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DODATAK 3. ALTERNATIVNOM IZVJEŠTAJU O IMPLEMENTACIJI CEDAW KONVENCIJE I ŽENSKIM LJUDSKIM PRAVIMA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI

Author(s): Aleksandra Petrić,Fedra Idžaković,Gordana Vidović,Sabiha Husić,Mara Radovanović,Selma Hadžihalilović,Sadžida Tulić / Language(s): Bosnian,Serbian

Dodatak trećem alternativnom izvještaju je nastao kao rezultat zajedničkih napora grupe aktivistkinja i aktivista iz nevladinih organizacija u Bosni i Hercegovini sa dugogodišnjim iskustvom u direktnom radu sa ženama čija su prava ugrožena ili direktno povrijeđena, kao i aktivnostima zalaganja za usvajanje rodno osjetljivih i odgovornih zakona i javnih politika u oblasti zaštite ženskih ljudskih prava i ravnopravnosti polova.

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Emergence of Regional Leader in the Western Balkans - The case of Serbia and the implications for Macedonia

Author(s): Sonja Zuber / Language(s): English

Serbia has always been an interesting case for analysis when dealing with the Western Balkans’ political, economical and cultural relations. Serbia’s central location in the Balkan Peninsula and its big territory (slightly bigger than Bulgaria), give her a significant importance in the geo-politics of Europe and wider. In addition the key corridor 10, which is the bloodstream of the region, passes throughout the whole country. These geo-political characteristics however, are not the only reason that makes Serbia important for the region and the EU itself. Serbia has a so called “institutional memory”, relatively long tradition of established bureaucracy reflected on functional administration and institutions which directly effects EU integration processes and makes cooperation feasible (as it is a highly bureaucratic process in nutshell). Comparatively Serbia’s statehood dates back much earlier than most of the other Western Balkan (WB) countries.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. HAMAS’ USE OF HUMAN SHIELDS IN GAZA

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Hamas, an Islamist militant group and the de facto governing authority of the Gaza Strip, has been using human shields in conflicts with Israel since 2007. According to the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), the war crime of using human shields encompasses “utilizing the presence of a civilian or other protected person to render certain points, areas, or military forces immune from military operations.” Hamas has launched rockets, positioned military-related infrastructure-hubs and routes, and engaged the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) from, or in proximity to, residential and commercial areas. The strategic logic of human shields has two components. It is based on an awareness of Israel’s desire to minimise collateral damage, and of Western public opinion’s sensitivity towards civilian casualties. If the IDF uses lethal force and causes an increase in civilian casualties, Hamas can utilise that as a lawfare tool: it can accuse Israel of committing war crimes, which could result in the imposition of a wide array of sanctions. Alternatively, if the IDF limits its use of military force in Gaza to avoid collateral damage, Hamas will be less susceptible to Israeli attacks, and thereby able to protect its assets while continuing to fight. Moreover, despite the Israeli public’s high level of support for the Israeli political and military leadership during operations, civilian casualties are one of the friction points between Israeli left-wing and right-wing supporters, with the former questioning the outcomes of the operation.

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China on the Hong Kong Protests: 2 Scenarios

Author(s): Marcin Przychodniak / Language(s): English

The radicalisation of the protests in Hong Kong has destabilised its economy and public life. This contradicts Chinese Communist Party (CCP) propaganda of a region that since 1997 has successfully reunited with China. The Chinese authorities have not rejected the use of military force on the streets of Hong Kong but first will try to take control of the situation through the local authorities, who have reduced the freedom of assembly and authorised brutal actions by police. These measures break the resolution in the Sino-British declaration of 1984 and are violations of international law. If the situation in Hong Kong deteriorates further, the EU will be forced to take a more determined position.

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Scenariusze polityki ChRL wobec protestów w Hongkongu

Author(s): Marcin Przychodniak / Language(s): Polish

Radykalizacja protestów w Hongkongu destabilizuje tamtejszą gospodarkę i życie publiczne. Przeczy propagandzie Komunistycznej Partii Chin o sukcesie integracji regionu z Chinami. Władze chińskie nie wykluczają wyprowadzenia wojska na ulice Hongkongu, ale w pierwszej kolejności próbują opanować sytuację za pośrednictwem lokalnej władzy. Ogranicza ona prawo do zgromadzeń i autoryzuje brutalne działania policji. Oznacza to łamanie postanowień deklaracji chińsko-brytyjskiej z 1984 r. i stanowi naruszenie prawa międzynarodowego. W przypadku zaostrzenia sytuacji w Hongkongu UE będzie zmuszona zająć bardziej zdecydowane stanowisko niż dotychczas.

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Settlement Annexation on the West Bank: Legal and Political Context

Author(s): Michał Wojnarowicz,Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): English

The issue of Jewish settlements in the West Bank remains one of the key elements of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The political situation in Israel and favourable attitude of the U.S. administration increase the likelihood that Israel might annex settlements. Illegal under international law, this action would have a destructive effect on the peace process and would force a revision of EU-Israel relations.

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Aneksja osiedli na Zachodnim Brzegu: kontekst prawny i polityczny

Author(s): Michał Wojnarowicz,Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): Polish

Kwestia osiedli żydowskich na Zachodnim Brzegu pozostaje jednym z kluczowych elementów konfliktu izraelsko-palestyńskiego. Obecne uwarunkowania polityczne w Izraelu i sprzyjająca postawa administracji USA zwiększają prawdopodobieństwo aneksji tych osiedli przez Izrael. Taki krok, nielegalny z punktu widzenia prawa międzynarodowego, miałby destrukcyjny wpływ na proces pokojowy i wymusiłby rewizję relacji UE–Izrael.

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Stosunki turecko-amerykańskie w cieniu procesu Rezy Zarraba

Author(s): Karol Wasilewski / Language(s): Polish

W USA rozpoczął się proces z udziałem tureckiego biznesmena Rezy Zarraba, który pomagał Iranowi w omijaniu amerykańskich sankcji. Przyznał się on do winy i został głównym świadkiem prokuratury. Sprawę krytykują tureccy politycy, obawiający się ujawnienia ich roli w tych działaniach. Proces pobudzi antyzachodnią retorykę w Turcji i pogłębi kryzys w stosunkach turecko-amerykańskich. Może także uderzyć w turecką gospodarkę ze względu na rzekomy udział państwowego banku Halkbank w procederze. Przeciągające się trudności w relacjach Turcja–USA są wyzwaniem dla jedności NATO.

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Ka proaktivnoj transparentnosti u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Bosnian

Zakoni o slobodi pristupa informacijama (ZOSPI) u BiH trebaju se mijenjati. To potvrđuju brojne analize i rasprave, koje već godinama ukazuju na manjkavosti sadašnjeg državnog i entitetskih zakona. Između ostalog, žalbeni postupak u slučaju kada nadležno javno tijelo odbije pristup informaciji trenutno nije dovoljno definiran zakonima. Iako se ZOSPI-ji primjenjuju kao lex specialis, brojni zakoni koji su kasnije usvojeni u praksi ograničili su pristup informacijama. Test javnog interesa, koji predviđaju sva tri zakona, arbitrarno se primjenjuje u praksi, a pristup informacijama često se neosnovano odbija koristeći zakonom definirane izuzetke kao razlog. Istovremeno, pokrenuta procedura za izmjenu postojećeg državnog zakona početkom 2013. godine, aktualizirala je raspravu o neophodnosti utvrđivanja balansa u sadašnjem zakonodavstvu između prava na pristup informacijama i prava na privatnost, a u skladu s međunarodnim standardima. U debati o pravu na pristup informacijama u BiH manje je pažnje posvećeno proaktivnom objavljivanju informacija u posjedu javnih vlasti. Ovaj policy memorandum ističe razloge zbog kojih bi se ovaj princip trebao ozbiljnije razmotriti i primijeniti u BiH, posebno u svjetlu nove inicijative za usklađivanje ZOSPI-ja na državnom nivou sa Konvencijom o pristupu službenim dokumentima Vijeća Evrope.

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The Difficult Beginnings of the European Public Prosecutor’s Office

Author(s): Stefania Kolarz / Language(s): English

The smooth functioning of the European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO) is important to fill the gap in the protection of EU finances and to strengthen cooperation between national prosecutors’ offices. Its activities will enable the unprecedented involvement of the EU in domestic proceedings related to violations of the EU budget, including by bringing such violations and indictments before the courts of the Member States. However, the effectiveness of the EPPO will depend on the introduction of appropriate regulations and active cooperation with its officers at the national level. Along with only moderate enthusiasm of many Member States, the EPPO will from the outset face the difficult task of proving the added value of guiding its officials to national systems.

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U.S. Enacts Sanctions to Stop ICC Proceedings

Author(s): Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): English

An executive order issued by U.S. President Donald Trump on 11 June imposes sanctions on those engaged in the activities of the International Criminal Court (ICC) directed against members of U.S. or allied personnel. It is a blow to international criminal justice that will impede or may even prevent the ICC from investigating crimes in Afghanistan and Palestine. The sanctions can also potentially affect Polish citizens or entities, creating tension in Polish-American relations.

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№211: The Fight for Justice: Ukraine’s Legal Steps in Its Defence Against Russian Aggression

Author(s): Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): English

Through proceedings before international courts, Ukraine seeks to raise the political cost of the Russian military action on its territory and exert diplomatic pressure to force a cessation of hostilities. It also wants to challenge the controversial legal arguments Russia is using to try to justify the 2022 invasion. While future verdicts may provide a basis for reparations, effective enforcement of rights and punishment of perpetrators of crimes committed on Ukrainian territory are likely to succeed only in the long term. Poland and like-minded states can support Ukraine’s legal position and further assist it in documenting crimes and prosecuting suspects.

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Legal Aspects of the Attack on Ukraine

Author(s): Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): English

Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, carried out with the support of Belarus, is a violation of the norms of international law that form the basis of the international order shaped after the Second World War. Russian President Vladimir Putin’s justifications of the attack are legally questionable and contradictory to facts. There are also violations of humanitarian law being committed in the course of the hostilities, especially concerning the protection of civilians. The aim of the international community should be to stop the aggression and hold accountable states and individuals responsible for these violations.

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Władimir Putin objęty nakazem aresztowania przez Międzynarodowy Trybunał Karny

Author(s): Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): Polish

17 marca br. Międzynarodowy Trybunał Karny (MTK) wydał nakazy aresztowania prezydenta Rosji Władimira Putina i komisarz do spraw praw dzieci w jego biurze (odpowiednika polskiego rzecznika praw dziecka) – Marii Lwowej-Biełowej. Oboje są podejrzewani przez Prokuraturę MTK o popełnienie zbrodni wojennych. Podjęcie przez MTK działań wobec Putina to ważny gest, pokazujący, że trybunał nie uchyla się od ścigania nawet najwyższych funkcjonariuszy państwowych. Wyegzekwowanie nakazów będzie jednak trudne z uwagi na spodziewane unikanie przez te osoby podróży do państw, z których mogłyby zostać wydane trybunałowi.

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The Syrian Safe Zone and International Law

Author(s): Bríd Ní Ghráinne / Language(s): English

On Wednesday 9 October 2019, Turkey launched a cross-border operation in Northern Syria. Turkey justified its actions as a response to an ‘imminent terrorist threat’ from Kurdish-led forces. Its operation was directed at pushing back these groups from its border and creating a ‘safe zone’ in Syria where up to two million Syrian refugees can be resettled. This reflection aims to assess (i) whether the Turkish operation to establish the safe zone was lawful; and (ii) whether the resettlement of Syrian refugees in the safe zone is in conformity with international law.

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Covid-19, Border Closures, and International Law

Author(s): Bríd Ní Ghráinne / Language(s): English

Covid-19 pays no heed to borders. Globalisation has carried the virus from a market in Wuhan, China, to almost every country in the world. In response to the virus, some governments have closed their borders to refugees and/or have pushed back refugees from their territories, even though they are well-aware of the dire circumstances that have caused these people to flee their homes. This reflection sets out the compatibility of such practices with international refugee and human rights law. It argues that while states may put in place measures to restrict the spread of the virus (such as health screening, testing, and/or quarantine) vis a vis refugees, such measures may not result in refoulement or in denying them an effective opportunity to seek asylum.

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Can Anonymous Be Prosecuted? A Reflection Under International Law in the Framework of the Current Armed Conflict in Ukraine

Author(s): Federica Cristani / Language(s): English

This reflection offers a concise analysis under national and international law of the cyber-operations carried out by Anonymous in the context of the ongoing armed conflict in Ukraine. It is highlighted that each one of the individuals acting as Anonymous is subject to the relevant national (cyber-criminal) law jurisdictions. Moreover, in the context of the war between Russia and Ukraine, they can be subject to the law of armed conflict. If their cyber-conduct amounts to “direct participation in hostilities”, they can even become targetable according to international humanitarian law. Also, when Anonymous directly participates in hostilities from a state that is not party to the armed conflict, the neutrality of non-belligerent countries can be challenged.

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International law with Chinese characteristics. The South China Sea Territorial Dispute

Author(s): Sardor ALLAYAROV / Language(s): English

China actively participated in the drafting of the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and ratified it in 1996. The domestic legal system of China also contains a set of laws such as the Law on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone (1992), and the Law on the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the Continental Shelf (1998).

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JHA Diplomacy Towards the Universal Criminal Justice - 20 Years After

Author(s): CARLOS LOPEZ-VERAZA PÉREZ,Anis H. Bajrektarević / Language(s): English

The year 2020 marked the 20th anniversary of the Palermo Convention and its Protocols, the main instruments in the fight against transnational crime. Both authors, one as an active participant in the Palermo system treaty-making and the other as a prosecutor passionate about human rights, revisit, rethink and sum up the first 20-year period after the creation of these important international instruments on organized crime and corruption. The following lines are a brief assessment of the central institutions and instruments relevant to universal criminal justice. A due reference is made to corruption, trafficking in human beings, migrant smuggling, and terrorism. The present text appeared in 1999 for the first time (in a considerably shorter form, as the working paper dealing only with the critical similarities and differences between ‘smuggling of’ and ‘trafficking in’) before the ICMPD Steering Board – Ministerial.

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The genocide in Srebrenica (and in Rwanda) and its impact on the development of international law

Author(s): Ernest Petrič / Language(s): English

In Srebrenica the crime of genocide was committed, and elsewhere in Bosnia and Herzegovina crimes against humanity and war crimes were also committed. This is the conclusion, which was drawn by the ICJ in the Bosnia and Herzegovina versus Serbia/Montenegro case. I, as a lawyer and as a person, share the criticism of the ICJ judgement in this case. The mass murders in Bosnia and Herzegovina of Muslims/Boshniacs went on for three years from the summer of 1992 until the Srebrenica massacre in the summer of 1995. Mass graves are still being discovered. It is no doubt that there were several ten thousands murdered in an organised way because they were Muslims/Boshniacs, in Srebrenica, in Prijedor, in Bijelina, Višegrad etc., with a clearly defined purpose (dolus specialis) to cleanse parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina of its Muslim population. Indeed, like "holocaust", which was also committed over several years, from 1939 to 1945 at different places, with the same purpose (dolus specialis) – to exterminate Jews from Germany and parts of Europe controlled by the Nazis. Surprisingly too many, the majority in the ICJ opted for a narrow interpretation of the Convention on Prevention and Punishment of Genocide drafted in special historic circumstances in the early years after 1945. There are thus good reasons to claim that the crime of genocide was not limited only to Srebrenica but occurred all over Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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