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U.S. Development of Intermediate-Range Missiles after Its Withdrawal from the INF Treaty

Author(s): Artur Kacprzyk,Marcin Andrzej Piotrowski / Language(s): English

After its withdrawal from the INF Treaty, the U.S. is planning to introduce new ground-launched missiles with ranges of 500-5,500 km. Already in the final part of President Donald Trump’s first term, the administration might start talks with Asian and European allies on stationing these missiles. The development of the majority of these systems will take at least a few years and has already resulted in controversy in the U.S. Congress and within NATO. Russia will seek to prevent their deployment, especially in Europe, while also presenting the U.S. actions as a pretext for the further expansion of the Russian missile arsenal.

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China’s Approach to the INF Treaty and the Development of Intermediate-Range Missiles

Author(s): Marcin Andrzej Piotrowski / Language(s): English

China criticised the U.S. decision to withdraw from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Elimination Treaty (INF), at the same time rejecting the idea of eliminating or reducing its own enormous missile arsenal. China is concerned that, after demise of the treaty, the U.S. will develop new intermediate-range missiles and deploy them in Asia. Expected changes in U.S. military strategy regarding Chinese and Russian missile arsenals indicate the urgent need for a cohesive NATO policy.

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Podejście Chin do układu INF i rakiet średniego zasięgu

Author(s): Marcin Andrzej Piotrowski / Language(s): Polish

Chiny krytykują decyzję USA o wyjściu z Układu o całkowitej likwidacji pocisków krótkiego i średniego zasięgu (INF), jednocześnie odrzucając pomysł eliminacji lub redukcji swego ogromnego arsenału rakietowego. Chiny niepokoi możliwość opracowania przez USA pocisków średniego zasięgu i rozlokowania ich w Azji po wygaśnięciu układu. Spodziewane zmiany strategii wojskowej USA w ramach odpowiedzi na arsenały rakietowe Chin oraz Rosji wymagają od NATO sformułowania spójnej polityki.

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Legal Issues Related to the U.S. Withdrawal from the Nuclear Agreement with Iran

Author(s): Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): English

The exit from the nuclear agreement with Iran (JCPOA) deprived the U.S. of the possibility to use UN-legitimised means of pressure. Instead, the U.S. is building pressure through unilateral sanctions that also affect non-American entities. The agreement, however, remains in force. As long as the other participants believe Iran respects it, it is unlikely that the suspended UN sanctions on Iran will be re-imposed. In the long run, the unilateral sanctions will lead to tensions between the U.S. and the EU. The deficit of confidence, also on the part of Iran, will make it difficult to find a way out of the situation.

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Problemy prawne związane z wycofaniem się USA z porozumienia nuklearnego z Iranem

Author(s): Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): Polish

Wskutek wyjścia z porozumienia nuklearnego z Iranem Stany Zjednoczone utraciły możliwość korzystania z legitymizowanych przez ONZ środków nacisku. W zamian budują presję jednostronnymi sankcjami, które dotykają też podmioty spoza USA. Porozumienie pozostaje jednak w mocy. Dopóki w ocenie pozostałych uczestników Iran go przestrzega, nie można spodziewać się wznowienia sankcji nałożonych na niego przez ONZ. Na dłuższą metę jednostronne sankcje USA doprowadzą do napięć między USA i UE. Deficyt zaufania, także po stronie Iranu, będzie utrudniał znalezienie wyjścia z sytuacji.

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Political Effects of Hungary Granting Asylum to the Former Prime Minister of Macedonia

Author(s): Tomasz Żornaczuk / Language(s): English

The former Prime Minister of Macedonia Nikola Gruevski was granted asylum in Hungary on 20 November. Sheltering a politician who has been convicted of abuse of power in a candidate country for EU membership raises legal doubts and political controversy. Hungary’s participation in obstructing the operation of Macedonian state institutions constitutes a challenge above all for EU enlargement policy, which aims to strengthen the rule of law.

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Konsekwencje udzielenia przez Węgry azylu byłemu premierowi Macedonii

Author(s): Tomasz Żornaczuk / Language(s): Polish

Były premier Macedonii Nikoła Gruewski uzyskał 20 listopada 2018 r. azyl na Węgrzech. Udzielenie schronienia politykowi, który został skazany za nadużycie władzy w kraju kandydującym do członkostwa w UE, wzbudza wątpliwości prawne i kontrowersje polityczne. Uczestnictwo Węgier w utrudnianiu działania macedońskim instytucjom państwowym stanowi wyzwanie przede wszystkim dla polityki rozszerzenia Unii Europejskiej, której celem jest m.in. umocnienie rządów prawa.

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Wyrok Trybunału Sprawiedliwości UE w sprawie Sahary Zachodniej: wnioski dla Polski i Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): Polish

Wyrok Trybunału Sprawiedliwości nie rozstrzygnął problemu stosowania umów handlowych UE z Marokiem w stosunku do okupowanej przez ten kraj Sahary Zachodniej. Potwierdził natomiast, że UE nie wypracowała zgodnej z prawem międzynarodowym polityki handlowej wobec obszarów okupowanych i separatystycznych. Jej brak szkodzi skuteczności dyplomacji Unii i spójności jej polityki zagranicznej, zwłaszcza sankcyjnej. Polska mogłaby wystąpić z propozycją dokonania przeglądu stosowania umów handlowych UE, które dotyczą takich obszarów.

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Treść i skutki ostatecznego porozumienia nuklearnego P5+1 z Iranem

Author(s): Marcin Andrzej Piotrowski / Language(s): Polish

Podpisana niedawno umowa mocarstw (P5+1) z Iranem zakłada bezprecedensowe ograniczenie skali i kontrolę potencjału nuklearnego tego kraju. Konsekwentna jej realizacja zmniejszy ryzyko budowy arsenału atomowego Iranu przez co najmniej 10–15 lat. Porozumienie jest rezultatem kompromisu USA w sprawie znoszenia sankcji w zamian za zamrożenie i redukcję wszystkich elementów irańskiego programu. Ze względu na swój techniczny charakter nie gwarantuje ono jednak podjęcia przez Teheran decyzji o reformach wewnętrznych, liberalizacji gospodarki lub zmianie polityki regionalnej. Nie dotyczy też programu rakietowego Iranu, co oznacza potrzebę dalszej realizacji planów obrony przeciwrakietowej USA i NATO, w tym instalacji w Redzikowie.

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Nasilje nad ženama i sistemska diskriminacija: (pre)dug put do pravde

Author(s): Aleksandra Ivanković / Language(s): Bosnian

I dok je javnost jednog od naših susjeda nedjeljama bitku bila za ratifikaciju Konvencije Savjeta Evrope o sprečavanju i borbi protiv nasilja nad ženama i nasilja u porodici (poznatija kao Istanbulska konvencija), Bosna i Hercegovina je tu konvenciju bezbolno i bez prevelike pompe tiho ratifikovala još u novembru 2013. Ono što slijedi je jedna nestvarno stvarna priča o kompleksnoj problematici kojom se Konvencija bavi, u kojoj je svaka sličnost sa stvarnim osobama namjerna.

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Climate Protection Litigation on the Rise

Author(s): Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): English

In the last several years, national courts and international institutions have increasingly begun to treat conservative or climate-adverse actions by states as violations of their obligations under international law and human rights. This has been followed by some countries more affected by climate change and engaged in international bodies to put more pressure on Global North states to protect the climate. The sympathetic attitude of international courts towards such complaints may, in the long term, force the need for increased climate ambition or even compensation payments by, among others, Poland.

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Ukraine Successful in Holding Russia to Account at the European Court of Human Rights

Author(s): Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): English

The decision of the European Court of Human Rights(ECtHR) issued on 25 January opens the way to hold Russia accountable for human rights violations in eastern Ukraine and order it to pay compensation. It also challenges numerous theses of Russian propaganda regarding Ukraine and the positions of countries sharing Russia’s point of view. At the same time, the decision reaffirms the importance of documenting the violations committed and the need to develop international mechanisms to pay compensation awarded in case Russia refuses to do so.

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States Successfully Conclude Negotiations of the High Seas Treaty

Author(s): Stefania Kolarz,Zuzanna Nowak / Language(s): English

After two decades of discussions, UN states have completed work on a treaty on the conservation of ocean biodiversity, allowing the creation and management of protected areas in international waters. The agreement can help counter climate change, biodiversity loss, and ocean pollution. However, its real impact on the environment will depend on swift ratification and subsequent effective implementation.

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Regulation of Autonomous Weapons Faces Challenges

Author(s): Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): English

The prospects for banning the development and use of autonomous weapons are currently dim, and international negotiations on regulating these processes have been at a standstill for several years. However, there is nothing to prevent existing international humanitarian law and norms on international responsibility from being applied to the use of these weapons. It would be advisable, though, for this possibility to be confirmed by as many states as possible, providing a common interpretation of the existing rules in a new context.

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Landmark ICC Decision on Jurisdiction in the Palestinian Territories

Author(s): Michał Wojnarowicz,Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): English

On 5 February, the International Criminal Court (ICC) ruled that Palestine is a state within the meaning of its statute. As a consequence, the court has jurisdiction over Palestinian territory, comprised of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem. The decision allows ICC prosecutor Fatou Bensouda to investigate possible crimes committed within these territories on 3 March. The decision is a political success for the Palestinian Authority. Israel strongly opposes it and will conduct diplomatic activities against the ICC, attempting to involve its foreign partners in them.

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Reform of the European Court of Human Rights

Author(s): Stefania Kolarz / Language(s): English

Protocol No. 15 to the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR), which entered into force on 1 August, was to improve the functioning of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), including by accelerating the examination of cases. However, some of the changes made by it may have the opposite effect. The protocol does not solve the problem of overloading the ECtHR with incoming complaints. The reform should be thus continued by, for example, more effective resolution by states of systemic problems identified by the ECtHR.

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Prospects for China-EU Relations in the Second Half of 2020

Author(s): Justyna Szczudlik / Language(s): English

This year, China will be unable to prevent the EU from implementing sharper policy towards the PRC, while the Union will not persuade China to fulfil its commitments at last year’s summit, such as liberalisation of its economy. As a result, the EU will be introducing more defensive instruments to protect its market. It may also adopt a more principled stance on human rights and international law. China will not lift barriers to its market and may take up conciliatory rhetoric towards the EU as it awaits the outcome of the presidential election in the U.S.

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№134: Seeking Ways to Exclude Russian Vendors from UN Procurement System

Author(s): Piotr Dzierżanowski,Stefania Kolarz / Language(s): English

The UN Secretariat and other United Nations entities are conducting their procurement procedures without excluding suppliers from Russia despite its full-scale aggression against Ukraine. States condemning the invasion are seeking to restrict Russian companies from obtaining contracts. It is currently possible by removing individual suppliers from the UN procurement system. However, the organisation lacks a systemic solution allowing the exclusion of vendors from a particular state, even one blatantly violating international law.

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Research on Regulation, Availability and Practice of Abortion in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Delila Hasanbegović Vukas / Language(s): English

This publication outlines and analyses the regulation, availability, and practices of and access to abortion in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first part outlines and analyses international and national legal framework pertaining to abortion and sexual and reproductive rights in a broader sense, with the aim of mapping the positive (existing) regulations in this area, and identifying gaps and room for improvement. Therefore, the first part of the report covers: – analysis of international documents that address sexual and reproductive rights and health, and – analysis of BiH legislation (Federation of BiH, the Republika Srpska, Brčko District of BiH) pertaining to healthcare, reproductive health, specifically abortion, statistical indicators and financing of services under health insurance. The second part outlines and analyses the practices of healthcare institutions and facilities in terms of recognition, enjoyment and exercise of the right to abortion from the perspective of availability of and access to abortion services. Furthermore, we present and analyse the experiences of women from BiH who have had the experience of abortion. In the end, the report presents the findings/conclusions of the research on the availability of abortion, and develops recommendations for improving access to abortion in BiH based on the findings of the research.

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Will outer space be weaponized?

Author(s): Miroslav Tůma / Language(s): English

This essay discusses the main elements of the American security document called the Missile Defense Review 2019, which was presented by the US Ministry of Defense in January 2019. It covers the possible reasons for the postponed publication of the document and informs about the main legal documents dealing with the peaceful use of space. It compares the current document with the similar one from 2010, which was published by the Obama administration. It also focuses on the possibility of the deployment of US space-based interceptors in the Earth’s orbit. In this context it analyses the possible negative consequences of such a development, especially that it could lead to the beginning of a phase of a high risk weaponizations of outer space and the start of an arms race in that domain.

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