytucją prawa do popełniania błędu przez przedsiębiorcę a instytucją błędu w prawie karnym skarbowym, w których możliwe będzie ich stosowanie i wskazanie ewentualnych możliwych sposobów rozstrzygnięć spornych kwestii. Wydaje się, że odpowiedzi można poszukiwać m.in. na gruncie określonych przez prawo okoliczności warunkujących wszczęcie i prowadzenie procesu karnego skarbowego.
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The aim of this article is to present selected issues related to crime and economic crimes. The current presentation of the discussed issue in the literature focuses on the description of the phenomenon. In this article, the issue of crime and economic crimes is presented from the point of view of two basic areas of forensic activity, i.e. recognition and detection. The areas indicated above were related to the specifi c nature of crime and economic crimes. The article also indicates the need to appropriately adapt other forensic activities to the analyzed phenomenon and behavior, such as securing traces, building forensic versions or collecting evidence of committing economic crimes. The article uses the method of dogmatic and theoretical analysis.
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Hate is an extremely lasting and strong feeling. It has been known to man since the beginning of his existence, although it is diffi cult to prove it, for example due to the lack of material evidence in this respect. The aim of this study is to present key issues regarding human hatred towards other people and its consequences. These also include those of a criminal law nature. The thesis was accepted that hatred is one of the motives for crimes not only called hate speech, but also for other crimes. The basis for considerations is the literature on the subject and court decisions.
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