Zaštita arhivske građe i zaposlenih u arhivima za slučaj vanrednih okolnosti i neposredne ratne opasnosti i rata na iskustvima Arhiva Jugoslavije prilikom NATO napada na SRJ

Author(s): Jovan Popović / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 18/2015

In the archive work one of the most important dilemmas is present, a question about preserving archival material from the earliest times, so that the experience may be used in contemporary circumstances, both in regular and emergency situations. It also raises the question of how to preserve archival material from the recent period, especially one that is written in electronic form, because the material is threatened from many sides. The answer could be: it is difficult to achieve the knowledge of centuries of experience, the methodology and technology of archives on the preservation of rather substantial and valuable quantities of extremely important archival material. In all of past periods time, archival material was followed by unpredictable natural events (earthquakes, floods, fires), and then a number of frequent wars and other disasters and difficultnes. However, some of the key elements that have contributed to the preservation of archival materials are: location of archival buildings, technical and biological protection (climatic and other conditions), physical protection, and convenient access to means of transport of the materials, easy access for civilians and employees, parking space and other. These are essential factors in the preservation of archival material and they should be represented today. The paper listed and partly processed natural disasters, which can have serious consequences (earthquakes, floods, fires, wars). In case of imminent danger of war, in addition to local regulations, the priority is to apply the provisions of international legal norms, and above all the Convention of Protection of Cultural Properties in the Case of Armed Conflict (The Hague, 14 May 1954) and the Convention of Protection of the World Cultural Heritage (Paris, 21th November 1972). The obligations of the Parties during the military conflict were that all properties listed in the “international register of cultural property under special protection” to be labeled with certain signs of recognition and featured in visible places, to make them accessible to international control, because the opposing parties “must preserve and respect cultural properties.” However, despite the commitments of the conventions, there were many bilateral, regional or local wars, in which the practice has shown that it does not sufficiently protect cultural monuments, even archival material. It is one of the reasons way it was resorted to other preventive protection measures. The Archives of Yugoslavia in the period of the NATO bombing practiced all the provisions of the said conventions. If the valorization of archival material in a timely classification is not approached, then there will be congestion, and incomplete protection of archival materials and current materials in changed conditions. When aggression, or, in case of war, the appeal should be immediately referred to national, regional, European and international associations in field of science and culture (UNESCO, ICA, IFLA, FIAF and others) to have them timely and loudly react with the aim of “protecting cultural properties”. The domestic positive law legislation that regulates this area should be followed, as well as internal documents and plans. It is very important, hearty most important, that archival materials stay where it was and is, in storages of archives. Off shoring is, unless there is a need, performed much earlier - in a timely manner. Digitization, as a new form of records (generation and transmission of an original analogue material to a digital form), we consider it necessary to “import”, primarily in the archival material that comes from the oldest date, provided that it is fully transferred, due to the few surviving documents, the archival material thatis categorized as a cultural asset of great and extraordinary importance should be digitized, and further in order, archival material according to categorization, and material that is the subject of common research.

Iskustvo Arhiva Unsko - sanskog kantona na zaštiti arhivske građe u vanrednim okolnostima

Author(s): Sadika Maslak / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 18/2015

Archives of Una Sana Canton was, during last few years, actively involved in providing technical assistance to records agencies that are affected by floods or fires. Registry material of Sanski Most was saved from the flood and records of Cantonal Hospital “Dr. Irfan Ljubijankić “in Bihać was saved from fire. In the first case, the Archives participated in the rehabilitation of the flood affected current records of Sanski most, mainly because it was known that the registry does not have the appropriate skills among staff, and since it was considered that unprofessional care for wet material could cause more damage than it is already been done. Archive contribution in salvaging the material was enormous. In the case of a fire in the Cantonal Hospital in Bihac, Archives operated preventive and initiated relocation of current records of the Cantonal Hospital in archival depot (barracks Orljani), which proved to be very important for further protection of this material. Protection of current records in extraordinary circumstances is quite complicated in relation to protection under normal circumstances, when protection is an integral part of operations in the archives. Besides the two cases indicated for Archives of Una-Sana Canton, the maximum engaged and take all within its means to make it more vulnerable current records were saved.

Značaj planiranja preventivne zaštite u zemljama u tranziciji

Author(s): Svetlana Perović Ivović / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 18/2015

As archives are often exposed to the processes of devastation occurred as a result of emergencies there is a need of careful and meticulous planning of preventive care so that the industry has a special place in the organizational schemes and institutions to be defined in the appropriate regulations. In addition, the trend of increasing number of disasters affected the need for a comprehensive approach to the management during emergencies and disasters to the cultural heritage. Risk management means finding ways to reduce them, mitigate, or simply to learn to live with them. If the outcomes predict with reasonable certainty, then it can expect better results, because they can take appropriate decisions and take appropriate measures that lead to good results. But whether it will be made a good decision depends on various aspects and severity of the current situation. Natural disasters and disasters caused by human action, intentionally or unintentionally, worldwide cause large-scale damage to historical monuments and cultural heritage. Therefore, it is always a current issue of preventive protection and disaster planning in the event of unforeseen circumstances, various reductions in catastrophic risk, as well as the stabilization of cultural heritage in the event of a disaster.Emergencies resulting from natural or man-made disasters are a common cause of damage to or loss of archives. For these reasons it is essential that the archives have a good strategy and plans of care in this area. Planning is an essential element of preventive care and it is necessary to identify external and internal risks.It should be the duty of all archives. The effective response in an emergency situation requires a team work. The main task of all teams is to anticipate possible situations and to plan a proper response and emergency activities before, during and after emergencies. A variety of emergency situations, natural calamity, disaster can not even be enough to control nor escape, but the vulnerability of cultural heritage to natural factors and those caused by human action can be prevented or reduced. Reducing the sensitivity we are reducing risk, and therefore the consequences arising out of their action. Challenges exist in the reconstruction phase and eliminate the effects of the disaster. Experience tells us that happened to archive and library holdings and suffer more damage when removing and repairing consequences than during a disaster. The challenges are reflected in the proper and efficient assessment of damage, as well as in the choice of adequate access to conservation. As this is a complex process which requires the adjustment of protection certain situation and depends on the type and sensitivity of archive and library materials, available material, space, number of staff, it is necessary to precise plan that risks can be reduced to a minimum.

Zaštita arhivske građe u Arhivu Tuzlanskog kantona u uvjetima rata (1992–1995)

Author(s): Ešefa Begović / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 18/2015

The experience gained during the war from 1992 to 1995 has shown that the protection of archival material, despite the adopted legislation, revealed significant shortcomings. To archives in emergencies (armed conflicts, natural disasters, riots) as adequately cared consider it necessary to do the following:- The archival laws (at the state, entity, cantonal level) to incorporate the provisions relating to the protection of archives in extraordinary circumstances, whether it comes to material in the archive or in the possession of holders and creators;- It is necessary to look for the founders of the necessary material investments in order to create optimal conditions for accommodation and protection of archives stored in the archives;- Particular attention is given to the procurement of a dedicated produced protective equipment (containers of material resistant to heat and humidity, etc.);- Continued work on the categorization of material in the archives and categorization of the creator of archival material and ragistraturne;- Pay particular attention to technical and technological protection of archive material;- At the level of each archive, if this is not possible at the level of the archival service of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the draft Rules on the treatment of archival material in extraordinary circumstances.

Mikrobiološka oštećenja arhivske građe uzrokovana poplavama i mere zaštite

Author(s): Stanojka Jegdić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 18/2015

To preserve written cultural treasure, the care of country, society and individual is needed. An adequate place and conditions of keeping must be provided. Implementing preventive measures is the best way to preserve cultural treasure from decline and disappearing. Given that preventive measures are often not enough, there is the need of subsequent measures, the choice of which depends on cause and consequences created by certain extraordinary circumstances. This work gives a short review of floods and consequences they leave behind. Microbiological damage, which is inevitable in the process, leaves the greatest consequences on written contents. A detailed description of morphology of potentially damaging microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) is shown, as well as conditions necessary for their development. Assessment of the type of damage allows a quick reaction and the choice of methods that are to be used, starting from pulling the contents out of the water to different ways of drying and disinfection, thus reducing in a great manner the risks of declining.

Arhivsko gradivo javnih bilježnika u Republici Hrvatskoj – povijesni pregled

Author(s): Radoslav Zaradić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 18/2015

Thanks to the long tradition, with a brief interruption between 1941 and 1994, notary services in the area of today’s Republic of Croatian, today we have preserved relatively good number of Medieval and Early Modern scriptures that give us insight into the former life of the Adriatic utility cities. Often we do these scriptures only surviving source for the study, particularly for the period of the Middle Ages. Unlike Istria and Dalmatia in northern Croatia precedence over the issuing of official documents had been named a church are also diligently heed to his, still well preserved archives. In towns along the eastern Adriatic coast notary service initially were also dealt with priests. But gradually modify them professional notaries educated in Italian schools notary. We can conclude that the notary has developed and survived in those areas which were under the direct political influence of Italy and the Republic of Venice. Notary service in northern and north-eastern Croatian (Slavonia) in continuity can be traced only from the nineteenth century. The reason for this is the fact that this is an area for a long time was under the Habsburg Monarchy, later the Austro-Hungarian Empire, that part of the country that Notary until the second half of the nineteenth century did not was placed greater importance. Likewise, we should not neglect that the area of Slavonia, Lika and Dalmatia hinterland long time been part of the Ottoman Empire which had organized different territorial division and the structure of administrative and judicial administration. Javnobilježništvo in what is now the Croatian had its peak from the second half of the nineteenth century, when the service was established or renewed in the area of all Croatian lands. The new state, established just after the First World War was not successful in the harmonization of administrative and administrative and judicial apparatus, and even notary public. After the abolition of service, 1941 notaries are usually moved to the lawyers. Based on notarial offices manage to reconstruct a functioning rule of law, social relations, the history of everyday life, economic and economic conditions. In this article we set the focus precisely on the value of information which are rich in notarial documents. Because of the historical importance of records and public services by notary public today in Croatia is carried out, according to the law defined that their work resulting public archives and current records. Some of these documents shall be kept permanently and the Law on Archives and Archival ten years from the relevant state archives should start taking parts of this matter. Considering the tradition of archival service in Croatia which is based precisely on the obligation of medieval notary that their records water regularly and situated in a protected environment, I think this is the ideal time to start thinking about reinstitutionalizing storage of notarial offices in a single, specialized archives. Today in Croatia there are 318 public notaries. The legal responsibility to their own writings requires large expenses. When Notary Service ceases his writings can take notary who succeed him, the competent court or the National Archives. From the present situation, if we look at all courts and most state archives have big problems with the capacity and conditions of accommodation of archives and records. By archiving of notarized documents in one place to ensure maximum cost efficiency in the form of accommodation, transfer and protection of records. At least one of archival material that is no longer in operational use, and which will be more.

Fondovi iz oblasti školstva - obrada, značaj i vrednovanje

Author(s): Jasna Požgan / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 18/2015

The subject of processing and evaluation of education funds was in archival scientific literature very seldom the object of studies, mostly as the topic of some scientific meetings or conferences. The education funds were product of founder activities that are according to the contemporary archives classification classified as education, marked as D. The stated group has been divided according to the levels of educational institutions (e.g. faculties, secondary schools, primary school, boarding schools, dormitories, pre-school education) and their subgroups (e.g. grammar schools, vocational schools etc.) This type of funds is characterized by the following: the preserved complete or partial content of physiognomy, integrity of documentary units, good physical preservation and continuity of activity of their founders for a long period of time (from 18th century to the present day). The material established by such institutions of restricted territorial competence represents valuable resources for various scientific researches (historiography, demography, toponymy, history of education, teaching methodology…) Education funds founded by its creators in Međimurje testify to undoubtedly Croatian identity of the area, to attempts to assimilate and denationalize by various structures and to establishment of educational institutions which are more or less still present today. The materials of educational institutions in Međimurje document the implementation of education of all social groups in accordance with liberal notions of specific times. The material of such founders can during its research be complemented by the information contained in the materials of creators of higher levels in the hierarchy, such as for example various administrative institutions whose materials are kept in archival institutions of neighboring countries (Hungary, Slovenia). The value of this type of materials by creators such as schools can best be assessed when their role and meaning in a broader institutional- contextual terms is known, respectively what impact it had in its own territory.

Čuvanje arhivskog gradiva pozorišta u javnim arhivima u Sloveniji – primjer arhivskog gradiva Slovenskog narodnog pozorišta u Celju

Author(s): Bojan Himmelreich / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 17/2014

Article aims to present cooperation between the Historical archives Celje and The Slovene National Theatre Celje and to expose problems occurring in relations between public archives and theatres in Slovenia. Accoding to data provided by the statistical office of the Republic of Slovenia there were 44 theatres in Slovenia in 2011 but only 13 of them were included in regust (registy of Creators of Public records). Slovene public archives keep 9 fonds creteaed by theatres. Some theatres are not willing to transfer their archives due to their negative oppinion about the public archives and their employees. They are supposed not to be competent enough to deal with archives created in theatres. It should not be keep together with other »old junk« dealt with in public archives. This goes especially for archives of artistic value or for those frequently used by theatres themeselves or by visitors. On the other hand there are theatres which have no objections about transferring their archives to public archives especially those which have inadequate storage place.The example of good cooperation between theatre and public archives in Celje started decades ago. There are noumerous problems concerning the archives created by theatres in the process of transfer and storage (specific types of archives, especially electronic) which can be dealt with only by mutual activities of parties involved.Article deals with the possibilities under which the theatres could themselves provide the protection ot their own archives and describes new conditions for such activities as given in the proposed changes of Protection of Documents and Records and Archival Institutions Act.

Інформативність та ретроспективність технічно-графічних документів Другої світової війни в архівах України

Author(s): Lesia Kovalska / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2018

Purpose: The purpose of the research is to reveal the informational possibilities and retrospectivity of document arrays of technical and graphic sources of the Second World War in Ukrainian archives.Methods: analysis, synthesis, formalization, generalization, classification, systematization, retrospective.Results: The article outlines the History of Science methodological paradigms in Western European and non-Western traditions of investigating historical array of technical and graphic sources in Ukrainian archives. The informative potential of technical and graphic documents which are stored in the archival funds of Ukraine has been analysed in the article. Such formal features of this type documents as specificity of information coding, its completeness, peculiarities of use and storage on various material types of media have been considered. The general scientific, special approaches to the study of the content of the archival documents of technical and graphic nature from the point of view of source criticism methodology have been given. It has been highlighted that the conditions of storage and processing of historical sources of this type require a special approach and knowledge for archivists, source critics and historians. The information importance, significance and role in retrospective modeling and formation of the generalized historical picture of the Second World War have been defined.

Wybrane listy Francuzów do prymasa Józefa Glempa z lat 1981–1982 w zasobie Archiwum Polskiej Misji Katolickiej we Francji

Author(s): Rafał Górny / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2021

The Polish Catholic Mission Archive in Paris is home to fond no. 36: Letters to Polish primate Józef Glemp. It comprises letters sent by French citizens to the Polish Catholic Church dignitary, in which they condemn the introduction of martial law in Poland and express spiritual support for all Poles — brothers and sisters in the Catholic faith. The letter writing campaign was initiated by the Catholic paper “La Croix”, and was an element of a broader manifestation of French support for Poles. Beside template letters based on the text published in “La Croix”, the fond also includes personal messages, expressing an emotional attitude to Poles and to the events taking place in Poland. The paper discusses those letters whose authors reminisce on the Second World War and their experiences in concentration camps. Former French prisoners of war describe their relations with Polish prisoners, emphasizing their heroism and faith in God.

VI Międzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowa pt. Oblicza wojny. Przed bitwą, Łódź, 10–11 czerwca 2021 r.

Author(s): Jędrzej Tomasz Kałużny / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2021

Spuścizna pewnej idei… Zbiory Muzeum Historii Szkolnictwa w Gdyni (1988–1994)

Author(s): Anna Siekierska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2021

The paper presents the remaining materials from the Education History Museum in Gdynia, whose opening was planned in the late 1980s, but with no success. The source materials created in preparation for the opening of the Museum survived and are kept in three institutions in the Tri-City: the Gdynia City Museum, the Gdynia branch of the Polish Teachers’ Union, and the Regional Educational Library in Gdańsk. The various archival materials include documents, pamphlets, and photographs, among others.

Księga wójtowska miasta Jarocina. Zapiski z lat 1571–1611, wyd. N. Delestowicz, Wielkopolska Dawniej i Dziś. Studia i materiały, pod. red. A. Gulczyńskiego, Poznań 2021, ss. 161

Author(s): Marcin Frąś / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2021

Národní archiv v roce 2021

Author(s): Eva Drašarová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2022

Report on the activities of the National Archives in Prague in 2021

ARCHIVNÍ PRAXE

Author(s): Milena Josefovičová,Jindřich Schwippel / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2019

K přepracování původní stati o působení studentských vědeckých sil v teh-dejším Ústředním archivu Československé akademie věd (dále jen ÚA ČSAV), mne přimělo jediné slůvko v jednom poměrně nedávném textu dr. Evy Drašarové, CSc. – pokládala za nutné napsat, že posuzuje zpracování analogových archiválií. Skladba archivních fondů se od doby, kdy s dívčím jménem Eva Brázdová v ÚA ČSAV praktikovala, podstatně změnila. Změnila natolik, že dnes je nutno rozlišovat, zda jde o papírové (= analogové), či elektronické (= digitální archiválie). V sedmdesátých a osmdesátých letech, kdy u nás v ÚA ČSAV probíhaly letní praxe studentů a studentek archivnictví, „nepapírové“ archiválie jsme znali jen z před-nášek v podobě starověkých hliněných tabulek a podobně. O existenci počítačů jsme v ČSAV sice věděli, ale že jednou – a relativně brzy – začne vznikat „nepa-pírové úřadování“ a korespondenci nahradí maily a levné telefonování mobilem – to myslím nikoho ani nenapadlo. Ostatně získávání, zpracování a zpřístupňování starších písemných materiálů (= z padesátých a šedesátých let 20. století) nás plně zaměstnávalo.

ARCHIVNÍ ZAČÁTKY EVY DRAŠAROVÉ

Author(s): Marie STUPKOVÁ / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2019

Druhé oddělení dnešního Národního archivu patřilo vždy k nejstabilnějším archivním pracovištím. Bylo vytvořeno jako součást Státního ústředního archivu v Praze v roce 1954 a do dnešních dnů spravuje s drobnými změnami prakticky tytéž fondy a sbírky.

NÁRODNÍ ARCHIV V ROCE 2019

Author(s): Eva Drašarová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2020

V uplynulém roce 2019 se Národní archiv věnoval naplňování svého poslání, které vyplývá nejen ze zákonných ustanovení a z odkazu jeho minulosti, ale i z nevyřčeného, nezakotveného, přesto osazenstvem sdíleného kodexu závazků vůči společnosti i vůči čemusi, co nás přesahuje.

NÁRODNÍ ARCHIV V ROCE 2020

Author(s): Eva Drašarová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2021

Mnoho pisatelů obdobných literárních výtvorů se v tuto dobu vyrovnává s fakty i dojmy minulého roku bez rozdílu místa pobytu autora. Všichni jsme prošli touž zkušeností a situace daná celosvětovou pandemií virového onemocnění pokračuje v nezmenšené míře dále. Problémy řešíme téměř identicky, ovšem s modifikovaným prožíváním a následnou pozdější reakcí. Většina z nás se nevzdává, bere novou skutečnost jako výzvu a je schopna se s ní vyrovnat v nové kvalitě.

Archiwa narodowe Ugandy i Rwandy

Author(s): Wioleta Gierszewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 125/2024

Archives in the countries of the African Great Lakes region (Uganda, Rwanda, parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Burundi) were created by the colonial administration. This involved the introduction by Europeans in the protectorates and colonies of the region, more effectively than the Arabs had attempted in pre-colonisation times, of a written form of communication, a departure from the previously widespread culture of oral transmission. As a result of their efforts, the first schools created on the European model were established in the colonies. The first books were also published in print. In addition, the colonial authorities began to collect a large number of documents produced by the administration. Due to the unfavourable climate, a large part of them were destroyed, and even more were lost irretrievably as a result of rebellions, especially during the period of individual states’ independence and post-colonial conflicts. Most of the remaining material was hurriedly tranferred to Europe by the outgoing colonial authorities, preventing it from being taken over by the administrations of the newly independent states. Because of this, a large number of Africans still explore and study the archives of Belgium or Britain. However, the surviving archives, which are currently preserved in the national archives of the these countries, represent a priceless wealth of information, particularly because they are rare records that cannot be found in Europe and greatly advance our understanding of the local communities. In 1962, Rwanda and Uganda became independent states. Though the origins of the organizations and their assets may be traced back to earlier periods, the histories of the state archives in both states begin at that point. This article’s goal is to provide a quick overview of the history, significant organizational changes, formal and legal foundations, and functioning, as well as the characteristics of resources.

Managing “the shapeless mass” in the digital age

Author(s): Laura Millar / Language(s): English Issue: 124/2023

In his 1927 “Archeion” article, On issues of modern Polish archival science (Z zagadnień nowożytnej archiwistyki polskiej), the renowned Polish archivist Kazimierz Konarski wrote of the challenge of managing the “shapeless mass” of modern archives in the 20th century. In this presentation, Canadian archival consultant and independent scholar Laura Millar examines the records and archives management challenge of the 21st century: managing the “shapeless mass” of electronic records inundating governments and organizations in the digital age. The “flood” of physical and textual documentation that Dr. K. Konarski faced a century ago has become a torrent of invisible, omnipresent, elusive electronic records – photographs, audio recordings, databases, AI-generated data, and more – stored in countless computer hard drives, cloud storage systems, and personal digital devices. How can the archivist manage digital sources that are both ephemeral and eternal at the same time? To ensure society has the documentary evidence it needs, L. Millar argues that archivists must our shift attention away from the care of static, “old” archives and focus more directly on the work of capturing and recording the present. The digital age may transform our methods, but our mission remains the same: to help society capture, protect, and make available for use essential sources of documentary proof.