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Povijesni i društveni kontekst u kojemu se počinju procesuirati ratni zločini

Author(s): Tihomir Ponoš / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Izbijanje Prvog svjetskog rata zasjenilo je izvještaj koji je mogao imati golem utjecaj na razvoj međunarodnog prava, posebno međunarodnog ratnog i humanitarnog prava. U ljeto 1914. godine objavljen je Izvještaj Međunarodne komisije o istrazi uzroka i vođenju Balkanskih ratova. Iza tog naslova krije se izvještaj koji je u povijesti zabilježen kao Izvještaj Carnegiejeve zaklade za mir, u kojemu su navedena brojna kršenja međunarodnih konvencija i opisani ratni zločini počinjeni za vrijeme Balkanskih ratova. Bio je to pionirski dokument koji na 448 stranica sustavno evidentira zločine počinjene tijekom Balkanskih ratova. Tom je dokumentu prethodilo stvaranje međunarodnog ratnog prava. Suvremeno međunarodno ratno i humanitarno pravo nastaje nakon bitke kod Solferina 24. lipnja 1859. godine. U toj su se bitci sukobile austrijska vojska na jednoj i talijanska i francuska vojska na drugoj strani. Bitka je potrajala 15 sati, u njoj je sudjelovalo oko 270.000 vojnika, vođena je po velikoj vrućini i na teškom terenu, a prekinulo ju je nevrijeme. U bitci je poginulo oko 5000 vojnika, njih oko 12.000 statistički su se vodili kao nestali, a ranjenih je bilo oko 23.000. Toj je bitci svjedočio švicarski poduzetnik Henri Dunant koji je napisao knjigu Sjećanja na Solferino.

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Analiza zakonske i sudske politike kažnjavanja počinitelja kaznenih djela ratnih zločina

Author(s): Marko Sjekavica,Jelena Đokić Jović,Maja Kovačević Bošković / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Sažeto rečeno, svrha kaznenih sankcija sastoji se od posebne i opće prevencije te od retribucije/kažnjavanja društva počinitelja kaznenih djela. U suvremenim pravnim porecima zapadnog tipa, težište se pomaknulo na preventivni element kaznenog sankcioniranja radi odvraćanja od činjenja budućih kaznenih djela i s težnjom resocijalizacije počinitelja, iako osuda i kazna ostaju sastavni dio izricanja kaznenih sankcija.

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Prava civilnih žrtava rata

Author(s): Đurđa Gmaz / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Đurđa Gmaz rođena je 1950. godine u Sisku. Suprug joj je bio jedan od suosnivača HDZ-a u tom gradu. Od 1991. radila je u MUP-u Hrvatske. Kada je počeo rat u njezinom kraju, s obitelji je ostala u selu koje se nalazilo na crti razdvajanja sa srpskom stranom. Dana 16. srpnja 1993. godine kćer Đurđe Gmaz, koja se kupala s dvadesetak druge djece na Kupi, ubijena je rafalnim mecima koji su došli s druge strane Kupe, gdje su se nalazile srpske snage. Sin joj je tom prilikom teško ozlijeđen. Aktivna je u Udruzi civilnih žrtava stradalnika Domovinskog rata i godinama se zauzima za ostvarivanje prava civilnih žrtava rata.

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Problem obeštećenja žrtava silovanja i seksualnog nasilja tijekom rata: sudska praksa i nove zakonske inicijative

Author(s): Milena Čalić-Jelić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Nedostatak potpore državnih institucija, neprepoznavanje i nepriznavanje patnje žrtava seksualnog zlostavljanja u društvu te društvena stigmatizacija, često dovode do toga da same žrtve negiraju da su bile seksualno zlostavljane. U trenucima pisanja ove knjige, broj silovanih i seksualno zlostavljanih osoba na teritoriju Republike Hrvatske tijekom Domovinskog rata i dalje je nepoznat. Zabilježeno je 20-ak kaznenih predmeta za ratne zločine u kojima je dio inkriminacija bio vezan uza silovanje ili seksualno zlostavljanje. Prema navodima Državnog odvjetništva RH, Ministarstvo unutarnjih poslova utvrdilo je da postoji sumnja da su tijekom Domovinskog rata nad 182 žrtve mogli biti počinjeni ratni zločini silovanjem ili drugim oblicima seksualnog zlostavljanja. Dodatnim provjerama utvrđeno je da su neke od potencijalnih žrtava u međuvremenu preminule, neke su državnim odvjetnicima izjavile da nad njima nije bilo počinjeno silovanje niti drugi oblik seksualnog zlostavljanja koje bi bilo moguće podvesti pod neko od obilježja kaznenog djela ratnog zločina počinjenog nečovječnim postupanjem, a neke od potencijalnih žrtava otklonile su svaku mogućnost davanja iskaza. Prema evidencijama nadležnih državnih odvjetništava, ratni zločin počinjen silovanjem sigurno je počinjen na štetu samo 57 žrtava, pretežno žena. Od toga su u odnosu na 36 žrtava pokrenuti kazneni postupci koji su u različitim stadijima. Zbog kaznenog djela ratnog zločina počinjenog silovanjem osuđeno je 15 počinitelja.

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PARTICULARITĂȚILE APLICĂRII TEHNICII POLIGRAF LA ASIGURAREA ORDINII ȘI SIGURANȚEI PUBLICE

Author(s): Andrei Lungu,Iurie Odagiu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

In this article we propose to analyze and evaluate some aspects related to the use of the polygraph technique in the process of ensuring public order and security. Attention will be given to the professional skills and competencies of a polygraph examiner, as well as the need to know the special procedures that may be applied during a polygraph test. We will focus on the need to use memorial traces from a forensic point of view. We will focus on the method and methodology of conducting a polygraph test and provide recommendations for further research in the field of polygraph application.

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Procesul de deeplearning al aplicațiilor cu inteligență artificială

Author(s): Sorin-Constantin Lică,Ciprian Eugeniu CONSTANTIN / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Deeplearning is a branch of machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on training deep neural networks to learn and make decisions or make predictions. This technology is inspired by the structure and function of the human brain.Deeplearning models are made up of several layers of interconnected artificial neurons, called artificial neural networks. Each layer takes the output from the previous layer, processes it and sends it to the next layer. Layers close to the input are responsible for extracting lower-level features, while deeper layers learn higher-level representations or abstractions.One of the main advantages of deeplearning is its ability to automatically learn relevant features or representations from raw data, eliminating the need for manual engineering. This allows deeplearning models to excel in tasks such as image and speech recognition, natural language processing, recommender systems, and more.Training deeplearning models typically involves providing a large set of labeled data and using an algorithm called backpropagation to adjust connection weights between neurons, minimizing the difference between predicted and actual outputs. This process is computationally intensive and often requires significant computational resources such as specialized hardware (e.g., GPUs) or distributed computing systems.

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Strategii de prevenire și combatere a criminalității organizate din perspectiva falsificării de monedă

Author(s): Eduard Constantin / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Organized crime is a dynamic, cross-border, criminal phenomenon that requires the periodic development of strategies adapted to new trends to prevent and combat it. In this sense, the criminogenic factors, the methods and ways of committing the purpose crimes, the relevant legislation in force, the competence and performance of institutions specialized in combating crime, but also of social reaction to organized crime, must be taken into account.At the european level, the EU Strategy to combat organized crime 2021-2025 is applicable, being the first unitary strategy dedicated to organized crime; this derives from the EU Security Union Strategy. In Romania, the seat of the matter is Law no. 39/2003, national strategies and specific, multi-annual action plans being developed.Currency counterfeiting, as a manifestation of organized crime, is part of the scope of strategies of this type, which include a series of measures and actions to prevent and combat such a criminal phenomenon, which seriously affects the economy, the financial system of the European Union and the member states, but also the patrimony of the natural or legal person injured by receiving counterfeit currency.The SOCTA 2021 assessment by Europol mentions currency counterfeiting as the main area of activity of organized crime networks, being classified as a priority threat under the European Multidisciplinary Platform against Criminal Threats 2022-2025 (EMPACT 2022).

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DELINCVENȚA JUVENILĂ ȘI REGIMUL MĂSURILOR EDUCATIVE NEPRIVATIVE DE LIBERTATE

Author(s): Emanuela Denisa Dinu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The author examines the juvenile delinquency, the act of participating in unlawful behavior as a minor or individual younger than the statutory age of majority. This explanation is accompanied by a thorugh analysis of the non-custodial measures which are regulated by article 115 of the New Criminal Code.Each measure is presented closely in order to have a better understanding of the role they have and the effects they direct on the minor.

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ASPECTE DE DREPT COMPARAT PRIVIND INFRACȚIUNEA DE VIOL

Author(s): Emanuela Denisa Dinu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The author analyses the legal content of the crime of rape, regulated by article 218 of the New Criminal Code, while an exam compared with other states and their law towards this matter.On this occasion, the author also presents some critical opinion and suggestions with a view on improving the society and the law itself.

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ASPECTE GENERALE REFERITOARE LA INFRACȚIUNILE CONTRA VIEȚII PERSOANEI

Author(s): Emanuela Denisa Dinu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The author examines general aspects regarding the crimes against life, aspects that are outlined by statistics and studies over the years. On this ocassion, the evolution of the Romanian Criminal Code is highlighted and compared to other states, such as France and Russia. The purpose of this study is to understand the importance of penal provisions in preserving the lives

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PEDEAPSA ŞI OPINIA PUBLICĂ – CONSIDERAŢII CRIMINOLOGICE

Author(s): Alexandru Florin Măgureanu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Punishment has undergone fundamental transformations over time, probably more so than any other institution of criminal law. Many of the changes in society call into question some characteristics of punishment and even seem to require a rethinking of the entire sanctioning system. The way society reacts to the application of punishments has also gone through important transformations. Even if by law the public reaction does not have an immediate impact on the punishment, the legislator takes this aspect into account, with some limits imposed by the international regulations on human rights, but also by the specifics of criminal law, at least in terms of future legislative changes.

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Metode de contrafacere şi de falsificare a bancnotelor

Author(s): Roxana MANEA (ALEXANDRU) / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Counterfeiting is the intervention made on an authentic banknote to change its name (increase invalue). Counterfeiting is a complex activity in which the appropriate technical means are used to helpimitate the original banknote, until authenticity emerges. Given the methods of counterfeiting, it turns outthat only the banknote can be counterfeited, the currency can only be counterfeited.

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Lupta împotriva terorismului în contextul internațional: fond și reguli procedurale. Studii de caz

Author(s): George Gabriel Nistorescu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 on the United States and generated a significant increase in legislation on the fight against terrorism at national and European level. Given the seriousness of these offences, judicial cooperation between States is indispensable. In this context, both substantial and procedural instruments are taken into account to provide the necessary measures to prevent and combat terrorism. These include the European Arrest Warrant within the European Union. However, there are two major risks associated with this supposed fight against terrorism. These include the European Arrest Warrant within the European Union. However, there are two major risks associated with this supposed fight against terrorism. The first risk is the creation of a so-called „criminal security law” that could undermine the legal safeguards and fundamental rights of individuals. The second risk is the questionable violation of human rights by some of these procedural measures. In the field of judicial cooperation in criminal matters, judicial cooperation between Member States focuses mainly on the nature and characteristics of terrorism, an offence that does not respect territorial boundaries at all. The „criminal security law”, in the context of the war in Ukraine, has become, more than ever, a subject of great topicality.We will examine the provisions proposed by the draft EU Constitution on the material and procedural instruments used in the fight against terrorism in the field of judicial cooperation in criminal matters. In this context, we believe that it is crucial to adopt alternative instruments that protect citizens' civil liberties and human rights. Only in this way will fair and equitable judicial cooperation between the various Member States be possible.

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COLIZIUNI ȘI LACUNE PROCESUALE PENALE ȘI CRIMINALISTICE PRIVIND EXAMINAREA CADAVRULUI CONFORM LEGISLAȚIEI REPUBLICII MOLDOVA

Author(s): Dinu Ostavciuc,Constantin Rusnac / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The scientific article investigates from a tactical-criminalistics and criminal procedural point of view the activity of examining the human corpse, arguing the involvement of different sciences, which, in its essence, form a whole, concerning the process of examining the corpse at the place of its discovery or finding. Through the prism of judicial practice, the authors reveal the collisions, legislative loopholes and tactical-procedural errors that affect this action. Similarly, the study involves the authors' opinion on the extra-procedural activity of transporting the human body from the place of discovery to the forensic institution.In the process of developing the article, the author was guided by a system of scientific research methods, namely: the systemic method, the method of deduction and induction, the method of analysis, the comparative method and many others. The theoretical-legal basis of the scientific article includes the normative regulations of the criminal procedural and forensic doctrine in the field of body examination.In the end, the authors conclude that the examination of the human corpse is of great importance in the economy of crime investigation, an activity that can be performed not only within the on-site investigation, but also within other procedural actions, implicitly as an independent procedural action. In this sense, in order to avoid ambiguous interpretations and increase the activity of the criminal investigation body, I propose to amend and complete the criminal procedural legislation, in the same, it elaborates tactical forensic recommendations.

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REALITATI PRIVIND CRIMINALITATEA ORGANIZATA

Author(s): Carmen Silvia Paraschiv / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Organized crime is the panacea that history has faced since ancient times. Without a trace of denial, we can affirm that this scourge, organized crime, represents in itself a phenomenon that is identified in its formation with the appearance and consolidation of the first human communities, a situation that perpetuates itself until the moment T0 - the one that is identified, in essence, with the emergence of the modern society, developed and based on democracy. We are not wrong if we affirm that it, crime, represents in itself the content of a dark, dark, mysterious and unknown world that grew in content and manifestation, in the midst of people, together with them and whose traces and consequences can only be detected with the help of victims who have fallen prey to it, or who have allowed themselves to be caught in the nets of the dark phenomenon. The phenomenon of organized crime is a permanent threat to citizens, institutions and the economy, and the law enforcement authorities of the member states of the European Union collaborate both with each other and with the other states outside the European Union to combat this serious and organized scourge.

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REINTEGRAREA SOCIALĂ A GRUPURILOR VULNERABILE DE INFRACTORI: MINORII ȘI DELINCVENȚII MINORI

Author(s): Gianina-Anemona Radu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Seen as a form of social deviance, delinquency represents a complex social problem as a result of the conjugated interaction between the individual and the environment. In fact, at the level of each society, it exists in one greater or lesser proportion, manifestations of transgression a norms that can take shape by relating them to certain criteria deviance or/and delinquency. The delinquent appears to us as an individual with a deficiency social maturation and at the same time, with social integration difficulties, which comes into conflict with the requirements of a certain value-normative system, including the legal norms.There is a difference between minors and juvenile delinquents, depending on capacity for criminal liability. We have minors who are not criminally liable and minors who are subject to criminal law sanctions. We also have non-custodial sanctions and restrictive or custodial sanctions.The reintegration of all minors who break the law is a sensitive issue. Reintegration services are designed to facilitate a youth’s transition from an out-of-home placement back to the community and family environment through collaboration between the youth and community service providers, and family to ensure the delivery of needed services and supervision. The overall goal is to assist the youth in becoming a productive citizen.

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On the Use of Semantic Frames in Law Enforcement English Methodology

Author(s): Ileana Chersan / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The methodology of English for specific purposes has long been employed and developed, capitalizing on the latest language research and linguistic traits. Using semantic analysis and more specifically semantic frames (in the sense of Fillmore ) to deconstruct the meanings of a lexical unit or word is a complex and rewarding methodological approach; this can facilitate the comprehension of cultural and social concepts behind the lexical units, contrasting concepts and situations and contextualizing them with more semantic precision. Law enforcement concepts favour this approach due to the social and historical complexity of law enforcement systems and their impact on cross-cultural communication. This paper explores two semantic frames of law enforcement concepts – ‘Criminal attempts’ and the ‘Power to stop and search’ - to demonstrate the rationale and applicability of frame semantics to English law enforcement vocabulary teaching.

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Importanța cunoașterii populației pentru activitățile specifice poliției

Author(s): Vasile-Cătălin GOLOP / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Knowledge of the population is extremely important for specific policing activities as it can help to identify security problems and develop strategies to prevent anti-social crime. By knowing the population, police can better understand the culture, customs and values of the community. This knowledge can help identify vulnerable groups, those who may be vulnerable to crime or tempted to commit it. Knowledge of the population can also be useful in establishing effective communication between the police and the community. By understanding the needs and expectations of the community, the police can develop strategies to involve the community in crime prevention and crime fighting activities. In addition, knowledge of the population can help to identify high-risk areas, areas where offences against the law frequently occur or where there are public safety problems. In order to develop community-specific preventive strategies, the police need to identify and assess community-specific risk factors. Identifying and assessing risk factors are essential steps in the crime prevention process and can help to develop appropriate preventive strategies. One of the main objectives of population awareness in the work of preventing crimes harmful to society is to develop specific preventive measures tailored to the needs of the community.

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Prevenirea și Combaterea Criminalității Informatice din Perspectiva Cooperării Polițienești Internaționale

Author(s): Alexandru Ignat,Ciprian Eugeniu CONSTANTIN / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

We can state that with each passing day, our world is becoming increasingly digitized and the accessibility of the population to information resources and computer systems is becoming more and more diversified, while awareness and education regarding online security are not, unfortunately, a priority discussed on the agenda, yet. As technology advances, people become more dependent on it, and preventing and combating cybercrime becomes an increasingly pressing issue. International police cooperation is essential in addressing this type of often organized crime, as most cybercrimes surpass conventional borders. Thus, strong and efficient collaboration among law enforcement agencies from different countries can contribute to identifying and pursuing criminals who exploit computer systems, as well as exchanging vital information for preventing future cyber attacks. This requires the development of common protocols and procedures, open and transparent communication, and a shared commitment to protecting citizens and public institutions. Additionally, public education and awareness are of paramount importance in preventing crimes within the realm of cybercrime. In an increasingly interconnected world, we must ensure that a significant portion of the population understands the risks associated with technology usage and is prepared to protect themselves or detect and report violations of rights in the online environment.

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SECURITATEA PORTUARĂ ȘI POLITICILE UNIUNII EUROPENE

Author(s): Lucian GRĂJDEANU,Sorin-Constantin Lică / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The continuous increase in the demand for transport is in the constant attention of the European Commission, which has launched a "new visionary exercise" applicable to the future of all modes of transport, with an emphasis on continuing the process of liberalization and reducing the impact on the environment - the transport system consumes almost 30 % of energy generated in member villages – by reducing dependence on oil imports, greenhouse gas emissions and accidents. This article draws attention to the considerable challenges faced by the European Union and, implicitly, our country, in order to respond to permanent transport needs, in the context of demographic changes and the reorientation of investment capacities in the port field, all influenced by the maintenance of the situation determined by the evolution of the conflict in Ukraine.

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