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What is the Gender of Security?

Author(s): / Language(s): English

This book brings together a collection of research essays mapping the intersection between gender and security in Bosnia and Herzegovina today. The idea for the book emerged through numerous discussions, both formal and less formal, that we as editors undertook over several years. These discussions addressed the extent to which security-type activities, related to gender, carried out by numerous organisations, have had an impact on and in communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We became concerned by a seemingly prevalent opinion in current literature on gender and security that gender still remains a poor relation in international security documents and policy. Thus, we wanted to create an opportunity for researchers and activists in Bosnia and Herzegovina to articulate ideas and concerns that would go beyond perceiving gender as a mere guideline, through focusing on the effects of gendered security as experienced in everyday life. Therefore, our guiding question in these discussions was and continues to be: what phenomena do researchers and activists feel to be relevant and pressing when it comes to the intersection between gender and security in Bosnia and Herzegovina today?

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№166: How Russian Violations of the 1997 Founding Act Influence NATO-Russia Relations

Author(s): Anna Maria Dyner,Artur Kacprzyk,Wojciech Lorenz,Marcin Terlikowski / Language(s): English

The NATO-Russia Founding Act adopted in 1997 reflected the consensus within the Alliance that new security architecture in Europe should be based on three pillars: enlargement of transformed NATO, European integration and partnership with Russia. Self-limitation on the stationing and deployment of troops in the territories of new NATO members was conditioned upon Russia’s observance of the rule-based order. After the annexation of Crimea, the Allies decided to respect the spirit of the Founding Act to limit the risk of escalation and defend the security system Russia is interested in derailing. The Allies, however, should adopt a less dogmatic approach to NRFA, which would offer additional flexibility in strengthening NATO’s cohesion and influencing Russian calculations.

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№177: NATO Deterrence and Arms Control Policy in a World without the INF Treaty

Author(s): Artur Kacprzyk,Łukasz Kulesa,Marcin Andrzej Piotrowski / Language(s): English

To maintain effective deterrence and internal cohesion in a post-INF Treaty world, especially in the face of the growing Russian missile threat to Europe, NATO needs to act in two areas. To enhance its military posture, the Alliance ought to quickly mobilise available defensive and offensive capabilities, plan and exercise their use, and be ready to further adjust its posture in the future. This includes studying the military rationale to deploy conventionally armed ground-launched intermediate-range missiles. To adapt its arms-control policy, NATO members should identify Russia’s most destabilising missile systems, both existing and prospective, and propose arms-control initiatives aimed at limiting them. Although the likelihood of achieving new agreements with Russia is currently low, a more proactive NATO arms-control position could help shape the discussion in the longer term and counter Russian efforts to divide the Alliance.

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Delimitation of Maritime Areas in the Eastern Mediterranean as a Challenge for the EU

Author(s): Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): English

For several reasons, there are difficulties in delimiting the borders of the exclusive economic zones (EEZ) and continental shelves in the Eastern Mediterranean. There are a number of conflicting claims that vary in scope, as well as various legal obligations, the lack of international recognition of several parties to the disputes, and the application of a policy of fait accompli on some of the sides. It is in the EU’s interests to create conditions for the conclusion of a multilateral delimitation agreement concerning a part of the basin west of Cyprus, and bilateral agreements for Cyprus with Lebanon and with Syria.

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Delimitacja obszarów morskich we wschodniej części Morza Śródziemnego jako wyzwanie dla UE

Author(s): Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): Polish

Trudności z wytyczeniem granic wyłącznych stref ekonomicznych i szelfu kontynentalnego we wschodniej części Morza Śródziemnego wynikają z kilku przyczyn. Są to liczba i zakres sprzecznych roszczeń, brak uznania niektórych stron sporów, stosowanie przez część z nich polityki faktów dokonanych oraz zróżnicowane zobowiązania prawne. W interesie UE leży stworzenie warunków do zawarcia wielostronnej umowy delimitacyjnej dotyczącej części akwenu na zachód od Cypru oraz dwustronnych umów Cypru z Libanem i Syrią.

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China on the Hong Kong Protests: 2 Scenarios

Author(s): Marcin Przychodniak / Language(s): English

The radicalisation of the protests in Hong Kong has destabilised its economy and public life. This contradicts Chinese Communist Party (CCP) propaganda of a region that since 1997 has successfully reunited with China. The Chinese authorities have not rejected the use of military force on the streets of Hong Kong but first will try to take control of the situation through the local authorities, who have reduced the freedom of assembly and authorised brutal actions by police. These measures break the resolution in the Sino-British declaration of 1984 and are violations of international law. If the situation in Hong Kong deteriorates further, the EU will be forced to take a more determined position.

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Scenariusze polityki ChRL wobec protestów w Hongkongu

Author(s): Marcin Przychodniak / Language(s): Polish

Radykalizacja protestów w Hongkongu destabilizuje tamtejszą gospodarkę i życie publiczne. Przeczy propagandzie Komunistycznej Partii Chin o sukcesie integracji regionu z Chinami. Władze chińskie nie wykluczają wyprowadzenia wojska na ulice Hongkongu, ale w pierwszej kolejności próbują opanować sytuację za pośrednictwem lokalnej władzy. Ogranicza ona prawo do zgromadzeń i autoryzuje brutalne działania policji. Oznacza to łamanie postanowień deklaracji chińsko-brytyjskiej z 1984 r. i stanowi naruszenie prawa międzynarodowego. W przypadku zaostrzenia sytuacji w Hongkongu UE będzie zmuszona zająć bardziej zdecydowane stanowisko niż dotychczas.

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Settlement Annexation on the West Bank: Legal and Political Context

Author(s): Michał Wojnarowicz,Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): English

The issue of Jewish settlements in the West Bank remains one of the key elements of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The political situation in Israel and favourable attitude of the U.S. administration increase the likelihood that Israel might annex settlements. Illegal under international law, this action would have a destructive effect on the peace process and would force a revision of EU-Israel relations.

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Aneksja osiedli na Zachodnim Brzegu: kontekst prawny i polityczny

Author(s): Michał Wojnarowicz,Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): Polish

Kwestia osiedli żydowskich na Zachodnim Brzegu pozostaje jednym z kluczowych elementów konfliktu izraelsko-palestyńskiego. Obecne uwarunkowania polityczne w Izraelu i sprzyjająca postawa administracji USA zwiększają prawdopodobieństwo aneksji tych osiedli przez Izrael. Taki krok, nielegalny z punktu widzenia prawa międzynarodowego, miałby destrukcyjny wpływ na proces pokojowy i wymusiłby rewizję relacji UE–Izrael.

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Stosunki turecko-amerykańskie w cieniu procesu Rezy Zarraba

Author(s): Karol Wasilewski / Language(s): Polish

W USA rozpoczął się proces z udziałem tureckiego biznesmena Rezy Zarraba, który pomagał Iranowi w omijaniu amerykańskich sankcji. Przyznał się on do winy i został głównym świadkiem prokuratury. Sprawę krytykują tureccy politycy, obawiający się ujawnienia ich roli w tych działaniach. Proces pobudzi antyzachodnią retorykę w Turcji i pogłębi kryzys w stosunkach turecko-amerykańskich. Może także uderzyć w turecką gospodarkę ze względu na rzekomy udział państwowego banku Halkbank w procederze. Przeciągające się trudności w relacjach Turcja–USA są wyzwaniem dla jedności NATO.

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Realpolitički odgovor Putinu

Author(s): Eric Frey / Language(s): Serbian

Na svetskoj pozornici se evo već nešto više od jednog veka smenjuju politika sile ili realpolitika i politika principa i vrednosti. Dok se Evropljani pridržavaju potonjeg, a SAD po potrebi osciluju između ta dva pola, u Rusiji još od Staljina primat ima realpolitika, što se ogleda i u Putinovoj akciji protiv Ukrajine.

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Mali pobedonosni poraz

Author(s): Aleksandar Goljc / Language(s): Serbian

Većina domaćih rasprava o poslednjoj ratno-mornaričkoj „tuči“ u Kerčkom moreuzu svodi se na diskusiju o tome jesu li ukrajinski oklopni čamci povredili ruske teritorijalne vode i da li je (prema tome) naša obalska straža imala „zakonito pravo“ da ih uz aktivnu primenu oružja presretne.

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Važna vest iz Haga

Author(s): Igor Jakovenko / Language(s): Serbian

Međunarodni krivični sud u Hagu je na svom sajtu objavio izveštaj glavne tužiteljke Fatu Bensude, dokument u kojem je mnogo toga u vezi sa ruskom agresijom protiv Ukrajine nazvano pravim imenom. U tom izveštaju je između ostalog navedeno sledeće...

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Kukavičlukom na koronu

Author(s): Rastislav Dinić / Language(s): Serbian

Na pitanje da li će se uvesti obavezna vakcinacija za radnike u zdravstvu, premijerka je, sa sebi svojstvenom nezainteresovanošću za istinu, odgovorila da bi to „eventualno odvelo Srbiju na Evropski sud za ljudska prava u Strazburu“. „Onda imate sindikate, ljudskopravaše i 300 čuda koji dolaze sa tim“, dodala je premijerka, kao obrazloženje zašto Srbija ipak neće uvesti obaveznu vakcinaciju zdravstvenih radnika. Prevedimo ovo na svima razumljiv srpskohrvatski – sud u Strazburu, „sinidikati“ i „ljudskopravaši“ su krivi što vlast u Srbiji neće da uradi ono što je sada već svima jasno da mora da uradi i što su mnoge evropske zemlje već uradile (i nisu se našle pred sudom u Strazburu).

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Tirolul de Sud - un model de autonomie şi convieţuire?

Author(s): Sergiu Constantin / Language(s): Romanian

The study presents the main aspects of the system of minorities' protection in the Italian autonomous province of South Tyrol. After a short overview of the historical events necessary for understanding the present context, the paper focuses on the legal and institutional features of the 1972 Statute of Autonomy. The performance of the system is assessed through a detailed analyze of its three key elements: the mechanism of "linguistic quotas" used for the proportional distribution of the public posts and financial resources among South Tyroleans, Italians and Ladins; the organization and functioning of the education in South Tyrol; the linguistic rights in relations with administrative and judicial authorities. The research is based on the existing legal framework, on Italian and international courts jurisprudence and on relevant academic literature in the field. Last but not least, the paper offers a précis of the financial arrangements between Italian state and the autonomous province of South Tyrol and explains the fiscal benefits of the South Tyrolean autonomy.

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Sukobljene strane u sukobu interesa: Bosna i Hercegovina 25 godina nakon Daytona

Author(s): Damir Arnaut / Language(s): Bosnian

Bosnia and Herzegovina was among the first countries in the Western Balkans region to have a law on the conflict of interest. This was not, however, due to an effort of domestic political forces, but the Law was instead imposed in 2002 by the High Representative, an international overseer with wide powers under the Dayton Peace Accords. The Law contained definitions and enforcement mechanisms modelled after the best practices in democratic societies, and included a wide array of public officials and their immediate relatives. The proscribed sanctions, however, were unduly severe, requiring in most cases that offending officials be barred from public office for a period of four years. The Law, nonetheless was successful in curbing conflict of interest in the country, and was significantly improved with several subsequent amendments. In 2013, however, the Law was substantially weakened, with enforcement powers transferred from the independent Central Election Commission to a Committee largely composed of elected officials. These changes resulted in a conflict of interest process completely controlled by political parties, subject to frequent and lasting blockades, and completely dormant in periods between elections. Indeed, the new body delivered only ten sanctions in the six years of its existence. This has created a need – voiced by Western governments, various NGO's, and several likeminded elected officials – for a completely new law on the conflict of interest. Such a Draft Law was introduced in the Bosnia and Herzegovina Parliamentary Assembly toward the end of 2017. Due to various procedural delay and blockade mechanisms invoked by the ruling parties, the Draft Law is yet to be considered by the BiH Parliament. Until this or a similar law is adopted, creating a truly independent enforcement body, Bosnia and Herzegovina is unlikely to make meaningful strides on the road to the European Union membership.

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Priručnik za djecu koja borave u Centru za djecu i mlade "Ljubović"

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Montenegrine

Sva djeca imaju jednaka prava garantovana Konvencijom i pravima djeteta. Konvencija je međunarodni ugovor, usvojen pod okriljem Ujedinjenih nacija 20. januara1989. godine. Ovaj ugovor su do danas prihvatile skoro sve države svijeta, njih 191, osim Somalije i SAD (koja je samo potpisala Konvenciju, ali je nije i ratifikovala).

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The Difficult Beginnings of the European Public Prosecutor’s Office

Author(s): Stefania Kolarz / Language(s): English

The smooth functioning of the European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO) is important to fill the gap in the protection of EU finances and to strengthen cooperation between national prosecutors’ offices. Its activities will enable the unprecedented involvement of the EU in domestic proceedings related to violations of the EU budget, including by bringing such violations and indictments before the courts of the Member States. However, the effectiveness of the EPPO will depend on the introduction of appropriate regulations and active cooperation with its officers at the national level. Along with only moderate enthusiasm of many Member States, the EPPO will from the outset face the difficult task of proving the added value of guiding its officials to national systems.

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U.S. Enacts Sanctions to Stop ICC Proceedings

Author(s): Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): English

An executive order issued by U.S. President Donald Trump on 11 June imposes sanctions on those engaged in the activities of the International Criminal Court (ICC) directed against members of U.S. or allied personnel. It is a blow to international criminal justice that will impede or may even prevent the ICC from investigating crimes in Afghanistan and Palestine. The sanctions can also potentially affect Polish citizens or entities, creating tension in Polish-American relations.

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№211: The Fight for Justice: Ukraine’s Legal Steps in Its Defence Against Russian Aggression

Author(s): Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): English

Through proceedings before international courts, Ukraine seeks to raise the political cost of the Russian military action on its territory and exert diplomatic pressure to force a cessation of hostilities. It also wants to challenge the controversial legal arguments Russia is using to try to justify the 2022 invasion. While future verdicts may provide a basis for reparations, effective enforcement of rights and punishment of perpetrators of crimes committed on Ukrainian territory are likely to succeed only in the long term. Poland and like-minded states can support Ukraine’s legal position and further assist it in documenting crimes and prosecuting suspects.

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